Plan for Grammar Chapters 1-5 Spanish 2 Señora Franco Topic: Grammar Objectives: Students will be able to use learned material Pass Objectives: Communication Standard 1.1: Interpersonal, 1.2: Interpretive, 1.3: Presentational Culture Standard 2.1, 2.2 Connection Standard 3.1, 3.2 Comparison Standard 4.1, 4.2 Communities Standard 5.1, 5.2 Ch.1 Gramática: Articulos y sustantivos The name of a person, place or thing is a noun. In Spanish, every noun has a gender, either masculine or feminine. Almost all nouns that end in – o are masculine and almost all nouns that end in – a are feminine. The in English is called a definite article. In Spanish, the definite article is either el or la. You use el with masculine nouns and la with feminine nouns. el muchacho el amigo el curso

la muchacha la amiga la escuela

Note in the plural (more than one) el becomes los and la becomes las. los muchachos los amigos los cursos

las muchachas las amigas las escuelas

A, an, and some are called indefinite articles. Note the following forms of the indefinite articles in Spanish. un muchacho una muchacha un amigo una amiga unos muchachos unas muchachas unos amigos unas amigas Note that when a noun ends in –e, you have to learn whether it is masculine or feminine. el continente la clase

los continentes las clases

Adjetivos

Pg. 32 An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun. In Spanish, unlike English, the adjective must agree with the noun in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural). Study the following examples: Adjectives ending in -O el muchacho argentinio los muchachos argentinos la muchacha argentina las muchachas argentinas Gramática capítulo 1(Y-1) Continued el curso interesante la clase interesante

Adjectives ending in-E los cursos interesantes las clases interesantes Adjectives inding in a consonant los cursos fáciles

1. el curso fácil

Note that you use the masculine form when a group consists of both boys and

girls.

Juan y José son alumnos buenos. María y Teresa son alumnas buenas. José y Teresa son alumnos buenos. El Verbo Ser Study the following forms of the verb ser. ser SOY YO TÚ

ERES

ÉL ELLA USTED

ES

NOSOTROS (AS)

SOMOS

VOSOTROS (AS)

SOIS

ELLOS ELLAS UDS.

SON

Pg. 34

Note that the form of the verb changes with each subject. Since the verb changes, the subject pronouns yo, tú, usted, él, ella, nostoros (as), ustedes, ellos, and ellas are often omitted in Spanish.

You use yo to talk about yourself. You use nosotros (as) to talk about yourself and someone else. You use él or ella to talk about someone. You use ellos or ellas to talk about two or more people. Note that ellos also refers to a group of males and females. Gramática capítulo 1 (Y-1) Continued Unlike in English, there are several ways to express you in Spanish. You use tú when speaking to a friend or person the same age. José (tú) eres de México ¿no? You use usted when speaking to an adult or someone you do not know well. Usted, often abbreviated Ud., shows respect. Señor López, usted es de México ¿no? Ustedes is a plural form. In the plural there is no distinction. You use ustedes (Uds.) when addressing two or more friends or adults. ¿Son ustedes de México? However, vosotros (as) is used in Spain as the plural of tú when addressing two or more friends. Sois de España ¿no? El Verbo Tener

Pg. 66 Ch. 2

1. You will use the verb tener (to have) a great deal as you speak Spanish. Study the forms of this verb. yo tú él, ella, usted nosotros (as) vosotros (as) ellos, ellas, ustedes

- Tengo - Tienes -Tiene - Tenemos - Tenéis - Tienen

2. You use the verb tener to express age (la edad). ¿Cuántos años tienes? ¿Qué edad tienes? Yo tengo catorce años. Mi hermana menor tiene once años. El chico ___________ quince años. Nosotros___________ veinte años. Los estudiantes _________ dieciséis años.

Los Adjetivos Posesivos

Página 70

(Singular) Mi, tu, su, nuestro, vuestro, su,

(plural) mis, tus, sus, nuestros, vuestros, sus

1. A possessive adjective tells who owns or possesses something — my books and your pencil. 2. Observe the possessive adjectives in Spanish. Note that, like other adjectives in Spanish, they agree with the noun they modify. yo tú

Mi Padre Tu padre

él ella ellos-- Su Padre ellas usted ustedes

Mi prima Tu prima

Mis Padres Tus padres

Mis primas Tus primas

Su Prima

Sus Padres

Sus Primas

3. The possessive adjectives mi, tu, and su have only two forms — singular and plural. As you can see from the examples above, su and sus can refer to many different people. The possessive adjective nuestro and vuestro like other adjectives that end in-o has four forms. Nuestro padre Nuestra prima Nuestros padres Nuestras primas vuestro padre vuestra prima vuestros padres vuestras primas

Presente de los verbos en –ar

Pg.100 Ch. 3

Action words are verbs. Most verbs in Spanish belong to a family or conjugation. Verbs that have an infinitive (to speak, to study) that ends in –ar like (hablar, estudiar) are called –ar verbs or first conjugation verbs. In this chapter you have learned the following –ar verbs: estudiar, enseñar, levantar, contestar, hablar, tomar, mirar, escuchar, sacar, llevar, regresar, necesitar, navegar, buscar, enviar, comprar, pagar, trabajar. All Spanish verbs change their endings according to the subject. Study the following forms of the hablar and mirar. yo tú el ella usted nosotros nosotras vosotros vosotras ellos ellas ustedes

hablo hablas habla habla habla hablamos hablamos habláis habláis hablan hablan hablan

yo tú el ella usted nosotros nosotras vosotros vosotras ellos ellas ustedes

Los verbos ir dar estar

miro miras mira mira Mira miramos miramos miráis miráis miran miran miran Página 105

