Tengiz liluaSvili

samoqalaqo procesualuri samarTali II gamocema

Tbilisi 2005.

w i n a T q m a saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis pirveli gamocemidan (1992 weli) sakmaod didi dro gavida. am meore gamocemis aseT dagvianebas aqvs obieqturi mizezebi, romlebic ZiriTadad saqarTveloSi samarTlebrivi da sasamarTlo reformebis momzadebiTa da gatarebiT aixsneba. 1997 wels amoqmedda saqarTvelos axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsisagan, Tumca mTeli rigi normebisa da institutebisa, romlebmac gauZles drois gamocdas da rac mTavaria pasuxoben dRevandel Secvlil socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis moTxovnebs, SenarCunebulia axal kodeqsSi. meore gamocemis dagvianeba ganpirobebulia agreTve axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis danergvisa da mosamarTleTa kadrebis swavlebisaTvis praqtikuli saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadebis aucileblobiT. am mimarTulebiT momzadda da ramdenjerme gamoica „samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi“ praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo“. (1999-2004 w.) „samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi“ (2002 weli), „samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentari“, 2004 weli (TanaavtorobiT), „apelacia samoqalaqo procesSi“, praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo (2005 weli) da sxva. cxadia, rom iuridiuli fakultetebis studentoba sargeblobda da dResac sargebloben am gamocemebiT. miuxedavad amisa, saWiro iyo da studentTa swavlebis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT momzadebuli saxelmZRvanelos gamocema. am wignSi, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc saxelmZRvanelo iuridiuli umaRlesi saswavleblebisa da iuridiuli fakultetis studentebisaTvis, gaSuqebulia Cvens mierve SemuSavebuli programis mixedviT samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis yvela ZiriTadi sakiTxi. amasTan, Sesaswavli sakiTxebis aTvisebis gaadvilebis mizniT wigni gajerebulia praqtikuli magaliTebiT. X X X X wigni gaTvaliswinebulia iuridiuli umaRlesi saswavleblebisa da iuridiuli fakultetebis studentebisaTvis, doqtorantebisaTvis, magistratebisaTvis da profesor-maswavleblebisaTvis. wigni SeiZleba warmatebiT iqnes gamoyenebuli mosamarTleebis, advokatebis da sxva praqtikos iuristebis, agreTve samosamarTlo swavlebis centris msmenelTa mier.

S i n a a r s i Tavi I samoqalaqo marTlmsajuleba 1

$1.

$2.

$3. $4. $5. $6.

principebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo saqarTveloSi 1997 wels gatarebul sasamarTlo reformas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. profesiuli sasamarTalo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. mosamarTleTa kvalificiuroba da kompetenturoba . . . . III. mosamarTleTa specializacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da mosamarTlis damoukidebloba . . V. mosamarTleTa SerCevisa da daniSvnis idealuri modeli: ratom ver SevTavazeT igi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI. samsafexuriani sasamarTlo sistema. kasacia rogorc saboloo instancia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. kasaciis mxolod erT sasamarTloSi koncetrirebis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . samoqalaqo marTlmsajulebis organoebi . . . . . . . . . . I. sasamarTlo xelisufleba. marTlmsajulebis raoba . . . II. pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebi . . . . . . . . . . . . III. meore instanciis (saapelacio) sasamarTloebi . . . . . IV. mesame instanciis (sakasacio) sasamarTloebi . . . . . . . mosamarTle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mosamarTlis aparati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. mosamarTlis TanaSemwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. sxdomis mdivani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . advokati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sasamarTlo aRmasrulebeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi II samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis cneba. samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba $1. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis cneba . . . . . . . . . . . I. sasamarTlo da samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali . . . . II. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali da misi amocanebi . . . III. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sagani da sistema . . . IV. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba samarTlis sxva dargebTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis wyaroebi . . . . . . VI. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normis moqmedeba droSi da sivrceSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba . . . . . . . . . . . I. cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis warmoSobis pirobebi da Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi III samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis principebi 2

$1.

principebis cneba da klasifikacia . . . . . . . . . . . . I. dispoziciurobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. SejibrebiTobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. SejibrebiTobisa da samZebro principis Tanafardoba . . 2. SejibrebiTobis principis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . 3. sasamarTlos iniciativisa da aqtiurobis farglebi . . III. mxareTa Tanasworobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. saqmis ganxilvis daCqarebisa da procesualuri ekonomiis principebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. saqveynobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI. saxelmwifo enis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. zepirobis principi da misi werilobiT formasTan Sexameba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII. uSvalobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi IV samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis (samarTalwarmoebis) subieqtebi

$1. samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba . . . . . . . . . . . I. samarTlis subieqtebi zogadad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. samoqalaqo procesis subieqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. samoqalaqo saproceso qmedunarianoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. SezRuduli qmedunarianoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. mcirewlovnebi da qmeduunaroni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3. mxareebi samoqalaqo procesSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4. arasaTanado mxare da misi Secvlis wesi . . . . . . . . . . . $5. saproceso Tanamonawileoba. Tanamonawileobis saxeebi da miznebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. savaldebulo Tanamonawileoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. arasavaldebulo Tanamonawileoba . . . . . . . . . . . . $6. mesame pirebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. cneba da saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT . . . III. mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis saqmeSi Cabmis samarTlebrivi safuZveli . . . . . . 2. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis saqmeSi Cabmis wesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. sasamarTlos ganCineba mesame piris saqmebi Cabmis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saproceso uflebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7. saproceso uflebamonacvleoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. uflebamonacvleobis cneba da safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . 3

II. saproceso uflebamonacvleobis daSvebis wesi . . . . . III. saqmis warmoebis SeCereba da ganaxleba . . . . . . . . . IV. uflebamonacvlis saproceso uflebebi . . . . . . . . . . $8. mxareTa saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi . . . . . . . . I. mxareTa uflebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. mxareTa movaleobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi V sasamarTlos uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba da gansjadoba $1. uwyebrivi qvemdebareobis cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. gansjadobis cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3. gansjadobis saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. gvareobiTi gansjadoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. teritoriuli gansjadoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetenca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4. saqmis gadacema erTi sasamarTlodan meoreSi . . . . . . . $5. gansjadobis wesebis darRvevis Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi VI saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT $1. sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobis cneba da saxeebi . . . . . . . $2. nebayoflobiTi (xelSekrulebiTi) warmomadgenloba . . . . . I. sasamarTlos uari piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze . . . . $3. iuridiuli piris warmomadgenloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis farglebi . . . . . . . . . . I. warmomadgenlis mier sxva advokatis an TanaSemwis daxmarebis gamoyeneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis gaformeba . . . . . . . $5. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta . . . . . . . . . . I. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta marwmuneblis mier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta TviT warmomadgenlis mier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis Sewyveta mxareTa nebis gareSe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6. kanonieri warmomadgenlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7. saproceso warmomadgenlebi (mzrunveli) . . . . . . . . . . . . I. saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna qmeduunaro mopasuxisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna qmeduunaro mosarCelisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi VII 4

vadebi samoqalaqo procesSi $1. saproceso vadebis mniSvneloba da saxeebi . . . . . . $2. saproceso vadebis gamoTvla da damTavreba . . . . . $3. saproceso vadis SeCereba, gagrZeleba da gamoTvla $4. saproceso vadis gasvlis Sedegei . . . . . . . . . Tavi

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VIII

procesis xarjebi $1. procesis xarjebis cneba da Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. saxelmwfifo baJi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdevinebis safuZvlebi . . . . . . . 2. saxelmwifo baJis odenoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. davis sagnis Rirebulebis gansazRvris wesi . . . . . . . . $3. saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi . . . . . . . . . . $4. sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan ganTavisufleba . . . . . $5. sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdis gadadeba, ganawilvadeba da maTi odenobis Semcireba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6. sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawileba mxareTa Soris . . . . . . . . Tavi IX sasamarTlo mtkicebuleba $1. faqtebis damtkicebis aucilebloba. sasamarTlo mtkicebis cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. mtkicebis sagani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. mtkicebis sagnis cneba da gansazRvris kriteriumi . . . . II. faqtebi, romlebic ar saWiroeben damtkicebas . . . . . . . $3. faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4. faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5. damtkicebis tvirTis ganawileba mniSvneloba . . . . . . . . . . I. damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis mniSvneloba . . . . . . . $6. damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis safuZvlebi. prezumfciis mniSvneloba samoqalaqo procesSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7. mtkicebulebis cneba samoqalaqo procesSi . . . . . . . . . . . $8. mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba da gankuTvnadoba . . . . . . . . . . $9. mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10. mtkicebulebaTa saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. mxareTa (mesame pirTa) axsna-ganmarteba. faqtis aRiareba . . . II. werilobiTi mtkicebuleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. mowmis Cveneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. nivTieri mtkicebuleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. eqspertis daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11. adgilze daTvaliereba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

$12. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nakveTi meore Tavi X sasarCelo warmoeba $1. sarCelis cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. sarCeli rogorc saproceso samarTlis instituti . . . II. sarCelis elementebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. sarCelis elementebis mniSvneloba . . . . . . . . . . 2. sarCelis sagani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. sarCelis safuZveli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. sarCelis Secvla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. sarCelis saxeebi (sarCelebis saproceso samarTlebrivi klasifikacia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. aRiarebiTi sarCelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. gardaqmniTi sarCelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3. sarCelis ufleba. sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis pirobebi . . . $4. sarCelis forma da Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. sarCelis forma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. sarCelis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. sarCelis xarvezis cneba da Sevsebis wesi . . . . . . . . . . IV. sarCelis umoZraod datoveba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5. sarCelis uzrunvelyofa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. gancxadebis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. uzrunvelyofis faqtobrivi safuZvlis damtkicebis tvirTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofa . . . . . . . . . V. ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . VI. sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT gamowveuli zaralis anazRaureba (mopasuxis interesebis dacva) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi XI mopasuxis sarCelisagan Tavdacvis saSualebebi $1.

Tavdacvis saSualebaTa saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. sarCelis uaryofa (arcnoba) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. procesualuri Sesagebeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli . . . . . . . . . . IV. mosarCelis sapasuxo Sesagebeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Sesageblis forma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI. Sesageblis warudgenlobis Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . $2. Segebebuli sarCeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Sesagebeli Tu Segebebuli sarCeli : 6

dacvis saSualebaTa arCeva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. Segebebuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapiroba . . . III. Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvris vada . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Segebebuli sarCelis miReba da ganxilva . . . . . . . . Tavi XII saqmis winaswari momzadeba zepiri ganxilvisaTvis $1.

samoqalaqo saqmis winaswari momzadeba, rogorc saqmis warmoebis pirveli etapi da misi mniSvneloba . . . . . . . . $2. saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic unda Sesruldes saqmis momzadebis mizniT I. mopasuxisagan werilobiTi Sesageblis gamoTxova . . . II. sarCelisa da Sesageblis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis Sefaseba. mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. saqmeSi monawile pirTa gansazRvra . . . . . . . . . . . . V. mosamzadebeli sxdoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI. sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis (zepiri ganxilvis) daniSvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3. Setyobineba da dabareba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi XIII saqmis arsebiTad ganxilva sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze $1.

$2.

$3. $4. $5.

saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis mniSvneloba da wesi . . . I. sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis cneba da mniSvneloba . . . II. mTavari sxdomis gaxsna da misi Catarebis SesaZleblobis garkveva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dawyeba. mosamarTlis moxseneba saqmis arsis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. mxareTa paeqtroba. sasamarTlos xelmZRvaneloba mxareTa Sejibrebisadmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI. sxdomis daxurva da gadawyvetilebis gamotana . . . . . VII. sasamarTlos dadgenilebaTa saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. cneba da dasaSveboba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic unda Sesruldes saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis SemTxvevaSi . . . . . . . . . . saqmis warmoebis SeCereba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvis Taviseburebani . . . . . . . . . . reketuli qonebis CamorTmevis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis ganxilvis Taviseburebani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Tavi

XIV

sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba $1.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis cneba da saxeebi . . . . . . . . . I. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis cneba da mniSvneloba II. gadawyvetilebis saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. gadawyvetilebis nakli da misi gasworebis wesi . . . . . 1. gadawyvetilebaSi usworobaTa da aSkara ariTmetikuli Secdomebis gasworeba . . . . . . . . . . 2. damatebiTi gadawyvetileba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. gadawyvetilebis ganmarteba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala I. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis cneba. formaluri da materialuri kanonieri Zala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis obieqturi farglebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. gadawyvetilebis droiTi farglebi . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis subieqturi farglebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedebis Sewyveta . . $3. sasamarTlo ganCineba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. ganCinebis miReba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. ganCinebis miRebis wesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. ganCinebis Sinaarsi da kanonieri Zala . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi XV dauswrebeli warmoeba $1. dauswrebeli warmoebis cneba da mniSvneloba . . . . . . . . . $2. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis zogadi winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis cneba da safuZveli . . . II. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis zogadi winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba mosarCelis gamoucxadeblobis gamo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. orive mxaris gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebi . . . . . . . . $3. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba . . . . . . . . . I. saCivris Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. saCivris dasabuTebulobis anu dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZvlebis Semowmeba . . . IV. meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da misi 8

gasaCivrebis wesi

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi XVI

saqmis damTavreba gadawyvetilebis gamotanis gareSe $1.

saqmis damTavrebis formebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis safuZvlebi da Sedegi . . . II. sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis safuZvlebi da Sedegi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nakveTi mesame gamartivebuli warmoeba Tavi XVII Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis ganxilva

$1.

Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis ganxilvis Taviseburebani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. gansjadoba II. Tamasuqis Sesaxeb sarCelebis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesi . . . . . . . .

Tavi XVIII davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesi (gadaxdis brZanebis miReba) $1.

davalianebis gadaxdevinebis gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvis mizani da safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. mizani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. dasaSveboba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. gadaxdis brZanebis gauqmeba da saqmis ganxilva saerTo sasarCelo wesiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. gadaxdis brZaneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. gadaxdis brZanebis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. gadaxdis brZanebis gadacema mopasuxisaTvis . . . . . . III. gadaxdis brZanebis gauqmeba da saqmis ganxilva saerTo sasarCelo wesiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Tavi XIX lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesi $1. gancxadeba lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze . . . . . $2. sasamarTlos brZaneba lizingis sagnis gamcemisaTvis lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . nakveTi meoTxe udavo warmoeba Tavi XX udavo warmoebis wesiT gansaxilveli saqmeebi $1. udavo warmoebis cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis dadgena . . . . . I. iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis winapirobebi . . . . . . . II. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3. moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiareba an gardacvlilad gamocxadeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4. moqalaqis SezRudul qmedunarianad da qmeduunarod aRiareba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. safuZveli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. saqmis ganxilvaSi monawile pirebi . . . . . . . . . . . III. meurvisa da mzrunvelis daniSvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. SezRuduli qmedunarianobis gauqmeba da moqalaqis qmedunarianad aRiareba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5. dakargul an ganadgurebul sawarmomdgenlo fasian qaRaldsa da saordero fasian qaRaldze uflebis aRdgena (gamowveviTi warmoeba) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6. qonebis upatronod cnoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7. Svilad ayvana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nakveTi mexuTe sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivreba Tavi XXI a p e l a c i a $1.

apelaciis arsisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. saapelacio sasamarTlos qarTuli modeli . . . . . . . . $2. saqmis warmoeba saapelacio sasamarTloSi . . . . . . . . I. saapelacio saCivris obieqti, anu sasamarTlos romel dadgenilebaze SeiZleba saapelacio 10

saCivris Setana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. saapelacio saCivris uflebis subieqti, anu vis SeuZlia saapelacio saCivris Setana . . . . . . . . . III. saapelacio saCivris dasabuTeba . . . . . . . . . . . IV. saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi . . V. saapelacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis Sedegebi . . $3. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris cneba da saxeebi . . . . II. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris dasaSveboba . . . . . . III. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris saxeebi . . . . . . . . $4. saqmis ganxilva saapelacio sasamarTloSi . . . . . . . . I. saqmis momzadeba zepiri ganxilvisaTvis . . . . . . . . . II. saqmis zepiri ganxilva mTavar sxdomaze . . . . . . . . 1. saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis wesi . . . . . . . 2. axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgenis winapirobebi saapelacio sasamarTloSi . . . . . . . III. gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis farglebi da saapelacio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. sauaresod Sebrunebis dauSvebloba . . . . . . . . . V. dauswrebeli warmoeba apelaciaSi . . . . . . . . . $5. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba . . . . . . . I. gadawyvetilebisa da ganCinebis gamotanis safuZvlebi . . II. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba . . . . . . . . Tavi XXII k a s a c i a $1.

kasaciis iuridiuli buneba da mizani. kasaciis qarTuli modeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. kasaciis iuridiuli buneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. kasaciis mizani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. sakasacio saCivari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. sakasacio saCivris obieqtebi da subieqtebi . . . . . . II. sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi . . 2. sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi . . . . . 3. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos did palataze saqmeTa gadacemis winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari $3. saqmis warmoeba sakasacio sasamarTloSi I. sakasacio saCivris Semotanis Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . II. gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis farglebi . . . . . . . . . . 1. sauaresod Sebrunebis dauSvebloba . . . . . . . . . . 2. samarTlis normebis darRvevis Semowmebis farglebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba . . . . . . . . . . 1. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis Sedegebi . . 2. sakasacio sasamarTlosSemxebloba faqtebTan. saqmis 11

faqtobrivi garemoebebis mniSvneloba gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi SemowmebisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi XXIII kerZo saCivari $1. kerZo saCivris cneba, obieqti da subieqtebi . . . . . . . . . . I. cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. kerZo saCivris obieqti, subieqti da dasaSvebobis winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. kerZo saCivris ganxilvis Taviseburebani . . . . . . . . . . . I. kerZo saCivris ganxilva gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlos mier . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. kerZo saCivris ganxilva zemdgomi sasamarTlos mier. kerZo saCivris Setanis Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi XXIV saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba $1.

saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis obieqti da saxeebi . . . . . I. ganaxlebis obieqti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis saxeebi da safuZveli . . III. gansjadoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2. gancxadebis dasaSveboba I. gancxadebis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis dasaSvebobis Semowmeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis safuZvlianobis Semowmeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

Tavi I samoqalaqo marTlmsajuleba $1. principebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo saqarTveloSi 1997 wels gatarebul sasamarTlo reformas 1997 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo organuli kanoni „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“. es kanoni aris samarTlebrivi reformis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aqti, romlis proeqti SemuSavda specialurad Seqmnili komisiis mier. sasamarTlo reformis komisias unda gadaewyvita mravali sakiTxi da maT Soris ganesazRvra principebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedeboda sasamarTlo reformas saqarTveloSi. mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokled SevexoT mxolod zogierT fundamenturi xasiaTis princips, romelsac daefuZna sasamarTlo reforma, romlebzec aigo sasamarTlo sistema saqarTveloSi. sagangebod gvinda mkiTxvelis yuradReba mivapyroT erT metad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: 2005 wels sasamarTlo sistemaSi gatarebulma zogierTma cvlilebam aramarto ar gadauxvia am prinipebidan, aramed kidev ufro gamoikveTa maTi ganuxrelad dacvis aucilebloba. I. profesiuli sasamarTlo kanoni saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb amkvidrebs profesiul sasamarTlos. es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTloebi saqmeebs ganixilaven msajulebis gareSe erTi an am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi sami profesiuli mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT. es arsebiTi xasiaTis novelaa, romlis SemuSavebas win uswrebda, jer-erTi, Cveni qveynis sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadeba da romelmac gviCvena konkretul saqmeTa ganxilvaSi msajulTa formaluri monawileobis arnaxuli masStabebi, agreTve TiTqmis gadaulaxavi siZneleebi, rasac mosamarTleebi awydebodnen msajulTa mowvevisa da maTi monawileobiT sasamarTlo kolegiis formirebis dros da meore - sazRvargareTis im qveynebis gamocdileba, sadac msajulTa da maT Soris nafic msajulTa instituti dResac moqmedebs, magram maTi monawileobiT saqmeTa ganxilvis koeficienti ar aRemateba 2-dan 5 procents. ras niSnavs nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo da riT gansxvavdeba igi CvenSi adre moqmed saxalxo msajulTa sasamarTlosagan? nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo, ise rogorc saxalxo msajulTa sasamarTlo, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi xalxis monawileobis erT-erTi formaa. saxalxo msajulebis monawileobiT saqmeTa ganxilva, romelic sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier dainerga, warmoadgens jer kidev me-18 saukuneSi germaniaSi warmoSobil da garkveuli kategoriis saqmeebze iq 13

dResac moqmed Sefenebis sasamarTlo saxesxvaobas. ise rogorc Sefenebi, CvenSi moqmedi msajulebi profesiul mosamarTlesTan erTad qmnidnen ganuyofel kolegias: maT aqvT Tanabari uflebebi da monawileoben aramarto bralisa da sasjelis sakiTxebis erToblivad gadawyvetaSi, aramed saqmis ganxilvis procesSi wamoWril yvela sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi, erTad gadian saTaTbiro oTaxSi gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad. rac Seexeba nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos misi fundameturi maxasiaTebeli, romlis gareSe sasamarTlo ver CaiTvleba nafic msajulTa sasamarTlod - esaa funqciebis gamijvna nafic msajulTa da profesiul mosamarTleTa Soris: nafici msajulebi profesiul mosamarTlisagan damoukideblad da mis gareSe wyveten faqtis sakiTxs, xolo iuridiul sakiTxs, ufro zustad, nafic msajulTa mier dadgenil faqtebs, iuridiul Sefasebas aZlevs erTpirovnulad profesiuli mosamarTle. Tu msajulebs da mosamarTles Soris funqciebi araa gamijnuli da saqmis ganxilvis procesSi wamoWril yvela sakiTxs erToblivad wyveten msajulebi da mosamarTle - aseT sasamarTlos ar SeiZleba vuwodoT nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: msajulTa raodenobis gazrda, vTqvaT eqvsamde, Tormetamde an ufro metad, verasdros ver mogcems nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos, Tu ar moxdeba funqciebis gamijvna nafic msajulebsa da mosamarTles Soris. es igive saxalxo msajulebis sasamarTlo iqneba erTiani da ganuyofeli kolegiis SenarCunebiT, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi ubralod kolegia gafarTovdeba.1 nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos aramarto Rirsebebis, aramed misi iseTi naklovanebebisa da xarvezebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, romlebzec miuTiTeben im qveynebis iuristebi, sadac aseTi sasamarTloebi moqmedeben, agreTve im pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebSic Cveni xalxi am etapze cxovrobda da moRvaweobda - komisiam upiratesoba mianiWa samoqalaqo saqmeebze profesiul mosamarTleTa sasamarTlos SemoRebas. msajulTa monawileobiT saqmeTa ganxilva SenarCunebul iqna mxolod rogorc gamonaklisi, zogierTi sisxlisa da administraciul saqmeTa ganxilvis dros. II. mosamarTleTa kvalificiuroba da kompetenturoba cnobilia, rom yvelaze idealuri sasamarTlo sistemac ver mogvcems sasurvel efeqts, Tu sasamarTlo korpusi araa dakompleqtebuli maRalkvalificiuri mosamarTleebiT. amis Sesaxeb miTiTebebs Seicavs mravali saerTaSoriso aqti da maT Soris evropis sabWos rekomendacia #12 (94) 12 da mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli qartia. aRniSnuli rekomendaciis ganmartebiT memorandumSi kerZod naTqvamia: „imis sagarantiod, rom kanoni sworad iqneba gamoyenebuli sruliadac ar kmara, rom mosamarTled SerCevis dros kandidats hqondes saTanado kvalifikacia. mosamarTleebma unda gaiaron Sesaferisi momzadeba rogorc Tanamdebobaze gamwesebamde, ise mis Semdeg - mTeli karieris ganmavlobaSi“.2 1

dawvrilebiT ix. T.liluaSvili, gaamarTlebs Tu ara nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo? Jurn. „samarTali“, 1992, #5. gv.2 2 mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi. Tb. 2001, gv.24

