W H I T E

PA P E R Raj Pawate,

Distinguished Member, Technical Staff

Gaurav Agarwal, Manager, Wi-Fi Display End Equipment Texas Instruments

Overview

Remote display technology enhances the cloud’s user experience

Cloud computing enables access to content – often robust, rich multimedia content like movies, games, slide presentations and music, but also straightforward data such as business reports or files – where it’s wanted and when it’s wanted. Obtaining this content from the cloud is not difficult, but viewing it personally or sharing it with others may be

An effective way around this dilemma is a new technology known as remote mirroring and media display (RMD) technology or remote display technology. Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) has drawn on its vast experience in multimedia processing, display technologies, wireless connectivity and others to develop video processors that offer a unique blend of capabilities and are supported by reference designs targeted at remote display applications covering a wide range of use cases.

difficult primarily due to the size of the screen on the device that accessed this content. Crowding a group of five or six friends around a tablet or smartphone to watch a movie streaming from the cloud is not an engaging user experience. Sharing a slide presentation on a tablet PC with a group of

Different clouds, different needs Illustrations of cloud computing always feature a fluffy yet amorphous entity in the center labeled “The Cloud.” This is somewhat misleading, because cloud computing is actually made up of several different layers of clouds. In fact, most people interact with at least three different cloud layers over the course of a normal day (Figure 1).

business people in a conference room is not effective communication. All too frequently, the device where content from the cloud ends up is not the most appropriate type of device for viewing, sharing and experiencing it. Many of the devices that frequently obtain content from the cloud are mobile devices, such as tablet PCs, smartphones, very thin laptops and others. These

Work cloud

Infotainment cloud Home cloud

devices place a premium on mobility and, as a result, they may have small displays and few if any hardwired connectors that could link to another type of device where users could experience the content to its fullest. Figure 1. The three clouds: Three screens, anytime, anywhere

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The cloud underlying all other layers is called the “infotainment cloud.” This is typically what is thought of as the Internet. Public websites that can be accessed by anyone like YouTube, Facebook, Netflix, various news outlets and many others comprise this layer. Much of the content in the infotainment cloud is either free or it can be accessed for a small fee. The next layer of cloud computing can be described as the “work cloud.” This is a private, limited-access cloud that is typically found in a place of employment, although the work cloud for global enterprise can span most of the continents. The people served by a work cloud are usually limited to the employees of a company or members of an organization. Much of the information on work clouds is sensitive or confidential. Access is restricted and the organization or company will employ extensive security measures to protect the content against hacking, tampering and theft. The third layer of cloud computing, the “home cloud,” is where content for a family, a small group of people or even one person is stored and subsequently accessed, shared and experienced. A wide variety of end user devices can be connected to the home cloud, including desktop personal computers, smartphones, tablet PCs, TVs and audio/video entertainment systems. Like work clouds, but probably not as stringent, home clouds will usually have some type of security for protecting the content and devices from intruders, viruses and all sorts of malware.

Enabling each cloud individually

An important aspect of cloud computing in general is the user’s ability to easily access each individual cloud layer and seamlessly move back and forth from one to the others. The flexibility and agility inherent in remote display technology allows it to serve all of the many use cases that are encountered on all layers of cloud computing. For example, one aspect of the general-use case for home clouds would involve storing movies, photographs and music on a robust desktop. Remote display technology then gives users on a home cloud the ability to experience this content on the other devices on this cloud, such as a large TV, audio/video entertainment system, tablets or smartphones. A movie might best be shared with several people by mirroring it on a large-screen high-definition (HD) LCD display as it is streaming from the infotainment cloud to a laptop, tablet or smartphone. Music may also be mirrored from an MP3 player on the home cloud to an audio/video entertainment system on the same home cloud, as shown by Figure 2 on the following page. The permutations are endless. Remote display technology is often deployed quite differently on work clouds in medical facilities, retail stores, insurance companies, financial institutions and other places of employment. For example, a regional or national chain of retail stores might implement work clouds in each of its stores. One of the applications running on these work clouds may be remote display technology to implement a network of large-screen LCD displays for in-store advertising. The store’s central server would be able to remotely display advertising videos or still image ads on the displays located throughout the store. Another typical-use case for remote display technology in office settings or schools is a network projector wirelessly mirroring presentation slides or other materials from a tablet or laptop PC to a large screen in a conference room or classroom.