1. The verbs ir dar and estar are irregular because they have a different form with yo. All the other forms are the same as those of a irregular ar verb 3. You use estar to tell how you feel. 4. You also use estar to tell where you are. Las contracciones al y del Página 107 1. The preposition a means to or at. A-a contracts with el to form one word – al. A - a do not contract with la, las, los. El va al cuarto Vamos al gimnacio

Voy a la tienda Ellos van a la sala

2. The preposition a has another important use. Whenever the direct object of a verb is a person, you must put a before it. This a is not translated. It is called the a personal. Observe the following sentences. Miro la televisión. Escucho la música. Busco un bolígrafo

Miro al amigo de Teresa. Escucho a la profesor. Busco a mis padres

3. The preposition de means of or from. De contract with el to form del. It does not contract with la, las, or los Es el libro del professor. Es la escuela de la amiga de Pablo. 4. De also forms a part of many other preposition Delante del jardín cerca del carro despues de las clases

antes de los exámenes detrás de la casa lejos de la tienda

Presente de los verbos en –er and –ir

Pg.136 Ch. 4 1. You have already learned the present tense of regular –ar verbs. There are two other families or conjugations of regular verbs. 2. Verbs whose infinitives end in –er are second conjugation verbs. 3. Verbs whose infinitives end in –ir are third conjugation verbs. Some verbs of the second and third conjugations that you will use frequently are comer, beber, leer, ver, comprender (to understand), aprender (to learn), abrir, recibir, escribir, and vivir.

Pronombres yo tú usted él ella nosotros nosotras vosotros vosotras ellos ellas ustedes

Verb Conjugation Como Comes Come Come Come Comemos Comemos Coméis Coméis Comen Comen Comen

Pronombres yo tú él ella usted nosotros nosotras vosotros vosotras ellos ellas ustedes

Verb Conjugation Vivo Vives Vive Vive Vive Vivimos Vivimos Vivís Vivís Viven Viven Viven

Note: All forms of –er and –ir verbs are the same except nosotros (as) and vosotros (as).

Expresiones con el infinitivo

Página 140

1. You have already learned that the infinitive of a verb in Spanish ends in –ar, –er, or –ir. The infinitive often follows another verb or expression. You have already seen the infinitive used in the following sentences. ¿Qué desean ustedes tomar? Debes estudiar y aprender más. 2. Here are some other useful expressions that are followed by the infinitive. Tener que Ir a Acabar de

To have to To be going to To have just (done something)

-Tengo que comer algo. Voy a ir a la cafetería. -Yo no. Acabo de comer y no tengo hambre.

Gramática

Pg.170 Ch. 5 Los verbos de cambio radical e—ie

1. Some verbs in Spanish are called stem-changing verbs. The verbs empezar, pensar, perder, querer, and preferir are examples of stem-changing verbs. All forms, except the nosotros and vosotros forms, change the e of the infinitive to ie. The endings of these verbs are the same as those of a regular verb. Yo Tú Él, Ella Usted Nosotros(as) Vosotros (as) Ellos Ellas Uds

Quiero Quieres Quiere Queremos Queréis Quieren

2. Read the following verbs across. Observe the stem change and note that the endings are the same as those of a regular verb. Yo Tú Él Ella Usted Nosotros (as) Vosotros (as) Ellos ellas Uds.

• •

Empiezo Empiezas Empieza Empezamos Empezáis Empiezan

Pierdo Pierdes Pierde Perdemos Perdéis Pierden

Prefiero Prefieres Prefiere Preferimos preferís Prefieren

Ojo Remember that if you pronounce the verb form correctly, you will write it correctly. It is always important to pay attention to the pronunciation.

Los verbos de cambio radical o—ue

Página 172

The verbs poder, volver, devolver, and dormir (to sleep) are also stem-changing verbs. The o of the infinitive changes to ue in all forms except nosotros and vosotros. Yo Tú Él Ella Usted Nosotros (as) Vosotros (as) Ellos Ellas Uds.

Puedo Puedes Puede Podemos Podéis Pueden

Read the following verbs across. Observe the stem change and note that the endings are the same as those of a regular verb of the same conjugation. Yo Tú Él Ella Usted Nosotros (as) Vosotros (as) Ellos Ellas Uds.

Vuelvo Vuelves Vuelve Volvemos Volvéis Vuelven

Duermo Duermes Duerme Dormimos Dormís Duermen

The U in the verb jugar also changes to ue in all forms except nosotros and vosotros. Yo Tú Él Ella Usted Nosotros (as) Vosotros (as) Ellos Ellas Uds.

juego juegas Juega Jugamos Jugáis Juegan

Jugar is sometimes followed by a when a sport is mentioned. Both of the following are acceptable. Juegan al fútbol. Juegan fútbol.

Los verbos interesar, aburrir, gustar

Página 175 The verbs interesar and aburrir function the same in English and in Spanish. Study the following examples. ¿Te aburre el béisbol? No, el béisbol me interesa.

Does baseball bore you? No, baseball interests me.

¿Te aburren los deportes? No, los deportes me interesan.

Do sports bore you? No, sports interest me.

The verb gustar in Spanish functions the same as interesar and aburrir. Gustar conveys the meaning to like, but its true meaning is to please. The Spanish way of saying I like baseball is Baseball pleases me. ¿Te aburre el béisbol? No. Me interesa. ¿Te gusta el béisbol? Si, me gusta mucho el béisbol. ¿Te gustan los deportes en general? Si, me gustan todos. Gustar is often used with an infinitive to tell what you like to do. ¿Te gusta ganar? Sí. No me gusta perder.