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saqarTvelos axali sasamarTlo sistema orientirebulia swored mosamarTlis maRal kvalificiurobaze da kompetenturobaze, mis maRal kulturaze da ganaTlebulobaze. Cveni kanonebi sasamarTlo reformis sferoSi efuZnebian im debulebas, rom mxolod maRalprofesiul maRalganaTlebul mosamarTles SeiZleba miendos marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba. rogor da ra gziT avamaRloT mosamarTlis kvalifikacia, rogor mivaRwioT imas, rom mosamarTlis maRali Tanamdeboba daiWiros mxolod maRalkvalificiurma pirovnebam? ai kidev erTi problema, romelic SeiZleba nebismieri sxva qveynis winaSec idga, magram Cveni qveynis pirobebSi am problemas da mis gadaWris gzebs gaaCnia Taviseburebani, romlis gauTvaliswineblobas SeiZleba moyves marTlmsajulebis paralizeba. es Tavisebureba mTlianad ganpirobebulia im axali samarTlebrivi sivrciT, romelSiac Cven SevediT. saqme isaa, rom am bolo dromde Cven vcxovrobdiT sul sxva samarTlebriv sistemaSi, romelic cnobili iyo socialisturi samarTlebrivi sistemis saxelwodebiT, amJamad ki saqarTveloSi SemuSavda, miRebulia da moqmedeben axali kanonebi, romlebic efuZnebian sabWoTa socialisturi samarTlebrivi sistemisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul sxva samarTlebriv sistemas. dRes SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas: Cven ukve aRar vekuTvniT socialisturi samarTlebrivi sistemis ojaxs. Cven ukve vekuTvniT samarTlebriv sistemas, romelic romanulgermanuli samarTlebrivi sistemis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. magram samarTlebriv sferoSi am radikalurma da sasikeTo clilebebma Tavis mxriv warmoSva seriozuli da urTulesi kolozia erTis mxriv axal samarTlebriv sistemasa da meores mxriv iuristTa profesiuli ganaTlebis xasiaTsa da Sinaars Soris: bevri maSindeli mosamarTle, advokati, prokurori aRizarda socialisturi samarTlis principebze da normebze, xolo dRes ukve cxovroben da moRvaweoben sul sxva samarTlebriv sivrceSi, sul sxva samarTlebriv sistemaSi, romlis principebi da normebi maT ar SeuswavliaT, arada maT win udevT saqmeebi, Tanac didi raodenobiT da rTuli saqmeebi, romlebic unda gadawyviton swored am axali kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. ufro metic, maT sasamarTlo procesebic axleburad unda Caataron. saqme isaa, rom samoqalaqo sasamarTlo warmoeba, samoqalaqo procesi agebulia ara samZebro, anu ara inkviziciur, aramed SejibrebiTobisa da dispoziciurobis sawyisebze. saqarTvelos axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsic am principebzea agebuli. ai, mxolod zogierTi problema, zogierTi iseTi faqtori, romlebic aucileblad unda yofiliyo miRebuli mxedvelobaSi, raTa sworad agvego Cvens qveyanaSi mosamarTleTa swavleba, mosamarTleTa momzadeba da gadamzadeba. vfiqrob interesmoklebuli ar iqneba aRiniSnos, rom yvela es problema da faqtori danaxuli iqna jer kidev 1996 wels, rodesac marTalia miRebuli iyo zogierTi axali kanoni (magaliTad kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb), magram kerZo da sajaro samarTlis zogierTi fundamenturi kanoni, magaliTad saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, kanoni gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb da sxva mxolod proeqtebis saxiT arsebobdnen. 15

imisaTvis, rom davxmarebodiT mosamarTleebs axali kanonmdeblobis SeswvlaSi, agreTve am axali kanonmdeblobis bazaze sakvalifikacio gamocdebis CabarebaSi miRebul iqna, me vfiqrob, Cveni qveynis pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT yvelaze optimaluri gadawyvetileba - Seqmniliyo saqarTvelos iusticiis saswavlo centri, sadac axali kanonmdeblobis bazaze swavlebas gaivlian mosamarTleebi, mosamarTleebis TanaSemweebi, da mosamarTleobis pretedentebi. miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba, rom sasamarTlo reformis pirvel etapze saqarTvelos iusticiis saswavlo centrs, sxva qveynebis analogiuri saswavlo centrebisagan gansxvavebiT ormagi datvirTva eqneboda: man Tavis msmenelebs unda aswavlos aramarto kanonmdeblobis sworad gamoyenebis, sasamarTlo procesebis Catarebis, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da formirebis xelovneba, aramed uwinares yovlisa da umTavresad Zvelisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli axali kanonmdebloba, romelic maT ar uswavliaT universitetSi. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, iusticiis saswavlo centrs daekisra funqcia, romelsac Cveulebriv viTarebaSi asrulebs universiteti. es ar iyo sasurveli, magram es iyo Cven pirobebSi erTad-erTi swori gadawyvetileba, radgan sxva ufro misaRebi gza mosamarTleTa codnaSi samarTlebrivi reformiT gamowveuli xarvezis SesavsebaT ar arsebobda. rogori mdgomareoba gvaqvs amJamad? viTareba amJamad Seicvala, sasamarTlo reforma ZiriTadad dasrulda, sasamarTloebi dakompleqtda mosamarTleebiT, romlebmac warmatebiT Caabares sakvalifikacio da sakonkurso gamocdebi. mosamarTleTa momzadebisa da gadamzadebis sferoSi daiwyo axali etapi, romelic axal amocanebs saxavs samosamarTlo swavlebis winaSe. mosamarTleTa kandidatebis momzadeba, agreTve mosamarTleTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba unda ganTavisufldes im formebisagan, romlebic sauniversiteto ganaTlebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. maTi swavlebis formebi da meTodebi mTlianad unda emsaxurebodes erT mTavar mizans: kvalificiurad daeuflon mosamarTlis xelovnebas, warmatebulad ganaxorcielon TavianTi profesiuli movaleoba. III. mosamarTleTa specializacia sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi regulireba dRiTi dRe farTovdeba da moicavs adamianis moRvaweobis TiTqmis yvela sferos. es bunebrivi da kanonzomieri procesia: samarTlis meSveobiT regulirdeba iseTi sferoebi, romlebic winaT sxva socialuri normebiT wesrigdeboda. amas isic emateba, rom sxvadasxva socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu mecnierul-teqnikuri faqtorebis zegavleniT warmoiSveba axali da axali sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi, romlebic agreTve samarTlebriv regulirebas saWiroeben. aseTi viTareba obieqturad warmoSobs sasamarTlos specializaciis aucileblobas. saqme isaa, rom SeuZlebelia movTxovoT erT romelime mosamarTles yvela im normebis codna, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebul sferoebs aregulireben. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeli Seiqna specializacia. arsebobda specializaciis ori varianti: erTi - specializebuli sasamarTloebis SemoReba, rogoricaa magaliTad, Sromis sasamarTlo, safinanso sasamarTlo, 16

administraciuli sasamarTlo, socialuri sakiTxebis sasamarTlo da a.S. e.i. sasamarTloebi, romlebic Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi ganixilaven mxolod garkveuli kategoriis saqmeebs da, meore mosamarTleTa specializacia, e.i. sasamarTlo ganixilavs mis gansjad yvela saqmes (sisxlis, samoqalaqo, administraciul, Sromis da a.S. saqmeebs), magram ama Tu im kategoriis saqmes, magaliTad Sromis samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobil saqmeebs, saojaxo saqmeebs, administraciul saqmeebs da a.S. ganixilavs am sasamarTlos is mosamarTle, romelic daspecialebulia aseT saqmeebis ganxilvaSi. upiratesoba Cveni pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT mieniWa meore variants - mosamarTleTa specializacias. kanonmdebelmac es varianti miiRo. sasamarTlo reformis pirvel etapze kanoni iTvaliswinebs pirveli instanciis doneze mosamarTleTa specializaciis mxolod or sferos - samoqalaqo samarTals da sisxlis samarTals. es niSnvs imas, rom mosamarTle, romelic daspecialebulia samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilvaSi, aRar gaarCevs sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs da piriqiT. aseTi farTo masStabis specializacia, cxadia, SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes sakmarisi, magram kanoni Seicavs erT mniSvnelovan debulebas: sasamarTloebi sadac orze meti mosamarTlea SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mosamarTleTa ufro viwro specializacia („saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis me-14 muxli). aseTi specializacia gaTvaliswinebulia aramarto pirveli instanciis, aramed zemdgomi sasamarTlo instanciebis donezec, rac uzrunvelyofs im konkretul saqmeTa zust samarTlebriv analizs, romlebic Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli garTulebuli samarTlebriv urTierTobidan gamomdinareoben. migvaCnia, rom mosamarTleTa specializacia, Cveni qveynis pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aramarto obieqturi aucileblobiT nakarnaxevi, aramed didi perspeqtivis mqone mimarTulebaa, romlis kidev ufro daxvewa da ganviTareba did sargeblobas moutans marTlmsajulebis saTanadod aRsrulebis saqmes, sasamarTlos avtoritetis amaRlebas. III. sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da mosamarTlis damoukidebloba reformamdeli sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da marTlmsajulebis paralizebaSi, sxvadasxva faqtorebTan erTad, sruliad garkveuli roli Seasrula damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisuflebis uqonlobam, misma srulma damokidebulobam aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze.3 arada, marTlmsajulebis ganmxorcielebli organo sasamarTlo, aucileblad unda pasuxobdes garkveul moTxovnebs, romelTa gareSe misi saqmianoba ver CaiTvleba marTlmsajulebad. am moTxovnebs Soris erT-erTi mTavari da ZiriTadi - esaa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba. es didi xania cnobili da, SeiZleba iTqvas, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principia. am principis realizaciis, anu misi realurad damkvidrebis mizniT SemuSavda da sakanonmdeblo wesiT ganmtkicda iseTi iuridiuli meqanizmebi, romlebmac unda uzrunvelyos sasamarTlos damoukidebloba, rogorc aRmasrulebeli, ise sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisagan da

3

T. liluaSvili. sasamarTlo damoukidebeli unda iyos. Jurn. „samarTali“, 1992, #3, gv. 2-8

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romlebic warmatebulad asruleben TavianT funqcias sxva demokratiul qveynebSi. garda sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdilebisa gaTvaliswinebuli iqna agreve gaeros 1985 wlis marTlmsajulebis damoukideblobis ZiriTadi principebi, agreTve evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis 1994 wlis 13 oqtombris rekomendacia #R(94)12 „mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis, efeqtianobisa da rolis Sesaxeb“. pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis fundamenturma principebma Tavisi asaxva poves saqarTvelos konstituciaSi. kerZod, konstituciiT gansazRvrulia sasamarTlos adgili xelisuflebis meqanizmSi. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis principebze dayrdnobiT. amis Sesabamisad, konstituciam daamkvidra sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan (82-e muxli). gaerosa da evropis sabWos zemod miTiTebuli rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT saqarTvelos konstituciam, agreTve mis safuZvelze SemuSavebulma sxva kanonebma, rogoricaa saqarTvelos organuli kanoni „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organuli kanoni „saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“, „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi“, „saqarTvelos sisxlis saproceso kodeqsi“ - iuridiulad ganamtkices sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis iseTi fundamenturi garantiebi, rogoricaa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis aqtebis savaldebuloba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze da am aqtebis gadasinjvis dauSvebloba sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisulfebis mier, anu maTi gauqmebis, Secvlis Tu SeCerebis dauSvebloba sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier, mosamarTlis mxolod kanonisadmi damorCileba, saqmeTa ganxilva mxolod miukerZoebeli sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) mier, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba saproceso kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa sruli dacviT, rac uzrunvelyofs swori da samarTliani gadawyvetilebis gamotanas, mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis SeuTavsebloba romelime politikuri partiis, Tu organizaciis wevrobasTan da a.S. mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba - sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis umniSvnelovanesi elementia, rac imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebel xelisuflebad Camoyalibebis interesebi moiTxoven mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofas. aqedan gamomdinare, SemuSavda da sakanonmdeblo wesiT ganmtkicda mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis iseTi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da gaerosa da evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier rekomendirebuli principebi, romlebmac unda Seuqmnas TviT mosamarTleebs damoukideblobis ganwyoba, xolo aRmasrulebel Tu sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs aRukveTos SesaZlebloba gaataros maT mimarT raime aramarTlzomieri RonisZieba. garda zemod CamoTvlilisa, mosamarTlis damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad ganmtkicebulia iseTi samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi, rogoricaa mosamarTlis daniSvna garkveuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli vadiT, misi sxva samuSaoze gadayvanis an vadamde ganTavisuflebis akrZalva, garda kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa da 18

safuZvlebiT, mosamarTlis profesiuli karieris, misi kandidaturis SerCevis, mosamarTlis dawinaurebisa da waxalisebis racionaluri sistemis damkvidreba, mosamarTled piris SerCevis dros iseTi obieqturi kriteriumebiT xelmZRvaneloba, rogoricaa kvalifikacia, patiosneba, unarianoba da a.S. mosamarTlisa da misi ojaxis uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifos mier, mosamarTlis xelSeuxebloba, mosamarTleze raime zemoqmedebis an mis saqmianobaSi Carevis, zewolis an muqaris akrZalva, rac xels SeuSlis mas miiRos swori da samarTliani gadawyvetileba, aseTi zemoqmedebis dasjad qmedebad gamocxadeba da a.S. V. ratom ver SevTavazeT mosamarTleTa daniSvnis idealuri modeli 1. mosamarTleTa daniSvnis idealuri modelad iTvleba is modeli, romelic rekomendirebulia evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombers miRebuli rekomendaciebiT, agreTve, amave ministrTa komitetis 1998 wels damtkicebuli „mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli qartiiT.4 am modelis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: pirveli - yvela gadawyvetileba, romelic Seexeba mosamarTlis profesiul karieras, unda efuZnebodes obieqtur kriteriumebs. mosamarTlis SerCeva unda emyarebodes kandidatis Rirsebebs, romelic mis kvalifikacias, patiosnebas, unarianobas da efeqtianobas Seexeba. meore - organo, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebas mosamarTleTa SerCevisa da dawinaurebis Sesaxeb „damoukidebeli unda iyos xelisuflebisa da administraciisagan. am damoukideblobis misaRwevad, kanonma unda uzrunvelyos, rom misi wevrebi arCeul iqnan sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier da am organom TiTon SeimuSavos Tavisi saproceduro wesebi“. aseTia evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier miRebuli rekomendaciis pirveli principis moTxovnebi. aRniSnuli rekomendaciis gaTvaliswinebiT da mis aRsasruleblad evropis sabWom daamtkica „mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli qartia, romlis 1.3 punqtis Tanaxmad: „SerCevis, samsaxurSi miRebis, daniSvnis, dawinaurebisa da mosamarTlis uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis Taobaze TiToeul gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT, statusi iTvaliswinebs aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli organos Carevas, romlis Semadgenlobis naxevari mainc misi Tanasworebis mier aris arCeuli, rac sasamarTlo xelisuflebis frTo warmomadgenlobas uzrunvelyofs“. mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli qartiis ganmartebiT memorandumSi aRniSnulia, rom: „wamoiWra damoukidebeli organos wevrTa Semadgenlobis sakiTxi. qartia pirobad ayenebs, rom am organos wevrTa sul cota naxevars mainc maTive TanasworTa mier arCeuli mosamarTleebi unda Seadgendnen. es niSnavs erTi mxriv, rom ar 4

ix. wigni „mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi. Tb. 2001 weli. gv.9 da 32

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unda iqnes daSvebuli, rom mosamarTleebi umciresobaSi iyvnen, xolo meore mxriv, arc is aris savaldebulo, rom isini umravlesobas qmnidnen. evropul qveynebSi sxvadasxva koncepcualuri midgomebisa da debatebis Sedegad, imZlavra azrma, rom damoukidebel organoSi mosamarTleTa minimum 50%ian warmomadgenlobas Seswevs unari uzrunvelyos dacvis maRali garantiebi... qartia adgens, rom damoukidebeli organos wevri mosamarTleebi arCeuli unda iqnan maTi Tanasworebis mier, ramdenadac maTi Tanaarsi „damoukidebloba“ gamoricxavs misi wevrebis arCevasa Tu daniSvnas politikuri organos mier, romelic miekuTvneba aRmasrulebel an sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas. amgvari proceduriT mosamarTleebis daniSvnisas gaCndeboda partiul-politikuri mikerZoebis riski“. amrigad, gaeros generaluri asambleis 1985 wels damtkicebuli sasamarTlos damoukideblobis zogadi principebis, adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis, evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier miRebuli mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis, efeqtianobisa da rolis Sesaxeb rekomendaciis da mosamarTleTa statutis evropuli qartiis Sesabamisad - mosamarTleTa daniSvnisa da dawinaurebis idealur modelad iTvleba: aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli organos Seqmna, romlis Semadgenlobis naxevars (50%-s) mainc Seadgenen mosamarTleebi, romlebic arCeuli arian maTive TanasworTa, e.i. mosamarTleTa korpusis mier. SeeZlo Tu ara saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reformis komisias am modelis gadmoReba? ara, ar SeeZlo im ubralo mizezis gamo rom saqarTvelos uklebriv yvela mosamarTles unda Sewyvetoda uflebamosileba, xolo reformirebul sasamarTlo sistemis axal rgolebSi (safexurebSi) mosamarTlis kandidatebis SerCeva da daniSvna SeiZleboda mxolod sruliad axali wesebis dacviT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT mosamarTleTa kandidatebis wamoyenebas da daniSvnas ver mivandomebdiT im mosamarTleebs, romlebsac jer TviTonac ar hqondaT Cabarebuli samosamarTlo (sakvalifikacio) gamocdebi, ar hqondaT gavlili konkursi da ar iyvnen daniSnuli mosamarTleebad kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. aucilebeli Seiqmna sxva modelis Seqmna. am „sxva modelis“ Seqmnisas mxedvelobaSi iyo misaRebi da aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebeli is garemoeba, rom sasamarTlo reforma moiTxovda aramarto mosamarTleTa kandidatebis SerCevisa da daniSvnis axal wesebs, aramed maTi momzadebisa da Semdgom gadamzadebis, maTTvis sakvalifikacio gamocdebis Cabarebis organizaciis, konkursis Catarebis wesebisa da uamravi normatiuli aqtebis proeqtebis momzadebis aucileblobas. am „sxva modelze“ muSaobis dros sasamarTlo reformis komisias didi daxmareba gauwia gaerosa da evropis sabWos zemoddasaxelebulma konvenciebma, rekomendaciebma da qartiam. kerZod, evropis sabWos zemod dasaxelebuli rekomendaciis (#R(94)12) I principis „g“ punqtis meore abzacis mixedviT iq sadac konstituciaa, sxva kanonmdebloba anda samarTlebrivi tradiciebi saSualebas iZleva mosamarTle iniSnebodes aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier, imis 20

garantia mainc unda arsebobdes, rom daniSvnis procedura gamWirvale da praqtikulad damoukidebeli iyos da rom arCevanze araferi axdendes gavlenas garda zemod dasaxelebuli obieqturi kriteriumebisa. es aris Semdegi garantiebi: I. specialuri damoukidebeli da kompetenturi organos arseboba, romlis rCevasac, xelisufleba, rogorc wesi, gaiTvaliswinebs; II. individis ufleba, gaasaCivros mis mimarT miRebuli gadawyvetileba damoukidebeli organos winaSe. III. xelisufleba, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebas, unda uzrunvelyofdes arasaTanado da dauSvebeli zegavlenis Tavidan acilebas“5. faqtiurad igive moTxovnebs Seicavs zemod dasaxelebuli „mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli qartia“, romelic damtkicebuli iqna mogvianebiT, 1998 wlis 8-10 ivliss. gaerosa da evropis sabWoTa zemod dasaxelebul konvenciebisa da rekomendaciebis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT Tavdapirvelad SevimuSaveT da gansaxilvelad gamovaqveyneT „sasamarTlo reformis koncefia“6, romelSic dasabuTebuli iyo marTlmsajulebis umaRlesi sabWos Seqmnis aucilebloba, xolo cota mogvianebiT, kerZod amave 1993 wels gamoqveynda kanonis proeqti „marTlmsajulebis umaRlesi sabWosa da mosamarTleTa kandidatebis momzadebis mizniT iusticiis saxelmwifo saswavlo centris Seqmnis Sesaxeb“. am proeqtSi kerZod naTqvamia, rom „sasamarTlo reformis erTerTi mTavari mimarTuleba unda iyos mosamarTleTa profesiuli donis amaRleba, sasamarTlo korpusis dakompleqteba Rirseuli adamianebiT....“ am miznis realizaciisaTvis unda Seqmniliyo „marTlmsajulebis umaRlesi sabWo“ romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevlen samarTlis dargis wamyvani mecnierebi, agreTve saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos TanamSromlebi Tormeti kacis SemadgenlobiT.“7 sxvadasxva amocanebTan erTad, marTlmsajulebis umaRles sabWos am proeqtiT ekisreboda mosamarTleTa kandidatebis SerCeva, maTi momzadeba, samarTlis im dargebis SerCeva da saswavlo meToduri literaturis SemuSaveba, romelTa mixedviT unda gaiaron swavleba mosamarTleTa kandidatebma da a.S. am kanonis proeqtis gamoqveynebis Semdeg muSaoba kvlav gagrZelda misi sabolaod daxvewis mizniT, xolo 1997 wels saqarTelos mTavrobas waredgina saqarTvelos kanonis proeqti „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“, romlis ganxilvisa da mowonebis Semdeg es proeqti waredgina saqarTvelos parlaments. marTalia, saqarTvelos parlamentis sakonstitucio, iuridiul sakiTxTa da kanonierebis komitetSi ganxilvis Sedegad am proeqtma ganicada garkveuli cvlileba, magram mosamarTleTa kandidatebis 5

ix. evropis sabWoTa ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombris rekomendacia (#R(94)12). wigni „mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi“. Tb. 2001, gv. 11 6 T.liluaSvili. sasamarTlo reformis koncefcia. ix. Jurn. „samarTali“. 1993 weli, #1-2, gv.20-28 7 T.liluaSvili. marTlmsajulebis (iusticiis) umalResi sabWosa da mosamarTleTa kandidatebis momzadebis mizniT iusticiis saxelmwifo saswavlo centris Seqmnis Sesaxeb“. Jurn. „samarTali“ 1993, #3-4. gv.27. Jurn. „samarTlis“ amave nomerSi gamoqveynda Cvens mier SemuSavebuli pirveli proeqti „saqarTvelos respublikaSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis statusisa da mowyobis Sesaxeb“.