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Remote mirroring and media display (RMD)

Show your photos

Play your songs

Share your desktop

View a movie together

Figure 2. Media streaming on the home cloud

A somewhat specialized-use case for remote display technology in the business world is the deployment of multiple thin client terminals, each configured with a display screen, keyboard and mouse. The thin clients (or zero clients) can be linked to a central server where applications are processed and data stored. For the organization’s IT department, a network of thin clients reduces procurement and maintenance costs, ensures data security and privacy, and simplifies asset management.

Remote display ­processing

Descriptions of remote display technology usually use the words “source,” “transmitter” or “sender” for the devices where content originates and “sink” or “receiver” to designate devices where content is displayed or played. Source devices might include desktop PCs, laptops, smartphones and tablets, while sink devices could be large-screen TVs, home audio entertainment systems, display monitors and tablets. A generalized remote display processing stack is shown in Figure 3. The video, graphics and audio being displayed or played on the source device are first encoded and then, optionally, encrypted. Video and audio Screen Buffer Video Encode

Graphics Encode

Packetize

Audio Encode

Packetize

Video Render

Audio Render

Video Decode

Audio Decode

De-Packetize

De-Packetize

Link Content Protection Encrypt (Optional)

Link Content Protection Decrypt (Optional)

AV MUX

AV DeMUX

Transport

Transport

WiFi™ / LAN / WAN

WiFi™ / LAN / WAN

Source

Sink

Figure 3. The remote display processing stack

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are multiplexed together and packetized for transport over a wired or wireless link to the sink device. Here, the opposite of these processes take place and the content is mirrored on the sink device. The remote display processing stack presents a number of challenges. For instance, the real-time coding and decoding algorithms are complex, requiring significant processing power. At the same time, retrofitting a large-screen LCD display for remote display will likely require a small, unobtrusive device that can be plugged into the display’s HDMI port. Ideally, such a device would be about the size of a thumb drive or dongle. Consequently, significant processing power would have to be packed into a very compact enclosure. Certain video and audio compression standards such as the H.264 coder/decoder (codec) have helped in this regard, but H.264 is only one of several codec standards that are in widespread use. In addition, several proprietary codecs are prevalent in systems from certain vendors. Moreover, H.264 was intended primarily as a video processing codec. It may not function as well with other media types, such as text and graphics. However, H.264 is pervasive and it is particularly critical because it enables high-definition video at low bit rates. Power consumption is another important design consideration in some applications of remote display technology. For instance, a group of thin clients connected to a central server might be powered by powerover-Ethernet (PoE). The thin clients would need to consume very low power as a result. In another use case, the sink device might be powered by a low-power Universal Serial Bus (USB) source or a limited power supply like a battery.

Codec tradeoffs

Remote display implementations will also involve other critical considerations stemming from the type of application and the nature of the content being displayed. For some applications, high-definition imaging and high-fidelity audio will be of paramount importance, but other types of applications will be able to meet their use case requirements with less precision. Content can be classified in four major types or categories: (1) textual and graphical documents such as Microsoft Word and PowerPoint as well as Adobe PDF (portable document format) files; (2) media such as video and audio files; (3) games; and (4) web content. As previously mentioned, several codecs are available for compressing (encoding) and decompressing (decoding) content. Some codecs trade off fidelity or high-definition for compression efficiency. These are called “lossy” codecs because a portion of the original content is lost when it is compressed. For example, a lossy codec like H.264 might introduce artifacts into documents. Other codecs are referred to as “loss-less.” These codecs retain more of the resolution or precision of the original media by applying higher order statistics to the content so that less data is lost when it is compressed and decompressed. The downside to a loss-less codec is its compression efficiency. It may not compress the content to the extent that a lossy codec will. Each kind of codec offers its own benefits. The codec implemented in a particular application will depend on the requirements of the use case and the type