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SerCevis, maTi momzadebisa da daniSvnis sakiTxebSi ucvleli darCa. kerZod, am proeqtis Tanaxmad iusticiis sabWo8 SeimuSavebs winadadebebs saqarTvelos prezidentisaTvis qveyanaSi sasamarTlo reformis gatarebisaTvis „mosamarTleTa korpusis maRalkvalificiuri da Rirseuli adamianebiT Sevsebis, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofis da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva sakiTxebze“. am proeqtiT ganisazRvra ZiriTadi moTxovnebi, romlebic waeyeneba mosamarTled dasaniSn pirs. mosamarTleTa daniSvnis wesi ki aseTia: uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs irCevs saqarTvelos parlamlenti saqarTvelos prezidentis wardginebiT, xolo raionis (saqalaqo) da saapelacio sasamarTleobis mosamarTleebs niSnavs saqarTvelos prezidenti iusticiis sabWos wardginebiT. Cveni proeqtis mixedviT, iusticiis sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sedian Tanamdebobis mixedviT uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare, mosamarTleTa konferenciis mier arCeuli ori mosamarTle, generaluri prokurori, iusticiis ministri, saqarTvelos advokatTa kolegiis Tavmjdomare, avtonomiuri respublikis iusticiis ministrebi, saqarTvelos parlamentis ori wevri; iusticiis sabWos or wevrT niSnavs saqarTvelos prezidenti. unda avRniSnoT, rom mosamarTleTa monawileoba iusticiis sabWos SemadgenlobaSi, arc am kanonproeqtis miRebis dros da arc mis Semdeg gaziarebuli ar iqna, Tumca amJamad ukve arsebobs gacilebiT ufro ukeTesi pirobebi da SesaZleblobebi imisaTvis, rom iusticiis sabWoSi warmodgenili iyos ufro meti raodenobiT mosamarTle. proeqtiT ganisazRvra moTxovnebi, romlebic waeyeneba mosamarTled dasaniSn pirs, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia sakvalifikacio gamocdebis Cabareba. Seiqmna agreTve iusticiis saswavlo centri, sadac swavleba SeuZlia gaiaros nebismierma pirma, romelsac aqvs umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba, mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad kandidatis sakonkurso wesiT SerCevis dros mTlianad uzrunvelyofilia gamWirvaloba. gansazRvrulia agreTve obieqturi kriteriumebi, romlebiTac unda ixelmZRvanelos iusticiis sabWom mosamarTleTa SerCevis dros.9 VI. samsafexuriani sasamarTlo sistema. kasacia rogorc sabolao instancia sabWoTa sasamarTlo sistema morgebuli iyo saxelmwifo marTvis im reJimze, romelic avtoritaruli reJimis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am sasamarTlo sistemas hqonda ori arsebiTi nakli: erTi - ar arsebobda saapelacio sasamarTloebi, romlebsac SeeZlo Seemowmebia gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebebi, rogorc faqtobrivad, ise iuridiulad da, meore kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleboda gadasinjuliyo saqarTvelosa da ssr kavSiris prokuraturisa da umaRlesi sasamarTlos Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis pirTa protestis safuZvelze. es imas niSnavs, 8

komisiam mizanSewonilad CaTvala, rom marTlmsajulebis sabWos nacvlad am sabWos ewodos „iusticiis sabWo“. 9 saqarTvelos organuli kanoni „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ muxli 46-52. „normatiuli aqtebi saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“. Tb. 2002 w. gv. 14.

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rom sasamarTlos ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gadasinjuliyo nebismier dros da nebismier farglebSi, xolo, aqedan gamomdinare, mxareTa samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis fundamentur principi mTlianad ignorirebuli iyo. saqme isaa, rom aseTi sasamarTlo sistemis dros procesi SeiZleba dausruleblad gagrZeldes, radgan gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla jer kidev ar niSnavs saqmis dasrulebas, radgan mosalodnelia prokuraturis, an umaRlesi sasamarTlos Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis pirTa protesti, romelsac ganixilavda sazedamxedvelo instanciis sasamarTlo da saqmeze yvela gadawyvetilebis ganCinebis gauqmeba da saqmis Tavidan ganxilva da gadawyveta. am uaRresad arasasurveli da yovlad gaumarTlebeli viTarebis aRmofxvris mizniT SemoRebuli iqna samsafexuriani sasamarTlo sistema; sabolaod miviReT Cveni sasamarTlo reformis namdvil mSenebad aRiarebuli samsafexuriani sasamarTlo sistema, sadac kasacia gvevlineba rogorc sabolao instancia, ris Sesaxebac ufro dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba qvemoT. VII. kasaciis mxolod erT sasamarTloSi koncentrirebis principi sruliad axleburad da, Cveni azriT, Zalian gonivrulad ganisazRvra sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivrebis wesi da farglebi: pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi romlebic ar Sesulan kanonier ZalaSi, SeiZleba gasaCivrdnen saapelacio sasamarTloSi, xolo saolqo sasamarTloebis Sesabamis kolegiaTa gadawyvetilebebi sakasacio sasamarTloSi. saapelacio sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sakasacio sasamarTloSi, xolo sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi sabolao da maTi gasaCivreba aRar daiSveba. rogorc vxedavT, sasamarTlo sistema da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivrebis wesi isea Camoyalibebuli, rom erTxel da samudamod unda mieRos bolo saqmeTa dausrulebel moZraobas sasamarTlo instanciebSi, am saqmeTa daumTavreblobas. xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo, rogorc sabolao instancia, Secdomebs ar dauSvebs da, amitom, saWiro aRaraa misi gasaCivreba? sasamarTlo sistemisa da instanciurobis SemuSavebis dros mxedvelobaSi iyo miRebuli is, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos SeiZleba mouvides Secdoma. magram, agreTve Secdoma SeiZleba dauSvas Tu SemoRebuli iqneba me-4, me-5 da a.S. instanciis sasamarTloebi. aseTnairi logikiT sasamarTlo instanciebis Camoyalibebas xatovnad uwodes „procesis ukvdaveba“. amitom, am logikiT sasamarTlo instanciebis Camoyalibebaze uari Tqves jer kide me-19 saukuneSi - didi samarTlebrivi da sasamarTlo reformebis gatarebis epoqaSi. magram, vimeoreb, uari imitom ki ar Tqves, rom sabolao instanciad Camoyalibebuli sasamarTlo (kasacia, revizia) Secdomebs ar dauSvebs. raTqma unda ara! rogorc Cans sasamarTlo sistemis agebis dros, ise rogorc adamianis moRvaweobis nebismier sxva sferoSi, romelime gonivrulad mignebul zRvarze, Secdomis daSvebis albaToba xelovnurad 23

unda gamovricxoT, radgan sasamarTlo instanciebis raodenobaTa zrda arcerTi TvalsazrisiT misaRebi araa. aqedan gamomdinare, orientacia aRebuli iqna ara instanciurobis gazrdisaken, aramed marTlmsajulebis organizaciisa da funqcionirebis iseTi principebiT aRWurvisaken, romlebmac unda uzrunvelyon saqmis sworad gadawyveta, Secdomebis daSvebis albaTobis minimumamde Semcireba. es principebi Camoyalibda saqarTvelos konstituciaSi, saqarTvelos organul kanonSi „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso da sisxlis saproceso kodeqsebSi. orientacia aRebuli iqna agreTve iqiTken, rom qveyanaSi yofiliyo mxolod erTi sakasacio sasamarTlo. riTi iyo ganpirobebuli aseTi orientacia? rogor es naCvenebi iqneba am wignis me... TavSi, kasacias aqvs aramarto individualuri interesebis, anu kasatoris uflebis dacvis, aramed sajaro interesis, anu samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTiani marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofis mizanic. am miznebis realizacia SesaZlebeli SeiZleba iyos mxolod iseT pirobebSi, rodesac qveyanaSi arsebobs mxolod erTi sakasacio sasamarTlo, am sakasacio sasamarTlos mier Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi Tvalsazrisi (Sefaseba) savaldebulo iqneba im sasamarTlosaTvis, romelsac saqme ubrundeba xelaxla gansaxilvelad da sakasacio sasamarTlos imave an sxva Semadgenlobas (kolegias) ufleba ar eqneba gadauxvios adre sxva saqmeze Camoyalibebul samarTlebriv Sefasebas („TviTSezRudvis principi“). TavisTavad cxadia, rom saxelmwifoSi ramdenime sakasacio sasamarTlos arsebobis pirobebSi - es absoluturad SeuZlebeli da ganuxorcielebeli miznebi iqneboda. $2 samoqalaqo marTlmsajulebis organoebi I sasamarTlo xelisufleba. marTlmsajulebis raoba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxlis Tanaxmad „saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis principze dayrdnobiT“. am principis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos konstitucia acxadebs sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, rogorc sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan damoukidebel xelisuflebas. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba ar SeiZleba gavigoT ise, TiTqos yvela saqmis ganxilva-gadawyveta warmoebs sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) mixedulebiT. mosamarTleebi, romlebic axorcieleben sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, emorCilebian mxolod kanons. amasTan erTad, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba niSnavs imas, rom igi Tavisi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisas ar SeiZleba romelime sakanonmdeblo Tu aRmasrulebeli organos, agreTve Tanamdebobis piris gavlenaSi moeqces. saqarTvelos konstituciiT damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba mTeli Tavisi arsiT mimarTulia ara mxolod sasamarTloebisadmi, aramed agreTve yvela organosa da Tanamdebobis pirisadmi, romlebsac ekrZalebaT sasamarTlos saqmeebSi Careva, sasamarTloze raime zegavlenis moxdena. aseTi Carevisa Tu zegavlenisaTvis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs Sesabamis pasuxismgeblobas. 24

saqarTvelos konstituciiT sasamarTloebi gamocxadebulia agreTve sasamarTlo xelisuflebis erTad-erT organod. es imas niSnavs, rom arcerT sxva organos ar SeuZlia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba, sul erTia xelisuflebis romel ganStoebas sakanonmdeblo Tu aRmasrulebels - ganekuTvneba es organo. saqarTvelos konstituciis 82-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo xelisufleba xorcieldeba sakonstitucio kontrolis, marTlmsajulebisa da kanoniT dadgenili sxva formebis meSveobiT. amave konstituciis 83-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad ki „marTlmsajulebas axorcieleben saerTo sasamarTloebi, maTi sistema da samarTalwarmoebis wesi dadgenilia kanoniT“. marTlmsajulebis formiT sasamarTlos saqmianobis ganxorcieleba gansxavdeba yovelgvari sxva saqmianobisagan imiT, rom sasamarTlom ganuxrelad unda ixelmZRvanelos saqmeTa ganxilva-gadawyvetis kanoniT winaswar dadgenili wesiT. saqmeTa ganxilva am wesebis ugulvebelyofiT, an am wesebidan arsebiTi gadaxveviT, aRar iqneba marTlmsajuleba da sasamarTlos aseTi saqmianoba aRarafriT iqneba gansxvavebuli sxva saxisa da sxva organoebis saqmianobisagan. amasTan erTad, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis wesi zustad da amomwuravadaa gansazRvruli kanoniT, kerZod: dasaSvebia mxolod iseTi saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba da im wesiT, romelic kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba SeiZleba daefuZnos mxolod iseT faqtobriv garemoebebs, romlebic dadgenilia kanoniT zustad gansazRvruli mtkicebis saSualebebiT, mxareebs uzrunvelyofili aqvT saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobis ufleba, agreTve, saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenlis (advokatis) meSveobiT, pirs, romelic Tvlis, rom mis mimarT gamotanilia dausabuTebeli gadawyvetileba, ufleba aqvs gaasaCivros igi zemdgom sasamarTlo instanciaSi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa kanonierebisa da dasabuTebulobis Semowmebis mizniT Seqmnilia specialur organoTa da maTi saqmianobis momwesrigebel samarTlebriv normaTa mwyobri sistema da sxva. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis sistema ganisazRvra „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT, romlis mixedviT igi ase gamoiyureboda: 1. raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebi 2. saolqo sasamarTloebi 3. avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTloebi 4. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo am sasamarTloebis struqtura da uflebamosileba ganisazRvreba „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanoniT da „saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“ organuli kanoniT. sasamarTlo sistemis yvela rgolSi saqmeTa ganxilvis (samarTalwarmoebis) wesi gansazRvrulia Sesabamisi saproceso kodeqsiT, rogoricaa samoqalaqo saproceso, sisxlis saproceso da administraciul saproceso kodeqsebi, agreTve, zogierTi sxva normatiuli aqtiT, romelic awesrigebs calkeuli kategoriis saqmeTa sasamarTloSi ganxilvas, im TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic am saqmeebs axasiaTebT. II. pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebi 25

1997 wlis sasamarTlo reformis mixedviT samoqalaqo saqmeebze pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebia: a) raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebi; b) saolqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo da samewarmeo saqmeTa kolegia; g) avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo da samewarmeo saqmeTa kolegia. amJamad, pirveli instanciiT saqmeTa ganxilvis aseTi wesi Seicvala. „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb“ 2005 wlis 23 ivnisis kanoniT raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebi ganixilaven yvela kategoriis saqmeebs pirveli instanciiT, maT Soris saqmeebs, romlebic iyo avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles sasamarTlosa da saolqo sasamarTloebis kolegiebis gansjadi. am kolegiebma ki Sewyvites arseboba. garda amisa, raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi SeiZleba Sediodes magistrati mosamarTle, romelic ganixilavs kanoniT gansazRvruli zogierTi mciremniSvnelobis saqmeebs. magistrati mosamarTlis gansjadobas gansazRvravs ssk me-14 muxli. amave kodeqsis me-15 muxlis 1I nawilis mixedviT sarCelebi magistrati mosamarTlis gansjad saqmeebze „Seitaneba raionul (saqalaqo) sasamarTloSi magistrati mosamarTlis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT“. raionuli sasamarTlo iqmneba saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebiT raionSi, agreTve iseT qalaqSi, romelic ar Sedis arcerT raionSi da ar gaaCnia raionuli dayofa, agreTve qalaqis raionSi, e.i. iseTi qalaqis raionSi, rormelsac gaaCnia raionuli dayofa. magaliTad, q.quTaiss ar gaaCnia raionuli dayofa. amitom, aq Seqmnilia quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, romelic Tavisi uflebamosilebiT da gansjadobiT arafriT ar gansxvavdeba raionuli sasamarTlosagan. rac Seexeba q.Tbiliss, mas aqvs raionuli dayofa da am raionuli dayofis mixedviT Seqmnili iyo raionuli sasamarTloebi. amJamad raionuli da saqalaqo sasamarTloebis Seqmnis aseTi wesi nawilobriv Seicvala, kerZod saqarTvelos prezidentis 2005 wlis 12 aprilis #213-e brZanebulebiT mosamarTleTa specializaciis uzrunvelyofis mizniT likvidirebul iqna Tbilisis raionuli sasamarTloebi da Seiqmna Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, romlis samoqmedo teritoria ganisazRvra Tbilisis administraciulteritoriuli sazRvrebiT. mosamarTleTa specializaciis ukeT uzrunvelyofis mizniT, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi Seiqmna specializebuli sasamarTlo kolegiebi, rogoricaa samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegia, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa kolegia da administraciul saqmeTa kolegia.10 raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos samoqmedo teritoria ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebiT, swored am teritoriis farglebSi ganisazRvreba raionuli sasamarTloebis gansjadoba. raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebi, ganixilaven saqmeebs erTi profesiuli mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT. saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb organuli kanoni, mosamarTleTa specializaciis principidan gamomdinare amkvidrebs wess, romlis 10

saqarTvelos prezidentis 2005 wlis 12 aprilis #213-e brZanebuleba

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Tanaxmad raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloSi, sadac aranakleb ori mosamarTlea erTi ganixilavs sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs, xolo meore - samoqalaqo da sxva kategoriis saqmeebs, xolo Tu am sasamarTloebSi orze meti mosamarTlea SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mosamarTleTa ufro viwro specializacia. III. meore (saapelacio) instanciis sasamarTloebi saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ saolqo sasamarTloSi iqmneba „samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palata„“ (me-20 muxli), romelic aris saapelacio sasamarTlo. avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles sasamarTloSi aseve iqmneba „samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palata“, romelic agreTve warmoadgens saapelacio instanciis sasamarTlos. amis Sesaxeb miTiTebulia „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ kanonis 21-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi da 32-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romelTa Tanaxmad saolqo sasamarTlosa da avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles sasamarTlos zemod dasaxelebuli palatebi saqmeebs ganixilaven saapelacio wesiT. saolqo da avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos palatebi saapelacio wesiT ganixilaven raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebze Setanil saapelacio saCivrebs. saolqo da avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos palatebi, rogorc saapelacio sasamarTloebi, saqmeebs ganixilaven sami profesiuli mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT. 2005 wlis 23 ivnisis kanoniT ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT es sasamarTloebi TavianT uflebamosilebas axorcieleben 1 noembramde. amis Semdeg unda Seiqmnas saapelacio sasamarTloebi. IV. mesame instanciis (sakasacio) sasamarTloebi „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, romelic gansazRvravs saerTo sasamarTloebis sistemas, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo am sistemis erT-erTi rgolia. „saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad ki uzenaes sasamarTloSi iqmneba samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palata, romelic, amave kanonis me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad „aris sakasacio instanciis sasamarTlo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos palata saqmeebs ganixilavs sami mosamarTlis SemadegnlobiT. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palata, rogorc sakasacio sasamarTlo sakasacio wesiT ganixilavs saapelacio sasamarTloebis mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebebze da ganCinebebze Semotanil sakasacio saCivrebs. saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi funqcionirebs agreTve didi palata, romelic aris sakasacio sasamarTlo da Sedgeba 12 mosamarTlisagan. didma palatam saqmeebi SeiZleba ganixilos 9 mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT. amasTan erTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos did palatas saqme gansaxilvelad SeiZleba gadasces mxolod uzenaesi sasamarTlos 27

sakasacio palatam, romelic ganixilavs saqmes sakasacio saCivris sauZvelze. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis me-9 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad saqmis ganmxilvelma sakasacio palatam Tavisi motivirebuli ganCinebiT saqme gansaxilvelad SeiZleba gadasces did palatas Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: „a) saqmis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis; b) saqmis sirTulidan gamomdinare gadawyvetilebis miReba saWiroebs normis axlebur ganmartebas; g) saqme Tavisi SinaarsiT warmoadgens iSviaT samarTlebriv problemas“. amrigad, sakasacio saCivris adresati ar SeiZleba iyos didi palata, anu sakasacio saCivari ar SeiZleba daiweros didi palatis saxelze. did palatas saqme SeiZleba gadasces gansaxilvelad samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa sakasacio palatam, romelsac unda ganexila sakasacio saCivari, magram zemod CamoTvlili da kanoniT gansazRvruli safuZvlebis gamo mas saWirod miaCnia es saCivari ganixilos didma palatam, ris Sesaxebac gamoaqvs motivirebuli ganCineba. aseTia mokled samoqalaqo saqmeebze marTlmsajulebis ganmxorcielebel organoTa sistema, romelTa funqcionirebis principebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT gveqneba saubari am naSromis momdevno TavebSi. $3 BmosamarTle saqarTvelos konstituciis 82-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo xelisufleba damoukidebelia da mas axorcieleben mxolod sasamarTloebi“. Tavis mxriv, sasamarTloebi, ufro zustad, saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemis yvela rgoli - Sedgeba mosamarTleeebisagan, romlebsac mindobili aqvT kanoniT dadgenili wesiT sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba. am uniSvnelovanesi funqciis efeqtianad da warmatebulad Sesrulebis mizniT mosamarTles waeyeneba garkveuli moTxovnebi. kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia agreTve misi SerCevis, daniSvnisa da Tanamdebobidan daTxovnis pirobebi da wesi. I. moTxovnebi, romelic waeyeneba mosamarTles. pirveli da erTerTi ZiriTadi moTxovna, romelic waeyeneba mosamarTles - esaa moqalaqeoba. mosamarTle SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos moqalaqe, romelsac Seusrulda 30 weli. erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna, romelic waeyeneba mosamarTles mdgomareobs agreTve imaSi, rom mas unda hqondes umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba da specialobiT muSaobis sul cota 5 wlis gamocdileba (saqarTvelos konstituciis 86-e muxli) rogorc avRniSneT, aseTia saqarTvelos konstituciiT mosamarTlisadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi moTxovnebi. amasTan erTad, mosamarTles waeyeneba sxva moTxovnebic, romlebic konstituciuri moTxovnebidan gamomdinareoben da maT dakonkretebas warmoadgenen. magaliTad, „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 46-e muxlis Tanaxmad mosamarTle SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos qmedunariani 28

moqalaqe, romelic garda konstituciiT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebisa „flobs saxelmwifo enas da Cabarebuli aqvs sakvalifikacio gamocda. mosamarTled ar SeiZleba gamwesdes nasamarTlevi piri, agreTve piri, romelic ganTavisuflebuli iyo mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli zogierTi safuZvliT (46-e muxlis me-2 nawili). II. mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis dakavebis wesi. mosamarTlis kandidats, romelic pasuxobs aq CamoTvlil moTxovnebs da maT Soris Cabarebuli aqvs sakvalifikacio gamocdebi, SeuZlia Seitanos gancxadeba mosamarTlis vakanturi Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad. maTi Tanamdebobaze wardgena xdeba konkursis wesiT. am konkursSi gamarjvebuli raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlosa da saolqo sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs niSnavs saqarTvelos prezidenti saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWos wardginebiT xolo avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze moqmedi raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebs - saqarTvelos prezidenti, saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWosa da avtonomiuri respublikis iusticiis sabWos erToblivi wardginebiT. rac Seexeba avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs, maT irCevs avtonomiuri respublikis warmomadgenlobiTi organo, avtonomiuri respublikis iusticiis sabWos wardginebiTa da saqarTvelos prezidentis winaswari werilobiTi TanxmobiT. gansxvavebulia saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze gamwesebis wesi. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle unda pasuxobdes yvela im moTxovnebs, romlebsac unda pasuxobdes yvela sxva rgolis sasamarTlos mosamarTled dasaniSni piri. amasTan erTad, saqarTvelos prezidenti uflebamosilia mosamarTlis sakvalifikacio gamocdis Cabarebis gareSe uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze asarCevad saqarTvelos parlaments warudginos samarTlis gamoCenili specialistis kandidatura. am gamocdisagan Tavisufldeba agreTve uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobaze asarCevad wardgenili piri. amave organuli kanonis 21-e muxlis Tanaxmad uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares da mosamarTleebs, irCevs saqarTvelos parlamenti saqarTvelos prezidentis wardginebiT. zemoT Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb aris, Tu ara mosamarTleTa SerCevis, daniSvnisa da arCevis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT damkvidrebuli wesi optimaluri da pasuxobs Tu ara es wesi Tanamedrove moTxovnebs.(ix. gv.... ) damatebiT aq SeiZleba mokled iTqvas Semdegi: evropaSi Cven ver SevxvdebiT or iseT qveyanasac ki, sadac erTnairad xdebodes mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis dakaveba. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli evrosabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombers miRebul rekomendaciebSi, romlis Tanaxmad „evrosabWos bevr qveyanaSi SemoRebulia sistema, romelic iTvaliswinebs sasamarTlo xelisuflebis formirebaSi mTavrobis, parlamentis an saxelmwifo meTauris monawileobas. rekomendacia ar moiTxovs dadgenili sistemebis Secvlas, Tu ki isini aTeuli wlebis an saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi moqmedebdnen da pozitiur gamocdilebas 29

qmnidnen. magram im qveynebSi, sadac mosamarTleebi oficialurad iniSnebian aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier, aucileblad aris miCneuli raime iseTi sistemis SemoReba, romelic uzrunvelyofs, rom mosamarTleTa daniSvnis procedura gamWirvale da praqtikulad damoukidebeli iyos. zogierT qveyanaSi es garantirebulia specialuri, damoukidebeli da kompetenturi organos SeqmniT, romelic rCevas aZlevs mTavrobas, parlaments an saxelmwifo meTaurs, romelsac rogorc wesi iTvaliswineben. es garantirebulia agreTve mosamarTleobis kandidatisaTvis gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobis micemiT. sxva qveynebi irCeven sistemas, romelic gulisxmobs farTo konsultaciebs sasamarTlo xelisuflebasTan Tumca oficialur gadawyvetilebas aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba iRebs“.11 evrosabWos mier damkvidrebul mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis principebis Tanaxmad, iq sadac konstitucia, sxva kanonmdebloba, anda samarTlebrivi tradiciebi saSualebas iZleva mosamarTle iniSnebodes aRmasrulebli xelisuflebis mier, imis garantia mainc unda arsebobdes, rom daniSvnis procedura gamWirvale da praqtikulad damoukidebeli iyos da rom arCevanze araferi axdendes gavlenas garda obieqturi kriteriumebisa“.12 rogorc ukve avRniSneT saqarTveloSi iseT organod, romelsac evaleba winadadebebis SemuSaveba mosamarTleTa kandidatebis SerCevis, wardgenis, mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebis, sakvalifikacio gamocdebis organizebisa da sxva amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad - gvevlineba iusticiis sabWo, romelic saqarTvelos prezidentis saTaTbiro organoa. kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia agreTve obieqturi kriteriumebi, romelTa mxedvelobaSi miRebiT warmoebs mosamarTleobis kandidatebis SerCeva. es kriteriumebia sakvalifikacio gamocdis Sedegebi, kandidatis saqmiani da moraluri reputacia, profesiuli muSaobis gamocdileba da fizikuri mdgomareoba, („saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis 47-e muxlis me-4 naw.). mosamarTlis damoukideblobis mniSvnelovan garantias warmoadgens misi Tanamdebobidan vadamde gaTavisuflebis an misi sxva samuSaoze gadayvanis dauSvebloba. saqarTvelos konstituciis 84-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad „mosamarTlis Camocileba saqmis ganxilvisagan, Tanamdebobidan misi vadamde gaTavisufleba an sxva Tanamdebobaze gadayvana daiSveba mxolod kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi“. konstituciis am muxliT damkvidrebuli danawesis dakonkretebis mizniT, „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis 54-e muxli Seicavs mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis safuZvlebis amomwurav CamonaTvals. mxolod am safuZvlebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba. am kanoniT gansazRvrulia agreTve safuZvlebi, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia mosamarTlis sxva sasamarTlo Tanamdebobaze gamweseba, an misi Camocileba saqmis ganxilvisagan (54-55-e muxlebi).13 11

ix. „mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi“ Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 21 ix. dasaxelebuli wignis gv. 11 13 „ mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli qartiis“ me-3.4 punqtis Tanaxmad „dauSvebelia sasamarTloSi gamwesebuli mosamarTle, misi Tanxmobis, misi Tavisufali nebis gareSe daniSnuli an gadayvanili iqnes sxva sasamarTloSi dawinaurebis gziTac ki (xazgasma Cvenia - T.l). am principidan gamonaklisi 12

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mosamarTlis statusisa da misi damoukideblobis mniSvnelovan garantias warmoadgens „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis 52-e muxliT damkvidrebuli mosamarTlis xelSeuxeblobis principi. am muxlis Tanaxmad mosamarTle xelSeuxebelia. dauSvebelia misi sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema, dakaveba an dapatimreba, misi binis, manqanis, samuSao adgilis an piradi gaCxreka saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris Tanxmobis gareSe, xolo uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarisa da mosamarTleTa saqarTvelos parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe. gamonaklisia danaSaulze waswrebis SemTxveva, rac dauyonebliv unda ecnobos Sesabamisad saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares an saqarTvelos parlaments. Tu isini ar miscemen Tanxmobas, dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli mosamarTle dauyonebliv unda ganTavisufldes. saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs mosamarTlisa da misi ojaxis usafrTxoebas. $4. mosamarTlis aparati I. mosamarTlis TanaSemwe evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis 1994 wlis 13 oqtombris zemod dasaxelebuli rekomendaciis III principis Tanaxmad saTanado samuSao pirobebis SeqmniT mosamarTleebs saSualeba unda mieceT imuSaon efeqtianad. amisaTvis SemoTavazebulia ramdenime RonisZieba, romelTa Soris dasaxelebulia mosamarTlis Sesaferisi damxmare StatiTa da aRWurvilobiT uzrunvelyofa. am principis komentatorebi aRniSnaven, rom „mosamarTleebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT ufro efeqtianad imuSaon da droulad warmarTon saqmeebi, Tu sasamarTloSi uzrunvelyofilia Sesaferisi damxmare Stati da aRWurviloba“,14 swored am mosazrebisa da rekomendaciis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad SemoRebuli iqna mosamarTlis TanaSemwis Stati. „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis 73-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad „mosamarTlis TanaSemwed SeiZleba dainiSnos piri, romelsac aqvs umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba da rogorc wesi gavlili aqvs samTviani saswavlo kursi samosamarTlo swavlebis centrSi, an aqvs mosamarTled, prokurorad, gamomZieblad, agreTve advokatad muSaobis erTi wlis gamocdileba, anda saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis umaRlesi sasamarTloebis, Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos konsultantad muSaobis aranakleb erTi wlis gamocdileba, agreTve piri romelsac Cabarebuli aqvs mosamarTlis sakvalifikacio gamocda“. mosamarTlis TanaSemwes Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan anTavisuflebs sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare. misi funqciebi gansazRvrulia saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb kanoniT, agreTve saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT, agreTve sxva normatiuli aqtebiT. organuli kanonis 73-e muxlis Tanaxmad „mosamarTlis TanaSemwe iRebs moqalaqeebs, maT gancxadebebs, amzadebs saqmeebs sasamarTlo daSvebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadayvana dadgenilia disciplinuri sanqciiT, gamowveulia kanonis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli sasamarTlo sistemis cvlilebiT, anda ukavSirdeba mezobeli sasamarTlos daxmarebis aucileblobas“. 14 dasaxelebuli wignis gv. 13 da 25

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sxdomis gansaxilvelad, mosamarTlis davalebiT asrulebs saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul sxva movaleobebs“. mniSvnelovani funqciebis Sesruleba ekisrebaT maT sasamarTloebis organizaciuli muSaobisa da saqmis warmoebis wesebis Sesaxeb debulebiT.15 am debulebis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad mosamarTlis TanaSemwe mosamarTlis davalebiT amzadebs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa proeqtebs, uzrunvelyofs nivTier mtkicebulebaTa dacva-Senaxvas, amzadebs saproceso dokumentebis aslebs da gadascems maT samarTalwarmoebis monawileebs, awvdis mosamarTleebs saWiro literaturas da masalebs, sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb gamotanili ganCinebis asls gadascems dainteresebul mxares da a.S. (ix. am debulebis 19-21-e muxlebi). aRniSnuli debulebis mixedviT, mosamarTlis TanaSemwem Tu mas daevaleba saqmis winaswari momzadeba ssk me-200 muxlis Sesabamisad, unda Seasrulos iseTi saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic saqmis momzadebisaTvisaa saWiro da aucilebeli. magaliTad, TanaSemwem, romelsac daevala saqmis momzadeba, SeiZleba Seadginos ganCineba mopasuxisaTvis sarCelis aslisa da masze darTuli dokumentebis gadagzavnis Sesaxeb, dauniSnos mas vada am sarCelze Tavisi werilobiTi Sesageblis warmodgenis Sesaxeb, romelSic mopasuxem unda gasces pasuxi yvela im sakiTxze, romlebic gansazRvrulia kanoniT (ssk 101-e muxli, „debulebis“ 75-e muxli). mas Semdeg, rac miRebuli iqneba mopasuxis werilobiTi Sesagebeli, TanaSemwes SeuZlia Seadginos ganCineba mopasuxis Sesageblis mosarCelisaTvis gadagzavnis Sesaxeb. mas SeuZlia daavalos mxareebs Seavson, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ganmarton maT mier warmodgenili werilobiTi masalebi. Tu TanaSemwis mosazrebiT arsebobs ssk 205-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi mas SeuZlia daniSnos mosamzadebeli sxdoma, romelic SeiZleba Caataros mosamarTlem, magram misi davalebiT igi SeiZleba Caataros uSvalod TanaSemwemac. mosamzadebeli sxdoma xom saqmis momzadebis mizniT ganxorcielebuli moqmedebaa da, maSasadame, Sedis momzadebis cnebis SinaarsSi. aqedan gamomdinare, TanaSemwes unda SeeZlos Seasrulos yvela saWiro saproceso moqmedeba da maT Soris moarigos mxareebi da miiRos ganCineba am morigebis damtkicebisa da saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, an kidev, Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba, Tu mosarCelem uari Tqva sarCelze, xolo Tu mopasuxem cno sarCeli gamoitanos gadawyvetileba sarCelis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb. TanaSemwe marTlac did daxmarebas gauwevs sasamarTlos, Tu igi momzadebis stadiaze samarTlebriv Sefasebas miscems im faqtiur garemoebebs, romlebzec mosarCele amyarebs Tavis sasarCelo moTxovnas da mopasuxe - Tavis Sesagebels. mas unda mieces agreTve SesaZlebloba Seadginos am saqmeze gadawyvetilebis proeqti, romelsac cxadia, gaecnoba mosamarTle. TanaSemwem, romelsac mindobili aqvs saqmis momzadeba, ssk 103-e muxlis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba winadadeba misces mxareebs warmoadginon damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi, gamoiTxovos mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT, es mtkicebulebebi sxvadasxva fizikuri Tu iuridiuli pirebisagan, Tu mxareebma es TviTon ver moaxerxes, gadawyvitos 15

normatiuli aqtebi saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb. Tb. 2002. gv. 218.

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specialistis mowvevis sakiTxi, eqspertis daniSvnis sakiTxi, gansazRvros mxareebTan erTad im sakiTxTa wre, romlebic unda ganmartos eqspertma da a.S. TanaSemwes marTlac didi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia mosamarTlisaTvis, Tu igi gamonTavisufldeba sxva iseTi davalebebis Sesrulebisagan, romlebic warmatebiT SeZliaT Seasrulon sasamarTlo aparatis nebismier TanamSromels da ar moiTxovs umaRles iuridiul ganaTlebas. TanaSemwis saqmianobis momwesrigebeli normebi gabneulia sxvadasxva kanonebSi da qvekanonur aqtebSi. TanaSemwis Tanamdeboba Tavidanve iqna SemoRebuli im mizniT, raTa daexmaros mosamarTles saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis winaswari momzadebisa da misi droulad da arsebiTad sworad gadawyvetaSi, am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi dasabuTebulobis uzrunvelyofaSi - mizanSewonilad unda CaiTvalos TanaSemwis Sesaxeb erTiani kanonis miReba, romelic gansazRvravs TanaSemwis saqmianobis yvela ZiriTad mimarTulebas, mis amocanebs da saqmianobis wess. II. sxdomis mdivani rogorc avRniSneT, mosamarTlis aparati Sedgeba mosamarTlis TanaSemwisa da sxdomis mdivnisagan. ssk 287-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos TiToeuli sxdomis Sesaxeb, agreTve sxdomis gareSe Sesrulebuli TiToeuli saproceso moqmedebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic monawileoben mxareebi, maTi warmomadgenlebi, mowmeebi, eqspertebi, specialistebi - oqmis Sedgena savaldebuloa. amave kodeqsis 289-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad „oqms adgens mdivani TviT sasamarTlo sxdomaze an sxdomis gareSe calkeuli saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis dros“. oqms xels awers mosamarTle da mdivani. garda oqmis Sedgenisa, sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivans evaleba Seamowmos mxareebisa da saqmeSi monawile sxva pirTa gamocxadeba, CabardaT Tu ara gamoucxadebel pirebs uwyebebi kanoniT dadgenili wesiT da ra cnobebi arsebobs maTi gamoucxadeblobis mizezebis Sesaxeb. yovelive amis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivanma unda moaxsenos sasamarTlos. sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivns ekisreba agreTve movaleoba sworad asaxos oqmSi sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) calkeuli moqmedeba, agreTve sxdomis monawileTa moqmedebebis Sinaarsi, maTi gancxadebebi, Suamdgomlobebi, Cvenebebi, axsna-ganmartebani. daafiqsiros oqmSi procesSi monawileTa rogorc SekiTxva, ise am SekiTxvaze pasuxi. sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivans evaleba qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT Caakeros saqmeSi sacnobaro furceli, ganCinebebi, mimoweris masalebi da a.S. yvela werilobiTi masala, romlebic gamoegzavna mosamarTles an TanaSemwes, mas Semdeg rac gaecnoba adresati, unda gadaeces mdivans saqmeSi Casakereblad.16 16

dawvrilebiT ix. „debuleba“ sasamarTloebSi organizaciuli muSaobisa da saqmis warmoebis wesis Sesaxeb (Tavi VIII). „normatiuli aqtebi saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“. Tb. 2002, gv. 229.

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sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivans, „debulebis“ 23-e muxlis „d“ punqtis Tanaxmad ufleba aqvs oqmis momzadebisas gamoiyenos magnitofoni, kompiuteri an sxva teqnikuri saSualebebi, romelTa Canawerebi oqms Tan erTvis. es Canawerebi „gadatanili unda iqnes oqmSi“. sasamarTlos aparati. „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis 72-e muxlis Tanaxmad marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis, sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavlisa da ganzogadebis, sasamarTlo statistikis analizis, agreTve sasamarTlos sxva saqmianobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebSi moqmedeben sasamarTlo aparatebi. imis mixedviT, Tu sasamarTlo sistemis romeli rgolis aparatzea saubari, am aparatis struqtura da Semadgenloba sxvadasxvanairia (ix. „debulebis“ me-7-8-e muxlebi). sasamarTlo aparatis TanamSromlebi arian saxelmwifo mosamsaxureebi da maTze vrceldeba Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba. $5. advokati ssk 93-e muxlis Tanaxmad mxareebs SeuZliaT saqme awarmoon sasamarTloSi piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT ar arTmevs uflebas mxareebs TviTonac piradad miiRon monawileoba saqmeSi. warmomadgenlad sasamarTloSi SeiZleba gamovides advokati. „advokatTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad saadvokato saqmianobas axorcielebs advokati. am kanonis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad advokati aris Tavisufali profesiis piri, romelic emorCileba mxolod kanonsa da profesiuli eTikis normebs da Seyvanilia saqarTvelos advokatTa erTian siaSi. amrigad, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar icnobs advokatis savaldebulo monawileobas anu e.w. advokatis process: mxares SeuZlia nebismier sasamarTlo instanciaSi TviTon piradad awarmoos saqme, an kidev, procesis nebismier stadiaze da nebismier instanciaSi aiyvanos warmomadgeneli (advokati) an kidev, monawileoba miiRos advokatTan (warmomadgenelTan) erTad saqmis ganxilvaSi. advokats waeyeneba garkveuli moTxovnebi, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: (a) advokati SeiZleba iyos fizikuri piri (b) romelsac gavlili aqvs advokatTa testireba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, (g) dadebuli aqvs advokatis fici da (d) aqvs iuristad an advokatis staJiorad muSaobis aranakleb 1 wlis Sromis staJi. advokati mowodebulia iuridiuli rCeva-darigeba misces pirs, romelmac mas daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa, gamovides sasamarTloSi mxaris warmomadgenlad da awarmoos saqme. samoqalaqo procesSi misi monawileobis safuZvlebsa da ZiriTad principebs gansazRvravs „kanoni advokatTa Sesaxeb“ da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi.