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of content being displayed. Some applications will require high-definition video and graphics while others will be more concerned with the amount of bandwidth needed to move or store the content. If bandwidth and storage space are concerns in a certain application, a lossy compression algorithm that compresses data more effectively could be more appropriate than a loss-less algorithm, which retains more of the original data but does not compress the data as compactly. Several different standard bodies and consortia have addressed the industry’s need for effective codecs. A few of the more prominent examples are the Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA), the Wi-Fi™ Alliance and the Wireless Gigabit Alliance. The DLNA was founded primarily to enable streaming video and audio. As a result, the group’s standards do not perform well on web pages. The organization now supports a large number of codecs, although interoperability among devices supporting the DLNA standards continues to be a challenge. In contrast to DLNA, the Wi-Fi Alliance’s Wi-Fi Miracast™ standard is much simpler. Its developers hope that this simplicity will overcome many interoperability issues. It is well suited for displaying web pages. In most cases, the Web page seen on the screen of the source device is accurately rendered on the display of the sink device. Ultimately, some or all of these codecs will likely be involved in remote display applications. The right codec will be determined by the requirements of each use case.

Chore

Core (DLNA)

Core (WFD)

Crisp, even when you zoom in

Artifacts Fuzzy fonts

30 fps, low Wi-Fi™ bandwidth multi-format, longer battery life

Low battery life Variable fps

High latency

Low latency

Screen mirroring Reduced quality for embedded video

Screen mirroring

Documents

Media

Games

Web browsing

Figure 4: The right core for the right chore

Keeping it simple

Another challenge facing remote display applications will be the simplicity of any wireless communications connection. Several wireless technologies, including Near Field Communications (NFC), Wi-Fi or one of its new variants such as Wi-Fi Direct, are candidates to be implemented at the transport/physical layer in the remote display processing stack. The key will be how easily and seamlessly wireless connectivity can be established. A link that is time-consuming or technically challenging to set up will be perceived as an obstacle

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for many consumers. Technologies like NFC simplify transport layer communications, enabling two devices to exchange information with very little human intervention. Establishing a wireless link with NFC can be as easy as tapping the source device to the sink device.

Coming together

The adoption of new applications always depends on user demand and enabling technologies. For remote display technology, both of these factors are emerging at the same time. The final pieces needed for enduser products will be solutions from companies like TI. Now, TI is applying its powerful system-on-chip (SoC) processors, including the DaVinci™ DM36x and DM81x video processors, in remote display solutions. These embedded processors pack the processing power of a complete desktop computer, but can run on a battery and are available at a cost level that consumers can easily afford. TI is helping manufacturers develop implementations of remote display technology by providing several reference design kits (RDKs). The following sections of this white paper offer details on some of TI’s RDKs, specifically the RDKs that concern remote media display applications of remote display technology for the infotainment, work and home clouds, and an RDK that addresses thin client applications for the work cloud.

Remote media display

Content sharing via remote display technology can span all three clouds. For the home cloud, remote media display will involve the sharing of consumer-oriented multimedia, such as movies, photos, music and more. On the infotainment cloud, multimedia can be streamed from the public Internet and displayed remotely in order to share the content with others. And lastly, content can be shared on the work cloud in applications involving networked presentation projectors, digital signage in retail stores and other similar implementations. TI has designed several RDKs with various options in order to meet the requirements of this broad range of remote media display applications. TI’s RDKs for remote media display have incorporated optimized Wi-Fi Miracast™ and DLNA interfaces specifically for streaming media over either wireless and wired connections. Many of the remote media display applications involving content on the work cloud may have wired LAN connectivity while consumer remote media display in the home will likely be dominated by wireless links. Based on either TI’s DaVinci DM36x or DM81x video processors, TI’s Remote Media Display RDK offers manufacturers an accelerated path to the marketplace with remote display capabilities, supporting up to 1080p60 screen resolution. Each reference design is fully tested and optimized for production readiness. The high-level integration of TI’s video processors deliver an extremely low bill of materials cost, thus ensuring competitive end products in the market. See Figure 5 on the following page for a generalized hardware block diagram of TI’s DaVinci DM36x-based Remote Media Display RDK and Figure 6 for a block diagram of TI’s DaVinci DM813x-based Remote Media Display RDK. TI’s Remote Media Display RDKs support a number of options that make them unique in the industry. For example, these RDKs feature an NFC interface that is particularly effective when paired with mobile

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DaVinci™ TMS320DM36x video processor ®