$6. sasamarTlo aRmasrulebeli 34

saqarTvelos konstitucia Seicavs mniSvnelovan debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom „sasamarTlos aqtebi savaldebuloa yvela saxelmwifo organosa da pirisaTvis qveynis mTel teritoriaze“. konstituciis es debuleba dakonkretebulia „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-4 muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo aqtebi, agreTve Tavisi uflebamosilebis gansaxorcieleblad sasamarTlos moTxovna da gankarguleba, savaldebuloa saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze yvela fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piris, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organosaTvis. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Seusrulebloba iwvevs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul pasuxismgeblobas. kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis wessa da pirobebs gansazRvravs samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi da saqarTvelos kanoni „saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“. rac Seexeba sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels, mis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas gansazRvravs „kanoni saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“. am kanonis Tanaxmad aRmasruleblis Tanamdeboba konkursis wesiT SeiZleba daikavos iuridiuli ganaTlebis mqone saqarTvelos moqalaqem, romelic gamocdas Caabarebs saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros sakvalifikacio sagamocdo komisias. sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs saaRsrulebo samsaxuris ufrosi. Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisas mas eZleva samsaxurebrivi mowmoba da ganesazRvreba samoqmedo teritoria. aRmasruleblis statuss anu mis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs „saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-17 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad „samsaxurebrivi movaleobis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli sasamarTlo aRmasruleblis moTxovnebi savaldebuloa yvela fizikuri da iuridiuli pirisaTvis, miuxedavad maTi daqvemdebarebisa da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formisa“. saaRsrulebo moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis mizniT sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels ufleba aqvs Sevides movalis binaSi, daaTvalieros yvela saTavso da, saerTod, movalis qoneba. Tu movale ar dauSvebs sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels ganaxorcielos misTvis kanoniT miniWebuli uflebamosileba sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels SeuZlia moiwvios policia. „saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni Seicavs sasamarTlo aRmasruleblis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis, misi Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebis pirobebsa da safuZvlebs. es kanoni iTvaliswinebs agreTve sxva garantiebs. magaliTad, samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas sasamarTlo aRmasruleblis daRupvis SemTxvevaSi mis ojaxs saxelmwifo biujetidan eZleva erTdrouli kompensacia 10 wlis xelfasis odenobiT, Tu aRmasrulebeli daiWra an dasaxiCrda samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas, mas miecema kompensacia biujetidan 1-dan 5 wlamde xelfasis odenobiT da a.S.

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Tavi II samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis cneba samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba I. sasamarTlo da samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. 1. sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa regulirebis aucilebloba. farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad adamianTa sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia winsvla da ganviTareba qcevis garkveuli wesebis arsebobisa da am wesebis ganuxrelad dacvis gareSe. marTlac, calkeul adamians, xolo, aqedan gamomdinare, urTierTobebs am adamianebs Soris aqvT sxvadasxva mizani da interesebi. bunebrivia, rom adamianTa qcevis mowesrigebisa da am qcevis Sedegebis SeTanxmebulobis gareSe warmoiSoba namdvili qaosi, Seiqmneba saocrad konfliqturi situacia da sruli 36

anarqia, xolo warmoSobili konfliqti yovelTvis fizikurad Zlieris sasargeblod gadawydeba. cxadia, aseT pirobebSi adamianTa sazogadoebas arseboba da ganviTareba ar SeeuZlia. swored amitom, adamianebis qcevis regulirebis aucilebloba warmoiSveba sazogadoebis adreul safexurze; pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSic ki adamianebis qceva wesrigdeboda adaTebiTa da xzne-CveulebebiT, xolo ganviTarebis ramdenadac ufro maRal safexurs aRwevs sazogadoeba, imdenad ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens am sazogadoebis wevrTa saqmianobis mowerigeba. normebi, romlebic aregulireben adamianebis qcevas, adamianebs Soris urTierTobebs, warmoadgenen socialur normebs. socialuri normebis erT-erT saxes warmoadgenen samarTlebrivi normebi. 2. uflebis dacvis aucilebloba. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis regulirebisaTvis samarTali iyenebs sxvadasxva xerxebsa da saSualebebs. erT-erTi aseTi saSualebaa fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis garkveuli uflebebis miniWeba da maTze garkveuli movaleobebis dakisreba. magram, zogjer movaleoba ar sruldeba da ufleba irRveva, an mis ganxorcielebas vinme uqmnis iseT dabrkolebas, rom kanoniT miniWebuli am sikeTiT sargebloba SeuZlebeli xdeba. aseT pirobebSi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa Soris warmoiSoba konfliqti (dava), rac yovelTvis qmnis uflebis droebiT ganusazRvrelobas, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aseT konfliqtur viTarebaSi movaleoba ar sruldeba da ufleba ver xorcieldeba, samarTliT regulirebuli urTierToba aRar viTardeba sasurveli mimarTulebiT, irRveva samarTlis normebiT gansazRvruli wesrigi. bunebrivia, rom ramdenadac didxans grZeldeba dava, imdenad ufro mZimea misi mavne Sedegebi. amitom, pirebs Soris wamoWrili davis (konfliqtis) droulad da samarTlianad gadawyvetiT dainteresebuli unda iyos aramarto mxareebi, aramed saxelmwifoc. 3. sasamarTlos Seqmnis aucilebloba. sasamarTlos Seqmnis aucilebloba istoriulad ganpirobebuli iyo marTlwesrigis ganmtkicebisaTvis, samarTaldarRvevis aRmosafxvrelad, mxareTa Soris wamoWrili konfliqtis gadasawyvetad. farTodaa cnobili da aRiarebuli sasamarTlos mokle, magram arsebiTad yovlis momcveli daxasiaTeba: sasamarTlo sazogadoebrivi wesrigis sayrdenia. igi Seiqmna, da arsebobs imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyos kanonis batnoba, daafuZnos samarTlianoba, daamyaros mSvidoba sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris, ganumtkicos maT yovelgvari xelyofisagan dacvisa da piradi Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis rwmena. aseTi rwmenis gareSe ki gardauvalia RirebulebaTa sruli gaufasiureba, sazogadoebis TandaTanobiTi, magram SeuCerebeli svla zneobrivi gadagvarebisaken, ekonomikuri cxovrebis moSla. magram, am miznebis realizaciisaTvis sasamarTlos mxolod Seqmna da misi gamocxadeba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganmxorcielebel organod, cxadia ar kmara. amasTan erTad, aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifom aRWurvos sasamarTlo organizaciulad da funqcionalurad iseTi samarTlebrivi meqanizmebiT da saSualebebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mis efeqtian da warmatebul saqmianobas.

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samarTlebrivi normebis erTobliobas, romlebic gansazRvraven sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoebis principebsa da wesebs uwodeben samoqalaqo saproceso samarTals. II. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali da misi amocana saqarTelos konstituciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad „saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis principze dayrdnobiT“. konstituciis am debulebis Sesabamisad 82-e muxlis me-3 punqti amkvidrebs princips, romlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo xelisufleba damoukidebelia da mas axorcieleben mxolod sasamarTloebi“. amrigad, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gverdiT, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganmxorcielebel erTad-erT organod gvevlineba sasamarTlo, kerZod, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo da saerTo sasamarTlo. amasTan erTad, saerTo sasamarTloebi sasamarTlo xelisuflebas axorcieleben marTlmsajulebis formiT. Tavis mxriv, marTlmsajulebis formas, anu samoqalaqo saqmeTa sasamarTloSi ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis formas gansazRvravs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. ra aris samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali? amis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iTqva. aq damatebiT SeiZleba avRniSnoT Semdegi:P imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria regulirebis sagani, anu imis mixedviT, Tu ras aregulirebs normebis esa Tu is erToblioba, samarTali iyofa samarTlis calkeul dargebad. samarTlis erT-erTi damoukidebeli dargia samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. amitom mas axasiaTebs is niSanTviseba, romelic axasiaTebs samarTals saerTod. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu samarTals ganvsazRvravT rogorc saxelmwifos mier dadgenil da Sesasruleblad savaldebulo normebis (qcevis wesebis) erTobliobas, maSin samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalic unda ganvsazRvroT rogorc normebis erToblioba, romelic aregulirebs sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobil uTrierTobebs. amasTan erTad, SeiZleba SemovifargloT samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis iseTi konkretuli ganmartebiT, romelic uSvalod da ufro naTlad gamoxatavs mis funqcias. am TvalsazrisiT samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali - esaa normaTa erToblioba, romelic gansazRvravs samoqalaqo saqmeebis warmoebis wesebs sasamarTloSi. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis aseTi ganmarteba mTlianad Seesabameba da gamomdinareobs ssk-is pirveli muxlidan, romlis Tanaxmad „saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebi samoqalaqo saqmeebs ganixilaven am kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebis mixedviT“. farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, romelic aregulirebs saxelmwifo organos sasamarTlos saqmianobas, mis mier samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvis wesebs, ganekuTvneba sajaro samarTlis sferos.17 17

magaliTad, rusul, germanul, avstriul samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi gabatonebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali aris sajaro samarTlis dargi. ix.И. Е. Энгелъманъ. Курс гражданского судопроизводства. 1912 г. стр . 12. W.Kallwass. Privatrecht Koln 1996, s 17 O.jauernig. Zivilprozessesrecht. 25 Auflage, 2003, s. 7.

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aq garkveuli gaugebrobis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes erTi garemoeba: samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali awesrigebs samoqalaqo da sxva kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan warmoSobili davebis (saqmeebis) ganxilvas sasamarTloSi. amitom, ratom unda mivakuTvnoT sajaro samarTals is, rac emsaxureba kerZo samarTliT miniWebuli uflebebis dacvas? kiTxva savsebiT kanonzomieria. magram am kiTxvaze SeiZleba ase vupasuxoT: calkeul fizikur Tu iuridiul pirTa uflebis darRveva an am uflebiT sargeblobisaTvis dabrkolebis Seqmna iwvevs uflebis dacvis aucileblobas. Tavis mxriv, uflebis darRveviT irRveva marTlwesrigi samarTliT regulirebuli urTierToba aRar viTardeba sasurveli mimarTulebiT. es ki seriozul safrTxes uqmnis samoqalaqo samarTlebriv wyobas, sazogadoebriv marTlwesrigs. TavisTavad cxadia, rom saxelmwifo, romelic dainteresebulia marTlwesrigis SenarCunebiT, samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi wyobis simtkiciT, ver miandobs Tavisi moqalaqeebis Tu iuridiuli pirebis samarTlebrivi davebis ganxilvagadawyvetis saqmes mxolod kerZo samediatoro sasamarTloebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom es davebi kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan arian warmoSobili. amitom, saxelmwifo qmnis sasamarTlos, romelsac mindobili aqvs xelisuflebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi ganStoebis sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gatareba. amasTan erTad, yoveli saxelmwifo cdilobs aRWurvos sasamarTlo iseTi samarTlebrivi meqanizmebiT Tu saSualebebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mis winaSe mdgari amocanebis gadaWras. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: calkeul pirTa Soris wamoWrili samarTlebrivi davis gadawyvetiT maTi darRveuli uflebebis dacviT (individualuri interesebis dacva) saxelmwifo icavs sazogadoebriv marTlwesrigs, emsaxureba samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebs, amyarebs mSvidobas sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris da qmnis uflebis yovelgvari xelyofisagan dacvisa da piradi Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis rwmenas (sajaro interesebis dacva). swored am garemoebebiTaa ganpirobebuli samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis miznebi da amocanebi: man unda daamkvidros samaTalwarmoebis iseTi principebi da wesebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen rogorc individualuri interesebis, anu konkretul pirTa Soris wamoWrili samarTlebrivi davis dacvasa da gadawyvetas, ise sajaro interesebis, anu samarTlebrivi mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvasa da aRdgenas. am garemoebebiTaa ganpirobebuli agreTve sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis momwesrigebeli normebis - samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sajaro samarTlebrivi xasiaTi, rac arsebiTad ganasxvavebs mas im normebisagan, romlebic kerZo arbitraJis anu samediatoro sasamarTlos saqmianobas awesrigeben, romlebic kerZo samarTals ganekuTvnebian. amasTan erTad unda aRiniSnos da es metad mniSvnelovania: samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali mxedvelobaSi iRebs da srulad uwevs angariSs kerZo samarTlis fundamentur principebs da debulebebs. magaliTad, mxareebs samoqalaqo procesSi ufleba aqvT mimarTon sasamarTlos magram SeuZliaT ar mimarTon mas, anu iTminon TavianTi uflebis darRveva, isini TviTon gansazRvraven davis sagans, SeuZliaT 39

uari Tqvan ukve aRZrul sarCelze, mopasuxes SeeuZlia cnos sarCeli, aRZras Segebebuli sarCeli, sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs gascildes sasarCelo moTxovnis farglebs, mxareebs SeuZliaT Secvalon sarCeli, gaadidon an Seamciron TavianTi moTxovnis farglebi da a.S. magram, yovelive es, rac ganpirobebulia samoqalaqo Tu kerZo samarTlis sxva romelime dargis principebiT, ver gaaqarwyleben samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sajaro xasiaTs. III. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sagani da sistema 1. samarTlis ama Tu im dargis sagani aris is, rasac es dargi aregulirebs. magaliTad saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad „es kodeqsi awesrigebs pirTa Tanasworobaze damyarebul kerZo xasiaTis qonebriv, saojaxo da pirad urTierTobebs“. rogorc vxedavT, samoqalaqo samarTlis, rogorc normaTa erTobliobis regulirebis sagani yofila qonebrivi, saojaxo da piradi urTierTobebi. igive iTqmis samarTlis sxva dargebzec, romlebsac regulirebis Tavisi sagani aqvT. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalsac regulirebis Tavisi sagani aqvs: aseTi sagania samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobebi, romlebic warmoiSveba sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilva - gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT.18 2. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sistema aris erTmaneTTan Tanmimdevrulad dakavSirebuli normaTa erToblioba romelic ganpirobebulia im urTierTobaTa TaviseburebebiT da xasiaTiT, romlebsac es normebi aregulireben. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normebi dayofilia sam jgufad: pirvel jgufSi Sedian iseTi normebi, romlebsac procesis yvela stadiisaTvis aqvT mniSvneloba da maT ewodebaT zogadi debulebebi. meore jgufSi Sedian iseTi normebi, romlebic awesrigeben saqmeebis warmoebas pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebSi, mesame jgufSi Sedian normebi, romlebic gansazRvraven sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaT gasaCivrebis wesebs, kerZod saqmeebis warmoebas saapelacio da sakasacio sasamarTloSi, agreTve kerZo saCivris dasaSvebobisa da ganxilvis wesebs. amave nawilSi Sedis normebi, romlebic saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis wesebs aregulireben. am wignSi Cven ar vexebiT arc saaRsrulebo warmoebas da arc uflebis dacvis sxva (arasasamarTlo) formebs, rogoricaa magaliTad, kerZo arbitraJSi, anu samediatoro sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis wesebi. saqme isaa, rom saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb miRebuli iqna specialuri kanoni „saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“, romelic amoqmedda 1999 wlis 15 maisidan. am kanonis me-4 muxlis Tanaxmad „saaRsrulebo samsaxuri warmoadgens saaRsrulebo dawesebulebas da Sedis

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ise rogorc kanonmdebloba da misi gamoyenebis praqtika, Cvenc cnebas „samoqalaqo saqme“ farTo gagebiT vxmarobT, romlebic aramarto sakuTriv samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan, aramed samewarmeo, SromiTi da kerZo samarTlis sxva dargebiT mowesrigebuli urTierTobebidan warmoSobili davebis ganxilvis gamoa aRZruli.

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saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi, rogorc sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri.“19 rac Seexeba samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis arasasamarTlo formebs (kerZo arbitraJi, notariati, samoqalaqo aqtebis registracia da sxva), isini savsebiT gasagebi mizezebis gamo arsebiTad gansxvavdebian sasamarTloSi saqmeTa warmoebis formebisagan. uflebis dacvis aseTi formebi, cxadia, ar ganekuTvneba samoqalaqo saproceso samarTals. IV. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba samarTlis sxva dargebTan 1. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, rogorc samarTlis damoukidebeli dargi, warmoadgens saqarTvelos samarTlis erTiani sistemis organul nawils da, aqedan gamomdinare, mas ar SeiZleba ar hqondes kavSiri da raime damokidebuleba am erTiani sistemis samarTlis sxva dargebTan. yvelaze ufro metad aseTi kavSiri da urTierTdamokidebuleba samoqalaqo saproceso samarTals aqvs samoqalaqo materialur samarTalTan, agreTve samarTlis im dargebTan, romlis mier mowesrigebuli urTierTobidan warmoSobili davebi ganixileba samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT (samewarmeo, SromiTi, sagakotrebo, nawilobriv, administraciuli saqmeebi). samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis arseboba warmoudgeneli da SeuZlebelic ki aris im materialuri samarTlis gareSe, romlis mier regulirebuli urTierTobidan warmoSobili davebis ganxilvis wesebs gansazRvravs igi. amitom, damokidebuleba saproceso samarTalsa da materialur samarTals Soris garkveulwilad aris formisa da Sinaarsis damokidebuleba. saqme isaa, rom Tu samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba, rogorc materialur samarTlebrivi uflebis dacvis forma, emsaxureba am uflebis dacvas, maSin es dasacavi materialuri ufleba yofila saproceso formis Sinaarsi. Tavis mxriv, forma unda moergos Sinaarss. es imas niSnavs, rom dacvis forma ise unda SemuSavdes, rom man uzrunvelyos uflebis dacva.20 19

diskusia sakiTxze, ganekuTvneba Tu ara aRsruleba sasamarTlo warmoebis stadias gansakuTrebiT farTod gaiSala ruseTSi mas Semdeg, rac miRebuli iqna calke kanonebi „saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“ da „sasamarTlo pristavebis Sesaxeb“ (ix.Настольная книга судебного пристава - исполнителя, Справочно - методическое пособие. М. 2000, стр. 82. germanul samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad saaRsrulebo warmoeba warmoadgens warmoebis damoukidebel saxes da Seiswavleba saaRsrulebo warmoebis mecnierebis mier. ix. А.Г.Давтян. Гражданское процесуальное право Германии. М.2000, стр.8. rogorc Cans, am garemoebiT SeiZleba aixsnas is, rom germaneli avtorebis mier daweril samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, zogierTi iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, saaRsrulebo warmoeba ar ganixileba. yovelive es xels ar uSlis rogorc saasrulebo warmoebas, ise uflebis dacvis arasasamarTlo (ara samoqalaqo saproceso). formebis ganxilvas wignSi, romelic eZRvneba samoqalaqo saproceso samarTals, oRond imis aucilebeli aRniSvniT, rom saaRsrulebo warmoeba, warmoebis damoukidebeli saxea, xolo uflebis dacvis arasasamarTlo formebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian sasamarTlo formebisagan. 20 iuridiul literaturaSi farTod ganixilaven saproceso formis sakiTxs da miuTiTeben erTi da igive an erTgvarovani uflebebis dacvis gansxvavebul saproceso formebze, rogorc dadebiT da savsebiT misaReb mdgomareobaze. amasTan erTad, aRiareben, rom uflebis dacvis samoqalaqo saproceso (sasamarTlo) forma, yvela sxva formasTan SedarebiT (rogoricaa samediatoro, kerZo saarbitraJo da sxva arasasamarTlo formebi), uzrunvelyofs uflebis ukeT dacvas. es sworia, magram aqedan gamomdinareobs logikuri daskvna, rasac samwuxarod ar akeTeben: Tu uflebis dacvis yvela sxva

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amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali arsebobs imisaTvis, rom moemsaxuros materialuri samarTlis dargebs, uzrunvelyos sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa warmarTva im mimarTulebiT, rac materialuri samarTliTaa gansazRvruli, Tu es urTierTobebi ratomRac aRar viTardeba materialuri samarTliT dasaxuli gziT.21 2. ise, rogorc yovelgvari forma saerTod, samoqalaqo saproceso formac xasiaTdeba garkveuli elastiurobiTa da moqnilobiT, risi wyalobiTac mas SeuZlia moemsaxuros sxvadasxva Sinaarss, amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is garemoeba, rom administraciul samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan warmoSobili davebis ganxilvisas, garda administraciul saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebisa, gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mTeli rigi normebi da principebi. 3. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTals samarTlis sxva dargebTanac aqvs garkveuli kavSiri. magaliTad, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali dakavSirebulia sisxlis saproceso samarTalTan. es kavSiri maT Soris ganpirobebulia imiT, rom orive awesrigebs sasamarTlos mier marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis wesebs. amitom, samarTlis am or dargs bevri saerTo instituti da principi aqvT, gansakuTrebiT mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebis, Semowmebisa da Sefasebis sferoSi, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom faqtebis Semecnebis mecnierulad damuSavebuli da iuridiulad ganmtkicebuli meTodebi ar SeiZleba gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan. magram, gansxvaveba samoqalaqo da sisxlis saproceso samarTals Soris mudam darCeba, radgan mudam darCeba gansxvaveba sisxlis samarTalsa da samoqalaqo samarTals Soris, romlebiTac determinirebulia procesis Sesabamisi dargebia. V. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis wyaroebi

formasTan da organosTan SedarebiT saproceso (sasamarTlo) forma uflebis dacvis yvelaze met garantias Seicavs, maSin yvela es „sxva formebi da organoebi“ unda gauqmdes da darCes mxolod is, romelic ukeT uzrunvelyofs darRveuli uflebis dacvas, e.i. samoqalaqo saproceso forma. uflebis dacvis arasasamarTlo formebi da organoebi (magaliTad, samediatoro sasamarTlo anu kerZo arbitraJi SeiZleba SevinarCunoT da kidev ufro gavafarTovoT oRond erTi aucilebeli pirobiT: Tu isini iarsebeben rogorc davis winaswari da arasabolaod gadawyvetis uflebamosilebiT, xolo modave mxares yovelTvis eqneba SesaZlebloba mimarTos sasamarTlos mis mimarT gamotanili gadawyvetilebis gadasasinjad. dawvrilebiT ix. T.liluaSvili. „samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi normis gamoyenebisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobis zogierTi sakiTxi (rusul enaze) krebuli : „гражданско - правовая норма и формы ее применения“ изд-во „мецниереба“ 1982. стр. 116-117. 21

materialuri samarTlisa da saproceso samarTlis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxs Seexen cnobili germaneli procesualistebi l.rozenbergi, k.Svabi, p.goTvaldi, romlebic aRniSnaven, rom samoqalaqo samarTali warmoSobs samarTlebriv urTierTobebs da iZleva SesaZleblobas SeiZino uflebebi, magram arafers ar akeTebs maT gansaxorcieleblad da uzrunvelsayofad, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sagani, amis sapirispirod, aris samarTlebrivi dacvis forma. Rosenberg Schwart, Gottwald. Zivilprozessreeht. 15 auflago, München, 1993. s.5. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis samsaxurebriv rolze miuTiTebs agreTve volfgang grunski, romlis mixedviT samoqalaqo procesi - esaa kanoniT gansazRvrul principebze dafuZnebuli warmoeba, romelic emsaxureba kerZo uflebebis ganxorcielebas sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis saSualebiT da amis garda samarTlebrivi mSvidobis dacvas da aRdgenas. DDr. iur. Wolfgang Grunsky. Zivilprozessreoht. 2003, s.5.