ARM subsystem

DDR

Programmable scalar OSD w/ HW blending 24-bit 888 digital video output

MPEG-2/4 H.264 WMV

432-MHz ARM9™ CPU

DC-IN

Video processing subsystem

HD video codec accelerators

SPI

10b HD/SD DAC Video enc

10b HD/SD DAC

JPEG

NFC TRF79xx

10b HD/SD DAC Connectivity

Camera connector

RTC Audio serial port ×2

mDDR/ DDR2 EMIF

Voice codec

HDMI transmitter

EMAC 10/100

VGA encode 100M PHY

USB 2.0 HS OTG device/host

USB 2.0 hub (2 ports) TI WiLink™

Stereo

HDMI

R145

Analog VGA

USB-A ×2

Figure 5: Hardware block diagram for TI’s DaVinci DM36x-based Remote Media Display RDK

­smartphones and PC tablets. Moreover, a sensor interface to a five megapixel camera has been integrated as well, simplifying and accelerating the implementation of all sorts of imaging applications. Another advanced feature is the integration of two alternatives for Wi-Fi support. The design includes on its printed circuit board 802.11 b/g/n capabilities, and it also supports Wi-Fi via a USB dongle. Figure 7 on the following page shows the comprehensive software architecture supporting TI’s Remote Media Display RDK’s hardware with a wide range of ready-to-implement software modules to ensure a fast time to market. See Table 1 for some of the software components supported. In addition, all third-party software supporting the Remote Media Display RDK can be licensed directly from TI, eliminating the possibility of time-consuming delays that often result when the development team must procure software licenses from multiple third-party suppliers. The software architecture also includes a number of tools and an application

NAND Flash DDR3 DRAM 256 MB 512 MB NAND/ ECC EMIF

DDR3

I/Os for future uses SDIO

USB ESD TPD3E001

HDMI

HDMI ESD TPD12S015

USB 2.0 (Host – Mouse)

TI Wi-Fi module

DM813x processor ARM® processor

HDMI

HDVICP coprocessor

SD/ SDIO GEMAC Port 1

Boot mode logic

UART Core power USB micro AB power only

Connector

1.1V DC/DC TPS62140

I/O power 1.8V DC/DC TPS62160

I/O power

JTAG

3.3V DC/DC TPS62170

Expansion connector(s)

USB micro AB

microSD

EthernetPHY AR8021-AL1A

RJ-45 UART cTI JTAG header

Debug board

Figure 6: Hardware block diagram for TI’s DaVinci DM813x-based Remote Media Display RDK

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programming interface (API) that will speed up the development of differentiating capabilities and engaging user interfaces so that the final product stands out in the marketplace. End product application Custom SW

Basic user interface, network interface

DLNA renderer, server, controller

Wi-Fi Miracast™

3P licensable SW through TI

RMD API GStreamer audio-video player Supported container formats: MOV, MP4, 3GP, ASF Playback controls like Seek, Pause, Stop, etc. Photoviewer– JPEG, BMP, PNG (up to 10 Mpixel) Slideshow, transition effects

TI NEE licensable SDK

xDM / VISA / OS APIs Linux™ BSP HDMI, VGA Wi-Fi™

EMAC, USB Video capture, Video display, Audio capture, Audio playout

xDM codecs H.264 BP/MP/HP, MPEG-4 SP/ASP, MPEG-2 BP/MP, VC1SP/MP/AP, JPEG, PCM, AAC-LC, MP3, WMA2/7/8/9

Additional codecs from 3P, AMR-NB, AMR-WB, AAC-HE, AACv2

TI catalog SDK

TI DaVinci™ DM36x video processor

Figure 7: Remote Media Display RDK software block diagram Table 1: Remote Media Display RDK software features

Thin clients

Applications (use cases)