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samarTlis TeoriaSi ganasxvaveben samarTlis wyaros sociologiuri gagebiT, romelSic esmiT realuri sinamdvilis faqtebi, romelTa gavleniT yalibdeba samarTali da samarTlis wyaro iuridiuli gagebiT, romelSic esmiT kanonmdebloba, iuridiuli samecniero literatura, sasamarTlo praqtika. samarTlis TeoriaSi samarTlis wyaros uwodeben agreve im formebs, romlebSiac Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs samarTlebrivi normebi.22 Tu samarTlis wyaros am viwro gagebiT vixelmZRvanelebT, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis wyaroebi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc iseTi formebi, romlebSiac gamoixateba samoqalaqo saproceso normebi. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normebis gamoxatulebis formebad ki gvevlineba normatiuli aqtebi, rogoricaa kanonebi, dadgenilebebi, gankargulebebi da a.S. agreTve saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, romlebic Seicaven samoqalaqo saproceso normebs, romlebiTac unda ixelmZRvanelon saerTo sasamarTloebma garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas. yvela im normatiuli aqtis, Tu saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis amomwuravi CamoTvla, romelSiac Tavis asaxvas poulobs an momavalSi SeiZleba ipovos samoqalaqo saproceso normam, aramarto rTulia, aramed praqtikulad moklebulia mniSvnelobas, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT imasac, rom dro da dro es normatiuli aqtebi icvlebian an saerTod uqmdebian. aqedan gamomdinare, aq mizanSewonilia miuTiToT mxolod im ZiriTad normatiul wyaroebze, romlebSic aisaxeba samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis Sinaarsis ganmsazuRreli normatiuli aqtebi. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis wyaroebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad davajgufoT: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia. konstitucia saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanonia da, bunebrivia, igi warmoadgens kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis iuridiul bazas. saqarTvelos konstitucia amkvidrebs pricnips, romlis Tanaxmad yovel adamians Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos da rom yoveli piri unda gansajos im sasamarTlom, romlis iurisdiqciasac eqvemdebareba misi saqme (42-e muxli). konstituciiT ganmtkicebulia sasamarTlosa da mosamarTlis damoukideblobis, agreTve samarTalwarmoebis zogierTi ZiriTadi organizaciuli da funqionaluri principebi (82-e-92-e muxlebi). am principebma Semdgomi ganviTareba da dakonkreteba ganicades sxva sakanonmdeblod aqtebSi. 2. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis mniSvnelovani wyaroa saqarTvelos organuli kanoni „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“. es kanoni gansazRvravs saerTo sasamarTloebis sistemasa da organizacias, agreTve mosamarTlis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas. saqarTvelos konstituciis ZiriTadi debulebebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da dakonkretebis safuZvelze „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanoni Seicavs normebs, romlebic gansazRvraven samarTalwarmoebis organizaciul-funqcionalur principebs.

22

giorgi xubua. samarTlis Teoria. Tb. 2004, gv. 130

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3. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni „saqarTelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“ samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa, romelic gansazRvravs uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis principebs, uzenaesi sasamarTlos struqturas da uflebamosilebas da a.S. 4. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis erT-erTi, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaroa „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi“. es kodeqsi aris kodificirebuli normatiuli aqti, romelic detalurad gansazRvravs samarTalwarmoebis zogad principebs, sasamarTlos uwyebriv qvemdebareobas da gansjadobas, procesis monawileTa uflebaunarianobas da qmedunarianobas, sasamarTlo mtkicebulebaTa gamoyenebis wesebs, saqmeTa warmoebas pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivrebas da a.S. 5. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi, romelic gansazRvravs saerTo sasamarTloebSi administraciul saqmeTa ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis saproceso wesebs. swored administraciul saproceso kodeqsiTaa damkvidrebuli wesi, romlis Tanaxmad „Tu am kodeqsiT sxva ram araa dadgenili, administraciul samarTalwarmoebaSi gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis debulebebi“. 6. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa saqarTvelos kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“. am kanonis calkeuli normebi, agreTve misi II Tavi (me-8-20-e muxlebi) da IX Tavi (57-e-73-e muxlebi) mTlianad eZRvneba saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetencias da sxva saproceso wesebs, rodesac saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebi ganixilaven saqmeebs ucxouri elementiT, anu roca saqmeSi monawile erT-erTi mxare ucxo qveynis moqalaqe an iuridiuli piria. 7. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa saqarTvelos kanoni gakotrebis Sesaxeb. gakotrebis saqmeebs sasamarTloebi ganixilaven aramarto samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT, aramed gakotrebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenili wesebiT, romlebic Camoyalibebulia gakotrebis saqmeTa ganxilvis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. 8. bolos, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom arc ise iSviaTad samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis wyarod gvevlineba materialur samarTlebrivi kanoni; magaliTad, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi Seicavs iseT normebs, romlebic saproceso samarTlebrivi xasiaTisaa. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 624-e muxlis Tanaxmad sesxis xelSekrulebis namdviloba ar SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod mowmeTa CvenebiT“. amave kodeqsis 183-e muxlis Tanaxmad uZravi nivTis SesaZenad aucilebelia sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli sabuTi da SemZenis registracia sajaro reestrSi. es imas niSnavs, rom uZravi nivTis SeZenis faqtis dadasturebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes mxolod werilobiTi mtkicebuleba. saproceso normebs Seicavs agreTve saqarTvelos kanoni „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ da sxva materialur samarTlebrivi kanonebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo Tu normatiuli aqtebiT dadgenili wesebi ar Seesabamebian an ewinaaRmdegebian samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenil wesebsa da principebs, maSin gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebi, radgan igi 44

warmoadgens specialur kanons, romelic awesrigebs samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvas sasamarTloSi. VI. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normis moqmedeba droSi da sivrceSi 1. ssk pirveli muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saqmeebis warmoeba xorcieldeba saproceso kanonmdeblobiT, romelic moqmedebs saqmis ganxilvis, calkeul saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis, an sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis dros. amrigad, ssk pirveli muxlis me-2 nawili gansazRvravs samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis moqmedebas droSi. am muxliT damkvidrebulia principi romlis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saproceso kanons ukuqceviTi Zala ar aqvs. es imas niSnavs, rom samoqalaqo saqmeebis warmoeba sasamarTloSi xorcieldeba im saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, romelic moqmedebs saqmis ganxilvis, calkeuli saproceso moqmedebis Tu gadawyvetilebaTa aRsrulebis dros. igive principi damkvidrebulia samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis gardamavali debulebebis 435-e muxliT. sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT ramdenime magaliTi: magaliTi 1: sarCeli miRebulia warmoebaSi mosamarTlis ganCinebiT 10 maiss. 15 maiss miRebuli iqna axali kanoni, rormelic gansxvavebul pirobebs iTvaliswinebs sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebisaTvis. am axal kanons ar aqvs ukuqceviTi Zala. amitom, sarCeli unda darCes warmoebaSi miRebulad, miuxedavad imisa, rom axali kanoniT igi SeiZleba ar yofiliyo miRebuli warmoebaSi. magaliTi 2: saqmis momzadebis mizniT Sesrulebuli iqna mTeli rigi saproceso moqmedebebi: mxarem warmoadgina werilobiTi Sesagebeli, dainiSna eqspertiza, moxda adgilze daTvaliereba da a.S. amasobaSi miRebuli iqna axali kanoni, romelic sxva TanmimdevrobiTa da sxva wesiT aregulirebs am saproceso moqmedebaTa Sesrulebas. miuxedavad amisa, ukve Sesrulebuli saproceso moqmedebebi iTvleba Sesrulebulad, e.i. ver CaiTvleba kanonis darRveviT Sesrulebulad. rac Seexeba sxva saproceso moqmedebebs, romlebic jer ar Sesrulebula, isini unda Sesruldes axali kanonis mixedviT, radgan Zveli, romelic am axalma kanonma Secvala, aRar arsebobs (gauqmebulia). gacilebiT ufro rTulia sakiTxi, rodesac axali kanoniT icvleba saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis vada. aseT SemTxvevebSi unda vixelmZRvaneloT erTi kriteriumiT: auaresebs, Tu aumjobesebs axali vadis dadgena im mxaris mdgomareobas, romelmac saproceso moqmedeba unda Seasrulos da amis mixedviT gadavwyvitoT sakiTxi. magaliTi 3. im dros rodesac mxares gadaeca sasamarTlos motivirebuli gadawyvetileba misi gasaCivrebis vada iyo erTi Tve, am vadis aTvla iwyeboda gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentidan. axalma 45

kanonma Secvala gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis erTTviani vada 14 dRiT, magram ucvleli datova am vadis aTvlis wesi, anu vadis aTvla kvlav iwyeba gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentidan. mxares unda mieces ufleba Seasrulos saproceso moqmedeba, anu gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba Zveli kanonis mixedviT, anu erT TveSi misTvis gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentidan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi axali kanonis amoqmedebam SeiZleba gaauaresos misi mdgomareoba, rac dauSvebelia.23 magaliTi 4. Zveli kanoniT gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis vada iyo 14 dRe am gadawvetilebis gadacemis momentidan. gadawyvetilebis gadacemidan jer kidev ar iyo gasuli 14 dRe, rodesac miRebuli iqna axali kanoni, romlis mixedviT gasaCivrebis vada gaxda erTi Tve. mxares unda mieces ufleba isargeblos am erTTviani vadiT, Tumca vadis aTvla unda daiwyos ara axali kanonis miRebidan, aramed gadawyvetilebis gadacemidan. magram, Tu gadawyvetilebis gadacemidan gavida 14 dRe, mxares ki ar gausaCivrebia igi am vadaSi, xolo axali kanoni, romelmac daawesa gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis erTTviani vada, miRebul iqna (amoqmedda) am 14 dRiani vadis gasvlis Semdeg (vTqvaT me-16 dRes) mxares aRar unda mieces ufleba gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba, radgan man axali kanonis miRebamde dakarga saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis ufleba, anu gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis ufleba. amrigad, sarCelis aRZvra moxda da saqmis warmoeba gaixsna axali samoqalaqo saproceso kanonis amoqmedebamde, xolo Semdeg miRebul iqna axali kanoni (kodeqsi), sasamarTlom unda gamoiyenos es axali kanoni, damoukideblad imisa, saqmis warmoebis gaxsna - ganxilva daiwyo Zveli kanonis moqmedebis pirobebSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi Zveli kanonis pirobebSi Sesrulebuli yvela saproceso moqmedeba iTvleba marTlzomierad Sesrulebulad da am moqmedebis ganmeorebiT Sesruleba axali kanoniT dadgenili wesiT dauSvebelia. xolo, iseTi saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic axali kanonmdeblobis pirobebSi unda ganxorcieldes, Sesruldeba ara Zveli, aramed am axali kanoniT dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-3 muxlis „J“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad saproceso kanonmdebloba, maT Soris, cxadia, samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba, mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa gamgeblobas ganekuTvneba. es imas niSnavs, rom samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis moqmedeba sivrceSi vrceldeba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze da saqarTvelos erTiani sasamarTlo sistemis yvela 23

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad axali samoqalaqo saproceso kanoni yovelTvis ufro gonivrulad awesrigebs saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebas da, maSasadame, ukeT uzrunvelyofs uflebis dacvas.

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sasamarTlo da kanonmdeblobiT.

yvela

mosamarTle

valdebulia

ixelmZRvanelos

am

$2. samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba I. cneba sasamarTloSi sarCeliT (gancxadebiT) mimarTvis, am sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebisa da misi ganxilva-gadawyvetis procesSi warmoiSveba samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobebi erTis mxriv - im pirebs Soris romlebmac mimarTes sasamarTlos gancxadebiT (sarCeliT) agreTve, romlebic monawileoben procesSi sxvadasxva statusiT da meore mxriv sasamarTlos Soris, romelmac miiRo sarCeli warmoebaSi da romelmac unda ganixilos saqme. saqmis ganxilvaSi monawile pirebsa da sasamarTlos warmoeSvebaT saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi, romlebic Seadgenen samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis Sinaarss. samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba - sazogadoebrivi urTierTobaa, romelic samoqalaqo saproceso normebiT regulirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, saproceso urTierTobas, rogorc samarTlebriv urTierTobas, axasiaTebs mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebisa romlebic axasiaTebT samarTlebriv urTierTobebs saerTod. magaliTad, ise rogorc yvela sxva saxis materialur samarTlebriv urTierTobas saerTod, saproceso urTierTobac warmoiSveba mxolod iuridiuli faqtebis safuZvelze, e.i. iseTi faqtebis safuZvelze, romlebsac samarTlebrivi norma ukavSirebs garkveul iuridiul Sedegs. magaliTad: imisaTvis, rom warmoiSvas nasyidobis, ijaris, sesxis, qiravnobis da a.S. materialur samarTlebrivi urTierToba saWiroa Sesabamisi xelSekrulebis (nasyidobis, ijaris, sesxis, qiravnobis) dadeba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT. imisaTvis, rom warmoiSvas samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba saWiroa sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva sarCeliT (gancxadebiT) darRveuli an sadavo uflebis dacvis Sesaxeb samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonis moTxovnaTa dacviT sasamarTloSi mimarTva sarCeliT (gancxadebiT) aris iuridiuli faqti, radgan mas samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi ukavSirebs garkveul Sedegs _ sarCelis (gancxadebis) gansaxilvelad warmoebaSi miRebas. amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierToba - esaa samoqalaqo saproceso normiT mowesrigebuli urTierToba, romelic warmoiSveba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT sasamarTloSi sarCeliT (gancxadebiT) mimarTvisa da misi sasamarTlos mier warmoebaSi miRebis safuZvelze, erTis mxriv, sasamarTlosa da meores mxriv, mxareebsa da procesis sxva monawileTa Soris. amasTan erTad, samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobas gaaCnia Taviseburebani, romlebic ganasxvavebs mas sxva arasaproceso materialur samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisagan.

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iuridiul literaturaSi farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad24 samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Taviseburebani ZiriTadad mdgomareobs SemdegSi: 1. saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierTobis savaldebulo monawilea sasamarTlo. maSasadame saproceso urTierToba ar SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxareebs Soris, kerZod mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris, mxareebsa da mesame pirebs Soris, mxareebsa da mowmeebs Soris, mowmeebsa da eqspertebs Soris. 2. raxan sasamarTlo aris samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis savaldebulo monawile, aseTi urTierToba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod sasamarTlosa da mosarCeles Soris, sasamarTlosa da mopasuxes Soris, sasamarTlosa da eqsperts Soris da a.S. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom eqspertis daskvna mxarem TviTon warmoadginos sasamarTloze, romelic am mxaris winadadebiT da masTan SeTanxmebi Seadgina specialuri codniT aRWurvilma pirma. aseT SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, myardeba urTierToba erTis mxriv, mxaresa da meores mxriv, eqsperts Soris, magram es urTierToba aris ara saproceso samarTlebrivi, aramed materialur samarTlebrivi, kerZod samoqalaqo kodeqsis 709-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli davalebis materialuri urTierToba. 3. materialur samarTlebrivi urTierToba SeiZleba arsebobdes rogorc faqtobrivi urTierToba. rogorc wesi, faqtobrivi materialuri urTierTobebi aranair iuridiul uflebebsa da movaleobebs ar warmoSobs, magram zogjer aseT faqtobriv urTierTobebs samarTali ukavSirebs garkveul iuridiul Sedegs. magaliTad, faqtobriv qorwinebaSi anu dauqorwinebel mSoblebisagan Svilis warmoSoba SeiZleba dadgindes samoqalaqo materialuri kodeqsis 1190-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT. agreTve, Tu piri faqtobrivad flobda moZrav nivTs xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, maSin igi moipovebs am nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas (samoq. kod. 165-e muxliT). rogorc ukve avRniSneT, gansxvavebiT materialur samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisa, samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba ar SeiZleba

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samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi cnobilia samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sesaxeb ramdenime Sexeduleba. pirveli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba warmoiSoba sasamarTlosa da mosarCeles Soris, sasamarTlosa da mopasuxes Soris. mxareebs - mosarCelesa da mopasuxes aqvT mxolod uflebebi, xolo sasamarTlos mxolod movaleobebi. am Sexedulebis avtoria cnobili germaneli mecnieri oskar biulovi, romelmac pirvelma detalurad daamuSava samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis problemebi (Oskar Bülow. Die Lehre von den Prazeseinreden und Processvoraussetzungen. 1868). meore Sexedulebis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos aqvs aramarto movaleobebi, aramed uflebebic arsebobs agreTve Sexuleba, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo da mxareebi dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan urTierTuflebebiTa da movaleobebiT. bolos, gamoiTqva mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad ufleba-movaleobebiT erTmaneTis mimarT aRWurvilia mxolod mxareebi - mosarCele da mopasuxe, rac Seexeba sasamarTlos mas ar gaaCnia raime damoukidebeli interesi procesSi, ar aris saproceso urTierTobis subieqti da rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organo dgas mxareT zemoT, maTze maRla. amrigad, saproceso urTierTobebis subieqtebisa da maTi ufleba-movaleobebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia obieqturad da logikurad yvela SesaZlebeli Sexeduleba. magram, yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, gabatonebulia Sexeduleba, romelic pirvelad daasabuTa zemod dasaxelebulma mecnierma oskar biulovma. (dawvrilebiTi analizi am Sexelulebebis Sesaxeb ix. E.B.Backoвckuй курс гражданского процесса Том. I. 1913, стр 682)

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arsebobdes faqtobrivi urTierTobis saxiT, igi SeiZleba yovelTvis arsebobdes mxolod iuridiuli urTierTobis saxiT. II. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis pirobebi da Sinaarsi 1. saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis winapirobebi saproceso urTierToba - esaa samarTlebrivi urTierToba, amitom misi warmoSobisaTvis saWiroa iseTive pirobebi, rogoric nebismieri sxva samarTlebrivi urTierTobisaTvis saerTod. aseTi winapirobebia: 1. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis norma. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierToba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod da mxolod samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis Sesabamisi normis safuZvelze, im pirobiT, Tu saproceso samarTlis norma iTvaliswinebs aseTi urTierTobis warmoSobis SesaZleblobas. 2. samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba. uflebaunarianobis gareSe piri ar SeiZleba gaxdes samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti saerTod. samoqalaqo procesSiac es sakiTxi ase dgas: saproceso uflebaunarianobis gareSe piri ver gaxdeba saproceso urTierTobis monawile, es gansakuTrebiT exeba iuridiul pirebs, romelTa uflebaunarianoba warmoiSveba maTi qmedunarianobis warmoSobasTan erTad. rac Seexeba fizikur pirebs, maTi uflebaunarianoba warmoiSveba dabadebidan (dawvrilebiT ix. Tavi IV) gansxvavebiT uflebaunarianobisa, qmedunarianoba ar warmoadgens fizikuri pirisaTvis saproceso urTierTobaSi monawileobis winapirobas. qmeduunaroni SeiZleba gaxdnen urTierTobis subieqtebi, magram TviTon uSualod ver ganaxorcieleben TavianT saproceso uflebebs. amas maTi warmomadgenlebi gaakeTeben. 3. iuridiuli faqtebi, iuridiuli faqtebis gareSe ar SeiZleba warmoiSvas arc materialuri da arc saproceso urTierToba. rogorc wesi, saproceso urTierTobis warmoSobisaTvis saWiroa faqtebis erToblioba. magaliTad: a-nis mier sarCelis Setana sasamarTloSi, aris iuridiuli faqti, magram saproceso urTierTobis warmoSobisaTvis saWiroa, rom sasamarTlom miiRos es sarCeli warmoebaSi an ar miiRos igi Tavisi ganCinebiT. mosamarTlis moqmedeba anu mis mier sarCelis miReba, Tu ar miReba, iuridiuli faqtia, romelic mosarCelis moqmedebasTan erTad (mis mier sarCelis Setana) warmoSobs samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobas.25 imisaTvis, rom warmoSobilma saproceso urTierTobam maSinve ar Sewyvitos arseboba da ganviTardes samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli TanmimdevrulobiTa da wesiT saWiroa sarCelis 25

sarCelis umoZraod datoveba, an mis miRebaze uarisTqma, miuxedavad logikuri Seusabamobisa, mainc SeiZleba CaiTvalos saproceso urTierTobis warmoSobis safuZvlad, radgan mosarCeles eZleva ufleba gaasaCivros sasamarTlos aseTi moqmedeba. magram, Tu sasamarTlos ganCineba ZalaSi darCeba, maSin urTierTobac Sewydeba, swored amaze iTqmis „dabadebac ver moaswro, rom arseboba Sewyvita“.