HD formats

Video codecs

Audio (stereo) formats

• Consumer media streaming • Networked projectors • Digital signage

1080p30 1080p60

H.264 BP/MP/HP, MPEG-4 SP, H.263, MPEG-4 ASP, WMV, VC-1

AAC LC/HE, MP3, WMA, AMR, WAV

Enterprise information technology (IT) departments must contend with a myriad of challenges stemming from the abundance of personal computers in work clouds today. Nonetheless, no single issue can threaten the viability of an organization the way that data security can. The difficulty maintaining the security of strategic corporate information as well as confidential personal information on employees, clients and customers is compounded when this data is downloaded from the work cloud to individual PCs, especially when corporate PCs also have access to the learn cloud or public Internet. Remote display technology can address these and other enterprise IT issues such as software maintenance, version control, asset management and others by an application involving networks of thin clients. Based on the client/server architecture, a thin client application will feature a server connected by wired or wireless networking technology to a group of displays, each with user input devices like a keyboard and a mouse. The displays function as clients to the server. That is, applications, data and all processing takes place in the server and is displayed via remote display technology on the thin clients. When a thin client accesses the server by requesting data or application processing, the server responds by encoding the requested data and transports the data stream to the thin client where it is decoded and displayed for the user. Figure 8 on the following page shows a diagram of a thin client network.

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Server-side compression Client-side decompression

Figure 8: A thin client network

Because all processing takes place in the server and data never leaves the server, a thin client application is inherently more secure than a network of PCs, each with its own local data storage. A work cloud made up of sub-networks of thin clients minimizes the cloud’s points of vulnerability when compared to a work cloud comprised entirely of independent PCs. Because the nature of this thin client remote display use case is quite different from remote media display, manufacturers will have different hardware and software requirements to ensure a productive and effective user experience. Bandwidth on the wired or wireless local area network (LAN) connecting the thin clients to the central server will be a major concern. Too little bandwidth relative to the traffic on the LAN, and the latency of the LAN will climb. Users will perceive the server as unresponsive and their productivity will plummet. As a result, quantifying the potential traffic load on the LAN will be critical because this will affect the type of LAN technology deployed. For example, a thin client LAN in a call center will likely involve low data traffic, while a civil engineering company that’s generating and collaborating on large image-intense blueprints and planning documents will generate considerably more traffic. Fortunately, the speed of various wired and wireless LAN technologies continues to increase. With recent improvements to Wi-Fi transfer speeds, wireless LAN (WLAN) speeds may soon be adequate for many business applications of thin client remote display technology. Another consideration for the implementers of a thin client application is the quality of the data compression on the network. As previously mentioned, some codecs are lossy because they compress the data more effectively, reducing the traffic on the net. Others codecs are loss-less, meaning less of the data will be lost

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in the compression process and, as a result, the decompressed data is a closer reproduction of the original data. The price to pay for this fidelity is bandwidth, since the compression algorithm in a loss-less codec may not be as effective as a lossy codec. Choosing the type of codec for a particular thin client network should take into consideration the type of applications running on the network. If the quality of the decoded data displayed by the thin clients does not require high fidelity to the original data, then lossy codecs can be deployed and data traffic on the network will be reduced. Conversely, if the data displayed by the thin clients must have high resolution relative to the original data, then loss-less codecs will be chosen and the traffic on the network will be greater. Of course, security on any type of LAN is always an important consideration. A thin client network will require strong security procedures including secure boot and cryptographic measures applied to the data transferred over the network. At the same time, these measures must not slow down the flow of data or the application processing taking place on the thin client network as this would lead to a less than satisfactory user experience. Consequently, hardware-accelerated security measures, including cryptographic algorithms, will be critical on most thin client remote display deployments. Other capabilities, such as support for dual-user monitors and the ability to redirect data to a remote display without encoding by the server will also be required in certain thin client networks.

Thin client RDK

TI’s Thin Client RDK features the highly integrated DaVinci DM8148 video processor. By blending the processing power of both an ARM® general-purpose core and a digital signal processing (DSP) core, the DM8148 processor provides all of the capabilities needed to support the many different types of thin client deployments which will inevitably have a variety of requirements. For example, the programmability of the DSP core allows practically any codec to be deployed. As a result, designers can choose the lossy or loss-less codec that best meets the needs of a certain thin client application. TI’s Thin Client RDK is unique in the industry in that it supports all of the major open industry-standard codecs as well as the major proprietary codecs. The hardware architecture of TI’s Thin Client RDK (see Figure 9 on the following page) comes with a very low bill of materials (BOM) cost because of the high level of integration in the DaVinci video processor. Key capabilities such as dual-monitor thin clients, data redirection without encoding and hardware-accelerated cryptography are incorporated into the DM8148 processor, cutting BOM and speeding new remote display products to market by reducing a manufacturer’s development efforts. A Gigabit Ethernet interface capable of daisy chaining multiple thin clients together and power-over-Ethernet add to the flexibility of the Thin Client RDK. Figure 10 illustrates how the Thin Client RDK’s software architecture is supported by the platform’s hardware. The ARM Cortex™-A8 core supports the Linux™ kernel. Computationally intense processing tasks such as multimedia codecs, the application’s virtual desktop codecs and cryptographic algorithms are offloaded to accelerators such as the DSP core and HD video accelerator to retain processing headroom on the ARM core. A Gigabit Ethernet interface capable of daisy chaining multiple thin clients together and the low-power device enables clients to be powered-over-Ethernet (POE).