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(gancxadebis) warmoebaSi miRebis (sarCelis uflebis) yvela winapirobis arseboba (ix. Tavi X $3.) 2. samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis Sinaarsi nebismier samarTlebriv urTierTobis Sinaarss zogadad, Seadgens am urTierTobis monawileTa uflebebi da movaleobebi. am TvalsazrisiT, samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobebic ar warmoadgens gamonakliss. maTi Sinaarsic ganisazRvreba im pirTa uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT, romlebic am urTierTobaSi monawileoben. iuridiul literaturaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad saproceso urTierTobis Sinaarss Seadgens ara uflebebi da movaleobebi, aramed am urTierTobis monawileTa moqmedebebi. moqmedeba SeiZleba Sesruldes an uflebis ZaliT, an movaleobis ZaliT. moqmedeba, romelic arc uflebisa da arc movaleobis ZaliT ar sruldeba - aramarTlzomieri moqmedebaa. amitom, moqmedebis ganxilva rogorc saproceso urTierTobis Sinaarsi, ar iqneba Secdoma, magram ufro zusti da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis bunebis ganmsazRvreli iqneba am urTierTobis monawileTa uflebebi da movaleobebi, romlebic ar SeiZleba arsebobdnen iuridiuli urTierTobis gareSe, ise rogorc aseTi urTierTobac ar SeiZleba arsebobdes uflebamovaleobebis gareSe. saproceso urTierToba, ise rogorc yovelgvari sxva samarTlebrivi urTierToba, warmoadgens uflebebisa da movaleobebis, ufro zustad, samoqalaqo saproceso uflebebisa da movaleobebis arsebobisa da realizaciis formas. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis subieqtebs da samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis subieqtebs. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis subieqtebia pirebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT isargeblon samoqalaqo saproceso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT da Seasrulon saproceso movaleobebi. aseT pirTa kategorias, zogadad, ganekuTvnebian saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi da iuridiuli pirebi, agreTve ucxoeli moqalaqeebi da iuridiuli pirebi da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi. rac Seexeba samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis subieqtebs, aseT subieqtebad gvevlineba iseTi pirebi, romlebmac daamyares saproceso urTierToba sasamarTlosTan, magaliTad, mimarTes sasamarTlos sarCeliT (gancxadebiT) darRveuli an sadavod gamxdari uflebis dasacavad. amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis subieqti gaxdeba samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis subieqti im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi gamoavlens nebas da mimarTavs sasamarTlos TxovniT (kanoniT dadgenili wesiT) daicvas misi darRveuli ufleba. (dawvrilebiT ix. Tavi IV)

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Tavi III samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis principebi $1 principebis cneba da klasifikacia principi laTinuri sityva da niSnavs dasawyiss, dasabams. am termins xmaroben romelime Teoriis, moZRvrebis, mecnierebis ZiriTadi amosavali debulebis, saxelmZRvanelo ideis, agreTve qcevis ZiriTadi wesis aRmniSvnelad.26 am termins iyeneben rogorc yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ise mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargebSi da praqtikuli moRvaweobis sxvadasxva sferoebSi. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis pricnipebi, ise rogorc samarTlis principebi saerTod, gansxvavdeba mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis (fizikis, qimiis, medicinis, fsiqologiis, logikis da sxva) principebisagan aramarto Tavisi SinaarsiTa da daniSnulebiT, aramed imiTac, rom samarTlis principebi yovelTvis ganmtkicebulia samarTlebrivi normiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis principi, SeiZleba vuwodoT mxolod iseT debulebas an iseT ideas, romelic samarTlis normiTaa ganmtkicebuli da gaTvaliswinebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis principi ewodeba iseT saxelmZRvanelo debulebas, iseT ZiriTad ideas, romelic ganmtkicebulia samarTlebrivi normiT da romelzec agebulia samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali mTlianad.27 samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis principis cnebis am ganmartebidan ukve naTlad Cans misi erTi mniSvneloba: raxan saproceso samarTali, saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi, agebulia garkveuli principebis safuZvelze, kanonmdebeli valdebulia angariSi gauwios amas, rodesac samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi Seaqvs esa Tu is cvlileba da damateba. 26

ix. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tb. 1973, gv. 333 procesis principis cneba, misi etimilogiuri Sinaarsidan gamomdinare TiTqmis erTgvarovnadaa gagebuli sxvadasxva qveynis procesualistebis mier. ix.советский гражданский процес под ред, М. К. Треушникова М. 1989 г. стр.24 O. Jauernig. Zivilprozressrecht. München 1993 s. 73 Luke. Zivilprozessreecht. Verlag C.H. Beck. 1999, s. 4-5 27

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sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT dispoziciurobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebi. Tu procesi agebulia am principebze, maSin sasamarTlos iniciativis farglebic SezRudulia: mas ufleba ar aqvs TviTon gansazRvros mtkicebis sagani, anu im faqtebis wre, romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad, sasamarTlo Tavisi iniciativiT ver gansazaRvravs da ver gamoiTxovs mtkicebulebebs, ver gascildeba mxareTa moTxovnis farglebs da a.S. yovelive es mxareTa nebazea damokidebuli, maTi uflebamosilebaa. magram, Tu procesi agebulia samZebro (inkviziciur) principze, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia TviTon Seitanos mtkicebis saganSi faqtebi, romlebzec mxareebi ar miuTiTeben, magram romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis, TviTon, Tavisi iniciativiT gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi da a.S. amrigad, procesis principebis mniSvneloba, pirvel rigSi, vlindeba sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis doneze, samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis dros. kanonmdebels, cxadia, SeuZlia daadginos garkveuli gamonaklisi (SezRudva, gadaxveva) principidan, magram es man sagangebod unda daasabuTos, samoqalaqo procesSi ver SevxvdebiT iseT princips romlidanac ar iyos gakeTebuli gamonaklisebi (SezRudvebi), magram es SezRudvebi kanonmdeblobiT unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia TviTon daadginos SezRudvebi, gadauxvios principis moTxovnebs. procesis principebis mniSvneloba amiT ar amoiwureba. procesis principebi ganmtkicebulia samarTlebrivi normiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom am principebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis dros. konkretul samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis dros procesis principis ugulvebelyofa an darRveva (magaliTad, saqmis ganxlva daxurul sxdomaze, roca amis safuZveli ar arsebobda da ar iyo amis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos ganCineba), an gadawyvetilebis gamotana im mosamarTlis mier, romelic ar monawileobda saqmis ganxilvaSi, miCneuli unda iqnes, rogorc saproceso kanonmdeblobis arsebiTi darRveva, romelic iwvevs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas. amrigad, procesis principis meore mniSvneloba vlindeba samarTalSefardebiTi saqmianobis doneze: sasamarTlo valdebulia konkretul saqmeTa ganxilvis dros ganuxrelad daicvas saproceso samarTlebrivi principebis moTxovnebi. bolos, principebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens, rodesac sasamarTlo iZulebulia gamoiyenos samarTlis analogia. samarTlis analogiis gamoyenebis dros sasamarTlo gvevlineba aramarto rogorc samarTalSemfardebeli, aramed rogorc samarTalSemoqmedebiTi organo, romelic samarTlis zogad principebze dayrdnobiT ayalibebs qcevis wess konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis mizniT. principebis klasifikacia. iuridiul literaturaSi albaT ver vipoviT or avtors, romlebic erTnairad gansazRvraven principebis raodenobas: zogi asaxelebs xuTs, zogi eqvs, zogi rvas, xolo zogic sams, Tu sakiTxi exeba specifiur dargobriv da ara dargTaSoriso principebs28. 28

ix. В.М. Семенов. Конституционные принципы гражданского судопроизводства. М. 1982, стр. 110

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ar arsebobs agreTve principebis erTgvarovani klasifikacia. imis mixedviT Tu romeli kriteriumebiT (niSnebiT) xelmZRvaneloben klasifikaciac sxvadasxvanairia. magaliTad, Tu principebs davyofT imis mixedviT sadaa es principi Camoyalibebuli - romel sakanonmdeblo aqtSi, maSin principebi SeiZleba davyoT konstituciur da dargobriv principebad, e.i. principebad, romlebic Camoyalibebulia samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi. principebis am niSniT dajgufeba araviTar davas ar iwvevs. unda aRiniSnos mxolod is, rom aseTnairma dajgufebam ar Segviqmnas mcdari warmodgena. saqme isaa, rom principebis konstituciur da arakonstituciurad (dargobrivad) dayofa srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom arakonstituciuri principebi ufro dabali rangis principebia da, rom, es principebi SeiZleba arc ki ganvaxorcieloT. ra Tqma unda ara! mTavaria, rom principi kanonSi iyos asaxuli, kanoniT iyos ganmtkicebuli, xolo misi ganuxrelad gatarebis TvalsazrisiT aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu romel kanonSia igi asaxuli. ZiriTadi anu konstituciis da araZiriTadi kanonis yvela moTxovna erTnairad savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoni (konstitucia) - esaa baza Semdgomi sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisa imis sruli gaTvaliswinebiT, rom yvela kanoni unda Seesabamebodes konstitucias. rogorc avRniSneT, principebs ajgufeben imis mixedviT dargobrivia isini, Tu dargTaSorisi. marTlac, zogierTi principi magaliTad, saqmis ganxilvis sajaroba, uSvaloba, zepiroba da a.S. moqmedebs sisxlis procesSiac, magram aris principebi, romlebic mxolod samoqalaqo procesisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. bolos farTod gavrcelda Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad procesis principebi unda dajgufdes maTi daniSnulebis mixedviT, e.i. imis mixedviT, Tu ra rols asruleben principebi. amis Sesabamisad, Tu principi sasamarTlos organizaciis sakiTxebs exeba, aseTi principebi unda gavaerTianoT erT jgufad da vuwodoT maT marTlmsajulebis organizaciuli, an samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis organizaciuli principebi, xolo, Tu principi konkretuli saqmis ganxilvis dros sasamarTlosa da mxareTa saqmianobas awesrigebs, aseTi principebi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT da vuwodoT maT sasamarTlowarmoebis (samarTalwarmoebis) funqcionaluri principebi. principebis aseTi wesiT dajgufebas Cvenc mxars vuWerdiT29 da dResac viziarebT, radgan ufro gamokveTilia am principebis daniSnuleba da roli, romelsac isini asruleben samoqalaqo procesSi. mTel rig organizaciul principebs, rogoricaa magaliTad, sasamarTlosa da mosamarTlis damoukidebloba, sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba mxolod sasamarTlos mier, mosamarTlis mxolod kanonisadmi damorCileba da sxva Cven ukve ganvixileT am naSromis pirvel TavSi. aq Cven ganvixilavT mxolod im ZiriTad principebs, romlebic sasamarTlosa da mxareebis mier TavianTi funqciisa da Rosenberg /schwa / Gottwald, Zivilprozessrecht 15.Auflage. 1993. s. 422 T. liluaSvili. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. g-ba „mecniereba“, Tb. 1992 , gv.16

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uflebamosilebebis wess aregulireben da ris gamoc maT funqcionaluri principebi uwodes. aqve isic unda SevniSnoT, rom es principebi imavdroulad samarTalwarmoebis organizaciis ama Tu im aspeqtsac SeiZleba exebodes. I. dispoziciurobis principi adre moqmedi (1964 wlis) samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi ar Seicavda specialur muxls dispoziciurobis principis Sesaxeb, Tumca mxareebs miniWebuli hqondaT mTeli rigi uflebebisa, romlebic mxolod dispoziurobis principiT SeiZleboda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. magaliTad, mxareebs SeeZloT uari eTqva sarCelze, ecnoT (eRiarebinaT) sarCeli, an kidev, saqme daemTavrebiaT morigebiT. yovelive es dispoziciurobis gamovlinebaa, magram, amasTan erTad, 1964 wlis ssk Seicavda miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar miiRos mosarCelis mier sarCelze uarisTqma, mopasuxis mier sarCelis cnoba an ar daamtkicos mxareTa morigeba, Tu maTi aseTi moqmedeba ewinaaRmdegeba kanons, arRvevs visime uflebebs da kanonTi dacul interesebs (34-e muxli). sasamarTlos aseTi Carevas kerZo samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi imiT xsnidnen, rom sasamarTlos evaleba iyos aqtiuri da daadginos saqmeze obieqturi WeSmariteba, gamoitanos kanonieri da samarTliani gadawyvetileba. amaSi xedavdnen dispoziciurobis socialisturi principis Zireul gansxvavebas dispoziciurobis burJuaziuli 30 principisagan. faqtiurad es niSnavda mxareTa mier TavianTi materialuri da saproceso uflebebis Tavisuflad gankargvis Tu mTlianad ugulebelyofas ara, mis seriozulad da mniSvnelovnad SezRudvas. dispoziciurobis princips specialuri muxli eZRvneba amJamad moqmed samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi. am kodeqsis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, romelsac „dispoziciurobis principi“ ewodeba „mxareebi iwyeben saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi . sarCelis an gancxdebis Setanis gziT. isini gansazRvraven davis sagans da TviTonve iReben gadawyvetilebas sarCelis (gancxadebis) Setanis Sesaxeb. mxareebs SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba morigebiT daamTavron. mosarCeles SeuZlia uari Tqvas sarCelze, xolo mopasuxes - cnos sarCeli“. amrigad, dispoziciurobis principi samoqalaqo procesSi, romelic samoqalaqo materialuri samarTlis erT-erTi fundamenturi principis nebis avtonomiis sruli anareklia, niSnavs mxareTa Tavisuflebas gankargos TavianTi aramarto materialuri, aramed saproceso uflebebi. dispoziciurobis principzea agebuli samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba am principiTaa gamsWvaluli misi yoveli norma. ra konkretuli garemoebebiTaa ganpirobebuli am principis SemoReba samoqalaqo procesSi da rogoria misi Sinaarsi? arsebobs uflebis cnebis Sinaarsis sxvadasxvanairi ganmarteba, magram erT-erTi farTod aRiarebuli ganmarteba aseTia: ufleba - esaa kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SesaZlebeli (dasaSvebi) qcevis zoma. es imas niSnavs, rom pirs, romelsac aqvs esa Tu is ufleba, SeuZlia gamoiyenos 30

Советский гражжанский процесс. над под М.К. Треушникова. М. 1989. стр. 38.

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es ufleba, isargeblos am uflebiT, magram SeuZlia ar gamoiyenos igi. es agreTve imasac niSnavs, rom uflebis gamoyeneba araa valdebuleba. uflebis gamoyeneba rom valdebuleba iyos, maSin igi ufleba ki ara, valdebuleba iqneboda, romlis Seusruleblobas kanoni yovelTvis ukavSirebs garkveul Sedegs da romlis Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia saxelmwifos iZulebiTi ZaliT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT valdebuleba (uflebis sapirispirod) - aris piris savaldebulo qcevis zoma, romlis Sesruleba kanoniTaa garantirebuli. amrigad, samoqalaqo uflebis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom es ufleba misi mflobelis srul gankargulebaSia. amasTan, kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc qonebrivi, ise araqonebrivi sikeTe. samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisuflebas (sk me-7 da me-9 muxlebi). pirs (fizikurs, Tu iuridiuls) SeuZlia isargeblos am sikeTiT, gaasxvisos Tavisi ufleba, an saerTod uari Tqvas masze. nebis avtonomia, romelzec agebulia kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierToba, rogorc avRniSneT, Tavis uSvalo zegavlenas axdens samoqalaqo procesze. es zegavlena ZiriTadad SemdegSi vlindeba: 1. Tu pirs SeuZlia gankargos Tavisi materialur samarTlebrivi ufleba ise, rogorc es mas miaCnia mizanSewonilad, maSin mas SeuZlia iTminos an ar iTminos am uflebis darRveva sxva piris mier. es imas niSnavs, rom aravis ar aqvs ufleba aiZulos piri, raTa man miiRos zomebi Tavisi darRveuli (sadavo) uflebis dasacavad. am mdgomareobiTaa ganpirobebuli ssk me-2 muxlis danawesi, romlis Tanaxmad „saqmis ganxilvas sasamarTlo Seudgeba im piris gancxadebiT, romelic mimarTavs mas Tavisi uflebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli interesebis dasacavad“. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi iwyeben mxareebi (ssk me-3 muxli). magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT da moiTxova mopasuxe b-anisagan zianis anazRaureba g-anis sasargeblod 5000 laris odenobiT, rac man miayena misi axlo naTesavis g-anis qonebas. sasamarTlom daakmayofila sarCeli. mopasuxe b-anim gaasaCivra es gadawyvetileba im safuZvliT, rom ssk me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad „mxareebi TviTon iReben gadawyvetilebas sarCelis (gancxadebis) Setanis Sesaxeb“. dazaralebul mxares g-anis TviTon ar Semoutania sarCeli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb da ar mouTxovia mopasuxe banisagan misi anazRaureba. mosarCele a-ni arc dazaralebulia da mas arc hqonda uflebamosileba sxvisi uflebis dasacavad aReZra sarCeli. amitom, sasamarTlos ar unda mieRo es sarCeli da ar unda ganexila igi. saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gadawyvetileba ssk me-3 muxliT damkvidrebuli dispoziciurobis principis darRvevis gamo. mxareebs SeuZliaT miandon saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi sxva pirebs, kerZod warmomadgenlebs (advokatebs), magram es am SemTxvevaSi arafers ar niSnavs. ssk-si iTvaliswinebs mxaris saproceso uflebas awarmoos saqme sasamarTloSi piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, 55

warmomadgeneli am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs am uflebis matarebeli piris (marwmuneblis) nebis safuZvelze, romlis dasacavadac mimarTes sasamarTlos. 2. pirs SeuZlia uflebis damrRvevisagan moiTxovos anazRaureba im zomiT da odenobiT, ramdensac TviTon CaTvlis saWirod da mizanSewonilad. am principidan gamomdinare saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs Semdeg danawess: darRveuli uflebis subieqtebi TviTonve „gansazRvraven davis sagans“, anu moTxovnis Sinaarss (ssk me-3 muxli). isini valdebulia miuTiTon TavianT sarCelSi (gancxadebaSi) imaze, Tu ra moTxovnas ayeneben mopasuxis mimarT, anu ras moiTxoven mopasuxisagan (ssk 178-e muxli). mosarCeles eZleva agreTve ufleba Secvalos sarCelis safuZveli an sagani, e.i. moTxovnis xasiaTi da Sinaarsi, gaadidos an Seamciros moTxovnis odenoba (ssk 83-e muxli) gacilebiT ufro meti kategoriulobiT gamoirCeva ssk 248-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs miakuTvnos Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT mxares is, rac mas ar uTxovia, an imaze meti vidre is moiTxovda“. magaliTad: g-anim mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT b-anis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova misgan zianis anazRaureba 10 000 laris odenobiT, rac gamowveuli iyo misi qonebis dazianebiT mopasuxis mier. mopasuxis SuamdgomlobiT sasamarTlom daniSna eqspertiza miyenebuli zianis namdvili odenobis (fulad gamoxatulebaSi) gansazRvrisaTvis. eqspertma sasamarTlos warudgina daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom miyenebuli ziani Seadgens imaze mets, vidre amas moiTxovs mosarCele, kerZod 15000 lars. sasamarTlo daeyrdno eqspertis daskvnas da gamoitana gadawyvetileba, romliTac mopasuxes daakisra 15 000 laris gadaxda mosarCelisaTvis. mopasuxem am gadawyvetilebaze Seitana saapelacio saCivari, romelic daasabuTa imiT, rom sasamarTlos ufleba ar hqonda miekuTvnebia mosarCelisaTvis imaze meti, vidre igi moiTxovda, miT umetes, mas ar gaudidebia Tavisi sasarCelo moTxovna. saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba da ssk me-3 da 248-e muxlebze dayrdnobiT gamoitana axali gadawyvetileba, romliTac daakisra mopasuxes 10000 laris gadaxda mosarCelis sasargeblod. magram, SeeZlo Tu ara sasamarTlos miekuTvnebia mosarCelisaTvis imaze naklebi, vidre igi moiTxovda? ra Tqma unda SeeZlo, Tu eqspertis daskvniT an saqmeSi arsebuli sxva mtkicebulebebiT dadasturdeboda, rom zianis odenoba ganisazRvreba ara 10 000 lariT, aramed, vTqvaT 5000 lariT. 3. nebis avtonomiis Sinaarsi da, aqedan gamomdinare, garigebis Tavisufleba materialur samarTalSi, moicavs piris srul SesaZlebloabs dados nebismieri garigeba. „garigeba aris calmxrivi, ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlena, romelic mimarTulia 56

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken“ (ssk 50-e muxli). Tu garigeba nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegia da pirs SeuZlia dados nebismieri kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli garigebebi, maSin es SesaZlebloba mas ar SeiZleba waerTvas mis mier aRZruli sarCelis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis drosac. aqedan gamomdinareobs saproceso kanonmdeblobis danawesi, romlis Tanaxmad mosarCeles, romelmac garkveuli moTxovna wauyena mopasuxes, SeuZlia SeuTanxmdes (mourigdes) mas. modave mxareTa morigeba saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis procesSi, romelic gulisxmobs am mxareTa nebas urTierTdaTmobis gziT miaRwion SeTanxmebas, imavdroulad warmoadgens sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis safuZvels (dawvrilebiT ix. gv....). 4. nebis avtonomiidan gamomdinareobs mxareTa sruli Tavisufleba mosarCelem uari Tqvas Tavis sasarCelo moTxovnaze, xolo mopasuxem cnos (aRiaros) sarCeli (ssk me-3 muxli). mosarCelis mier sarCelze uarisTqmas ukavSirdeba seriozuli saproceso samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, kerZod saqmis warmoebis Sewyveta (ssk 272-e muxli). sarCelze uarisTqma - esaa materialur samarTlebrivi gankargvis aqti saproceso samarTlebrivi SedegiT. mopasuxis mier sarCelis cnoba agreTve uflebis gankargvis aqtia, romelsac ukavSirdeba saproceso Sedegi - sarCelis dakmayofileba. 5. dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinareobs agreTve mxareTa saproceso ufleba gaasaCivron sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi an Seurigdnen am gadawyvetilebas, cnon igi, moiTxovon misi aRsruleba an uari Tqvan mis aRsrulebaze da a.S. amasTan erTad, unda aRiniSnos, rom dispoziciurobis princips aqvs sazRvrebi: is risi uflebac mxares ar aqvs procesis gareT, procesis farglebs iqeT, mas aseTi ufleba ar SeiZleba hqondes sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvis drosac. magaliTad: bankma „kreditma“ aRZra sarCeli s-Zis winaaRmdeg, romelmac ar daubruna banks aRebuli sesxi 50000 laris odenobiT da moiTxova ipoTekiT datvirTuli saxlis iZulebiT gayidva auqcionze da am saxlidan mopasuxisa, misi meuRlis da ojaxis sxva wevrebis gamosaxleba mopasuxe s-Zem cno sarCeli. sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba sarCelis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb. mopasuxis meuRlem gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba im safuZvliT, rom jer - erTi, is ar iyo Cabmuli procesSi rogorc Tanamopasuxe da meorec, mopauxe sZes ar hqonda mTeli saxlis ipoTekiT datvirTvis ufleba misi winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe, radgan am saxlis naxevari, rogorc qorwinebis dros SeZenili, ekuTvnis piradad mas. aqedan gamomdinare. mopasuxes ar hqonda agreTve ufleba ecno sarCeli mTlianad, radgan mas ar SeuZlia gankargos ufleba, romelic mas ar ekuTvnis. 57