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DM8148

G Ethernet GMAC

ARM® microprocessor

Fixed- & Floatingpoint DSP

HD video co-processor

ARM Cortex™A8

C674x DSP core

3D graphics engine

Display

RGB

On-screen display

DVI

TFP410

Resizer

Video I/O

HDMI

SD DAC (×2) HDMI PHY HD video I/O (×2)

DDR3

DDR3 128 MB

AEMIF

NAND Flash 128 MB

Switched central resource (SCR)

USB host SMSC9514

Peripherals PCIe

McASP ×4 SPDIF McBSP

I2C/ SPI ×4

UART ×6

DCAN ×2

USB 2.0 ×2

GPIO

GMAC Switch

Memory interfaces DDR3 ×2

USB

SDIO/ SD ×3

ASYNC EMIF/ NAND

SATA2

McBSP

Power

TLV320AIC23

TPS65023

Audio

Figure 9: Hardware block diagram of TI’s DaVinci DM8148-based Thin Client RDK

Remote display today

The underlying factors for remote display technology are now converging. The availability of wireless connectivity and Wi-Fi bandwidth continue to rise while costs decline and newer standards, like the Wi-Fi Alliance’s Wi-Fi Direct and Wi-Fi Display, help create new use cases. Video compression standards like H.264 and H.265 provide high-quality video compression at high-definition (HD) resolutions and at bit rates sustainable

Citrix ICA

Microsoft RFX RDP 7.1 X Windows

Peripheral redirection Printer

Ubuntu user space

USB

OSSL

X Server driver

System libraries & apps

Multimedia redirection Flash 10.3

GStreamer 0.10.32

Plug ins

OMX SYSLINK SYSLINK

/dev/crypto

Linux 2.6.37 kernel space

Open Crypto Framework OCF

Software crypto

FBDEV V4L2

OMX Hdvpss.xem3 Display Resizing Blending CSC Camera Capture

Crypto/API

Platform Support Package (PSP) (drivers) ®

I/O M3

ARM Cortex™-A8

VideoM3.xem3 H.264 VC1 MPEG-1, 2, 4 WMA MP3, PCM JPEG Video M3

RFX .bin

SIMCOP

PColP .bin JPEG .bin

DSP

SoC USB

EMAC

Crypto HW

SGX

VPSS (CSC, RSZ, ISP)

LAN

IVA-HD Component ware

Protocol ware

Hardware components

Cryptographic support

Legend

Figure 10: DM8148 Thin Client RDK software diagram

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on wireless links. Consumer demand for thin, small devices such as smartphones, tablets and ultra-thin laptops has eliminated many of the familiar connectors like VGA and HDMI that were typical of user devices in the past. This has accelerated the need for alternative wireless connectivity solutions to devices where cloud content can be shared and appreciated to its fullest, such as the large-screen HD displays that are becoming so commonplace. The answer to this situation is remote display technology. TI’s Remote Media Display and Thin Client RDKs accelerate a manufacturer’s time to market with remote display products that can be implemented today. The range of capabilities integrated in TI’s DaVinci video processors ensures a flexible remote display platform capable of easy configuration and able to meet the particular needs of unique use cases.

Important Notice: The products and services of Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries described herein are sold subject to TI’s standard terms and conditions of sale. Customers are advised to obtain the most current and complete information about TI products and services before placing orders. TI assumes no ­liability for applications assistance, customer’s applications or product designs, software performance, or infringement of patents. The publication of information regarding any other company’s products or services does not constitute TI’s approval, warranty or endorsement thereof. Code Composer Studio and DaVinci are trademarks of Texas Instruments Incorporated. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

© 2012 Texas Instruments Incorporated

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