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi wamoiWra agreTve sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb SeuZlia Tu ara sazogadoebis (sawarmos) direqtors (partniors) cnos nebismieri sarCeli. direqtori, rogorc cnobilia uflebamosilia sazogadoebis saxeliT miiRos monawileoba sasamarTlo procesSi specialuri rwmunebulebis gareSe. amasTan erTad, mTeli rigi moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis direqtorebs (sasamarTlo procesebis gareSe) WirdebaT sameTvalyureo sabWos an saerTo krebis Tanxmoba. magaliTad, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 55-9-e muxlis Tanaxmad mxolod sameTvalyureo sabWos TanxmobiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sawarmoTa 50%-ze meti wilis SeZena da gasxviseba, uZravi qonebis SeZena, gasxviseba, datvirTva an ijariT gacema, agreTve warmoebis ijariT gacema an misi saqmianobis Sewyveta da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu sasamarTloSi mimdinareobs dava, vTqvaT, saaqcio sazogadoebis kuTvnili ama Tu im uZravi qonebis (nagebobis, miwis nakveTis) ijaris Sesaxeb, direqtors, romelic warmoadgens sazogadoebas sasamarTloSi, ar SeuZlia cnos ijaris xelSekrulebis arseboba, Tu mas ar gaaCnia specialuri uflebamosileba amis Taobaze sameTvalyureo sabWos mxridan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, direqtorebs an kanoniT an wesdebiT warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil sxva pirs (partniors) ufleba aqvs Seasrulos nebismieri saproceso moqmedeba yovelgvari specialuri uflebamosilebis gareSe, magram is, risi uflebac mas ar aqvs sazogadoebis ama Tu im organos winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe, mas es ufleba ar SeiZleba hqondes sasamarTlo proceszec, Tu amisaTvis mas ar gaaCnia am organos specialuri uflebamosileba. sxvisi uflebis, maT Soris saerTo uflebis, agreTve iseTi uflebis gankargvis akrZalva, risTvisac sxva piris an organos Tanxmobaa saWiro, ar niSnavs dispoziciurobis principis SezRudvas. dispoziciurobis principi samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi esaa samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli da garantirebuli mxareTa SesaZlebloba Tavisuflad isargeblon an gankargon TavianTi materialuri da saproceso uflebebiT. II. SejibrebiTobis principi 1. SejibrebiTobisa da samZebro principebis Tanafardoba bolo dromde, ufro zustad saqarTvelos axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis miRebamde saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi gabatonebuli iyo samZebro (inkviziciuri) principi. am principze iyo agebuli saqarTvelos 1922 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, saqarTvelos 1932 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi da saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi. samZebro princips upirispirdeba SejibrebiTobis principi. amitom, dRes moqmedi kodeqsis proeqtze muSaobis dros Cvens winaSe mTeli simZafriT idga sakiTxi: SevinarCunoT samZebro principi da masze avagoT axali saproceso kodeqsi, Tu uari vTqvaT am principze da procesi avagoT SejibrebiTobaze. arCevanis gakeTeba ar iyo CvenTvis Zneli, radgan SegveZlo Zalian farTo sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi, praqtikisa, romelic samZebro principze agebul samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis gamoyenebas emyareboda. 58

1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi ki aseT moTxovnas Seicavda: „sasamarTlo movalea ar dasjerdes warmodgenil masalebs da axsna-ganmartebebs da miiRos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela zoma, raTa yovelmxriv, srulad da obieqturad gamoarkvios saqmis namdvili garemoebani da mxareTa ufleba-movaleobani“ (me-11 muxli). amave kodeqsis 52-e muxlis Tanaxmad „Tu warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi sakmarisi ar aris, sasamarTlo mxareebs da saqmeSi monawile sxva pirebs winadadebas aZlevs warmoadginon damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi an krebs maT Tavisi iniciativiT“. am principis moqmedebis pirobebSi gamoikveTa rigi uaryofiTi tendeciebisa, romelTa Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT Semdegi: a) Zalian Sesustda mxareTa aqtivoba: isini didad aRar zrunavden im faqtebis srulad da amomwuravad miTiTebaze, romlebic asabuTeben maT moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels („sul erTia am faqtebis zusti da sruli gansazRvra sasamarTlos evaleba“). isini ar iCenden aqtiurobas mtkicebulebaTa moZiebasa da sasamarTlosaTvis wardgenaze („sulerTia sasamarTlos evaleba maTi moZieba da Segroveba“); b) saqmis ganxilvis uzomod gaWianureba, radgan sasamarTlo ver umklavdeboda misTvis ukiduresad mZime movaleobis Sesrulebas moeZia, gamoeTxova da Seemowmebia mtkicebulebebi. SemTxveviTi ar iyo amitom sakanonmdeblo winadadebis wamoyeneba, romelsac yavda mxardamWerebi da romelic moiTxovda samoqalaqo procesSi winaswari gamoZiebis msgavsi organos Seqmnas; g) sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa xSiri gauqmeba zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebis mier im motiviT, rom sasamarTlom ver daadgina saqmeze obieqturi WeSmariteba.31 saqmeze mxareTa namdvili uflebebisa da movaleobebis daudgenlobis mizezad saxeldeboda is, rom sasamarTlom ar moiZia da ar gamoiTxova mtkicebulebebi, ar gansazRvra gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebis wre (mtkicebis sagani), saqme ganixila erT-erTi mxaris dauswreblad da a.S. faqtiurad marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba damokidebuli iyo arakeTilsindisieri mxaris nebasurvilze: Tu igi inebebda da gamocxaddeboda, sasamarTlo ganixilavda saqmes da gamoitanda gadawyvetilebas, Tu arada sasamarTlo ver gadawyvetda saqmes, xolo Tu bolos da bolos mainc ganixilavda da gamoitanda gadawyvetilebas, mas rogorc wesi, aucileblad gaauqmebda zemdgomi sasamarTlo. saWiro iyo am uaRresad arasasurveli da maxinji praqtikidan Tavis daRweva. es ki SesaZlebeli iqneboda Tu samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobas avagebdiT SejibrebiTobis sawyisebze, samZebro principis winaswar zustad gansazRvruli elementebis SezavebiT. maSasadame, ara samZebro principi SejibrebiTobis SezavebiT, aramed SejibrebiTobis principi samZebro elementebis SezavebiT.32 asec moviqeciT. 31

samZebro principis moqmedebis pirobebSi arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi dawvrilebiT gaSuqebulia: T.liluaSvili. „samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos ssr sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi“. krebuli „sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTlisa da procesis aqtualuri sakiTxebi“, Tb. g-ba „mecniereba“ 1977 w. gv. 104-127. 32 cnobili germaneli procesualistebi l.rozenbergi, r.Svabi da goTvaldi aRniSnaven, rom SejibrebiTobis principi araa iseTi dogma, romlis darRveva ar SeiZlebodes. mxareebs SeiZleba aRmouCinos daxmareba sasamarTlom saqmis garemoebebis gasarkvevad saWiro mtkicebulebaTa wardgenaSi. Rosenberg, schwa Gottwald, Zivilprozessrecht, 1993. s. 123

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2. SejibrebiTobis principis Sinaarsi SejibrebiTobis principi, mxareTa Tanasworobis principTan erTad damkvidrebulia saqarTvelos konstituciiT, risi wyalobiTac am principma saxelmwifoebriv samarTlebrivi, anu konstituciuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. konstituciis 85-e muxlis me-3 nawils Tanaxmad „samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeba mxareTa Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze“. konstituciiT damkvidrebuli am principis dakonkretebas warmoadgens ssk me-4 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad „samarTalwarmoeba mimdinareobs SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze. mxareebi sargebloben Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT, daasabuTon TavianTi moTxovnebi, uaryon an gaaqarwylon meore mxaris mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi, mosazrebebi Tu mtkicebulebebi. mxareebi TviTonve gansazRvraven, Tu romeli faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs an romeli mtkicebulebebiT unda iqnes dadasturebuli es faqtebi“ SejibrebiTobis principma Tavisi asaxva hpova ssk-is mTel rig sxva normebSi. SejibrebiTobis principis Sinaarsis garkveva SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod am muxlebis analizis safuZvelze. am muxlebis analizi ki safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi: 1. SejibrebiTobis principi moicavs mxareTa saqmianobas mxolod saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebisa da mtkicebulebebis sferoSi. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilvas (samoqalaqo process) iwyebs mxolod dainteresebuli piris moTxovniT, an, rom sasamarTlo ar unda gascdes mxareTa moTxovnis farglebs da a.S. ganekuTvneba ara SejibrebiTobis, aramed dispoziciurobis principis sferos. 2. mxareTa moTxovnebis Tu Sesageblis faqtobrivi (da ara iuridiuli) dasabuTeba (gamarTleba) ekisrebaT TviTon mxareebs. 3. mxareebma TviTon unda gansazRvron Tu romeli faqtebi daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs (Sesagebels). amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli agreTve ssk 178-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad sarCelSi aRniSnuli unda iyos „garemoebebi, romlebzec mosarCele amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebs“, agreTve ssk 201-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad Tu mopasuxe sarCels ar cnobs man unda miuTiTos „ra konkretul garemoebebs emyareba misi Sesagebeli sarCelis winaaRmdeg“. 4. mxareebma TviTon unda miuTiTon mtkicebulebebze, romelTa safuZvelze unda damtkicdes (dadasturdes) maT mier TavianTi moTxovnis (Sesageblis) dasabuTebis mizniT miTiTebuli faqtebi. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 178-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad sarCelSi aRniSnuli unda iyos „mtkicebulebani, romlebic adastureben am garemoebebs“ (e.i. mosarCelis mier sarCelSi miTiTebul garemoebebs), agreTve, ssk 201-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad mopasuxem Tavis pasuxSi (SesagebelSi) unda miuTiTos „ra mtkicebulebebiT SeiZleba damtkicdes es garemoebebi“, (e.i. mopasuxis mier Tavis SesagebelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi). koncetrirebulad SejibrebiTobis principi gamoxatulia ssk 102-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad „TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos 60

garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels“. SejibrebaSi gamarjvebulad gamocxaddeba mxare, romelmac ukeT SeZlo daerwmunebia sasamarTlo Tavisi moTxovnis (Sesageblis) faqtobriv dasabuTebulobaSi, anu mxare, romelmac miuTiTa faqtebze, romlebic iuridiulad amarTleben moTxovnas (Sesagebels) da warmoudgina sasamarTlos mtkicebulebebi, romlebic adastureben am faqtebs. 3. sasamarTlos iniciativisa da aqtiurobis farglebi ra roli SeuZlia Seasrulos sasamarTlom mxareTa Sejibrebis procesSi? faqtiurad esaa sakiTxi, Tu ra zomiTaa gamoyenebuli samZebro principis elemlentebi Cvens samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi. ssk me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad „saqmis garemoebaTa gasarkvevad sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT mimarTos am kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebebs“. ra Sinaarsis SeiZleba iyos es RonisZiebebi? 1. pirvel rigSi mizanSewonilia SevexoT sakiTxs mtkicebis sagnis anu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis wris zustad da srulad gansazRvris Sesaxeb. rogorc ukve avRniSneT mtkicebis sagans, anu im faqtebis wres, romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis, gansazRvraven TviTon mxareebi (ssk me-4 muxli). es imas niSnavs, rom mxolod faqtebi, romlebzec miuTiTeben mxareebi, SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos gadawyvetilebas. ibadeba kiTxva: SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos Tavisi iniciativiT Seitanos mtkicebis saganSi da safuZvlad daedos gadawyvetilebas faqtebi, romlebzec mxareebi ar miuTiTeben? ara, ar SeuZlia!@ sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxolod mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmenis dros, rac SeiZleba moxdes mosamzadebel sxdomaze (ssk 205-e muxli) an mTavar sxdomaze (ssk 218-e muxli), SekiTxvebis micemis saSualebiT kidev erTxel daazustos faqtiuri garemoebebi, romlebsac emyareba mxareTa moTxovna (Sesagebeli). amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 128-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs SekiTxvebi misces mxareebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis srulad da zustad gansazRvras“. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom, Tu mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebi iuridiulad ver asabuTeben maT moTxovnebs da, maSasadame, ar aqvT raime mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis sasamarTlos SeuZlia Sesabamisi ganmarteba misces mxareebs amis Taobaze, romlebmac TviTon unda SeZlon Sesabamis faqtebze miTiTeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sagulisxmoa ssk 219-e muxlis danawesi imis Sesaxeb, rom „mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmenis dros maT SeuZliaT wamoayenon axali mosazrebebi da miuTiTon axal garemoebebze“. amrigad, faqtebze TviTon mxareebma unda miuTiTon. sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxolod mxareTa gamokiTxvisa da SekiTxvebis micemis gziT xeli Seuwyos gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis srulad da zustad gansazRvras. 61

magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova misgan sesxis saxiT micemuli valis 10 000 laris dabruneba. mopasuxem (b-anim) ar cno sarCeli da Tavis werilobiT SesagebelSi da mosamzadebel sxdomaze micemul zepir axsna-ganmartebaSi miuTiTa, rom es vali gasturmebulia mis mier mosarCelis SekveTiT sxvadasxva xasiaTis samuSaoebis SesrulebiT. sasamarTlom uari uTxra mosarCeles sarCelze im motiviT, rom gasulia sk 129-e muxliT dadgenili moTxovnis xandazmulobis vada. mosarCelem gaasaCivra es gadawyvetileba im motiviT, rom sasamarTlom daarRvia SejibrebiTobis principi, radgan gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad daudo faqti, romelzec ar miuTiTebia mopasuxes da romelzec ar umsjelia mxareebs. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom am SemTxvevaSi marTlac darRveulia SejibrebiTobis principi. am TvalsazrisiT radikalurad gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvis dros. ssk 354-e muxlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT gansazRvros dasadgen garemoebaTa wre da mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis Semdeg TviTon gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi, romlebzec mxareebs ar miuTiTebiaT“. is. rac dasaSvebia saojaxo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan warmoSobili saqmeebis ganxilvisas, dauSvebelia sxva kategoriis samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvisas. 2. gacilebiT ufro aqtiur rols asrulebs sasamarTlo mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebis procesSi. aq kvlav unda gavixsenoT ssk me-4 muxlis me-2 nawili, romlis Tanaxmad saqmis garemoebaTa gasarkvevad sasamarTlos SeuZlia „Tavisi iniciativiT mimarTos am kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebebs“. es uaRresad mniSvnelovani debuleba, romelic amkvidrebs or mTavar ideas: a) saqmis garemoebaTa, anu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani garemoebebis (mtkicebis sagnis) gasarkvevad sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoiCinos iniciativa; b) sasamarTlos iniciativis farglebi ar SeiZleba iyos ganusazRvreli, rasac SeuZlia gamoiwvios SejibrebiTobis principis aramarTlzomieri SezRudva an darRveva. sasamarTlos iniciativis farglebi gansazRvrulia kanoniT, rac uzrunvelyofs SejibrebiTobis principis, misi mdidari Sinaarsis srulyofilad realizacias. rogoria sasamarTlos iniciativis kanoniT gansazRvruli farglebi? pirveli Tu sasamarTlos SexedulebiT mxareTa mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi arasakmarisia an ver pasuxoben mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobis Tu dasaSvebobis moTxovnebs (ix. gv.......), sasamarTlos SeuZlia SesTavazos mxareebs warmoadginon damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi (ssk 103-e muxli) . meore - mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlos warudgenen mxareebi, magram Tu maT, ama Tu im mizezis gamo ver SeZles saWiro mtkicebulebaTa piradad miReba da maTi sasamarTloSi wardgena imis gamo, rom piri, romelmac es mtkicebuleba unda gasces, uars ambobs mxarisaTvis mis gadacemaze, maSin am mxaris SuamdgomlobiT sasamarTlos SeuZlia TviTon 62

gamoiTxovos es mtkicebuleba am pirisagan ssk-iT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 134-e, 136-e, 154-e, 156-e da 203-e muxlebi). mesame - sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT moaxdinos adgilze daTvaliereba im werilobiTi, Tu nivTieri mtkicebulebebisa, romelTa sasamarTloSi wardgena maTi moculobis Tu odenobis gamo Znelia an SeuZlebelia (ix. gv....) meoTxe - sasamarTlos SeuZlia saqmis momzadebis wesiT an saqmis zepiri ganxilvis dros Tavisi iniciativiT daniSnos eqspertiza, Tu saWiro saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone iseTi garemoebis dadgena, romelic specialur codnas moiTxovs (ssk 162-e, 203-e muxlebi). aseTia mxareTa SejibrebaSi sasamarTlos iniciativisa da misi aqtiuri rolis farglebi, romlebic gansazRvrulia kanoniT, ris gamoc uzrunvelyofilia SejibrebiTobis mtkiced da ganuxrelad gatareba, misi darRvevis Tavidan acileba. III. mxareTa Tanasworobis principi rogorc avRniSneT, es principi, SejibrebiTobis principTan erTad aRiarebulia konstituciis 85-e muxliT. es araa SemTxveviTi: mxareTa namdvili Sejibreba realurad SeuZlebeli iqneboda rom ar iyos am SejibrebaSi monawile mxareebi Tanasworni. ras niSnavs mxareTa Tanasworoba samoqalaqo procesSi? mxareTa procesualuri Tanasworobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi niSnebi da mimarTulebani Camoyalibebulia ssk me-4 muxlSi romlis Tanaxmad „mxareebi sargebloben Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT daasabuTon TavianTi moTxovnebi, uaryon an gaaqarwylon meore mxaris mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi, mosazrebebi Tu mtkicebulebebi“. mxareTa procesualuri Tanasworobis principiTaa gamsWvaluli saproceso kanonmdeblobis TiTqmis yoveli norma dawyebuli saqmis momzadebis stadiiT da damTavrebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT da misi gasaCivrebiT. magaliTad, sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg sasamarTlo (mosamarTle) valdebulia gadaugzavnos mopasuxes am sarCelisa da masze darTuli dokumentis aslebi. mopasuxes Tavis mxriv SeuZlia cnos sarCeli, an ar cnos, magram Tu ar cnobs - unda warmoudginos sasamarTlos werilobiTi formiT Sedgenili pasuxi sarCelze da masze TandarTul sabuTebze. am werilobiT pasuxSi manve unda acnobos sasamarTlos Tu ra saproceso saSualebebiT apirebs mosarCelisagan Tavis dacvas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs mosarCelis Tavdasxmisagan, anu sarCelisagan, mopasuxis Tavdacvis iseT saSualebebs, rogoricaa Sesagebeli da Segebebuli sarCeli (ix. gv........) ise, rogorc mosarCeles, mopasuxes sruli ufleba aqvs aramarto gamoTqvas Tavisi mosazrebebi mosarCelis mier warmodgenili faqtebis uarsayofad, aramed warmoudginos sasamarTlos faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic amarTleben mis Sesagebels, aqarwyleben mosarCelis mier warmodgenil mtkicebulebebs, adastureben am mtkicebulebebis siyalbes an arasarwmunobas da a.S. araTanabar mdgomareobaSi ayenebs sasamarTlo mxareebs rodesac mopasuxe mis winaaRmdeg aRZruli sarCelis Sesaxeb igebs mxolod 63

sasamarTlo uwyebiT, romliTac mas atyobineben sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis Sesaxeb. magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom ar gaugzavna banis am sarCelisa da masze darTuli dokumentebis aslebi da ar gamoiTxova misgan werilobiTi Sesagebeli, mopasuxes ar Seatyobina agreTve mosamzadebeli sxdomis Sesaxeb. daniSna mTavari sxdoma, romelzec gamocxadda mopasuxe, magram man moiTxova sxdomis sxva droisaTvis gadadeba, raTa gaecnos saqmis masalebs, aiyvanos warmomadgeneli, warmoadginos Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi da, saerTod, moemzados sarCelisagan TavdacvisaTvis. mxareTa Tanasworobis principi irRveva im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac sasamarTlo uars eubneba mxares miiRos misgan mtkicebuleba, romelic mimarTulia mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebis utyuarobis gaqarwylebisaken im motiviT, rom am mtkicebulebebs afasebs sasamarTlo Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. es marTlac asea, magram es ar arTmevs uflebas mxares warmoudginos sasamarTlos mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebis siyalbis Tu arasarwmunobis damadasturebeli mtkicebuleba, romelic agreTve unda Sefasdes sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmeniT.33 mxareebs aqvT erTnairi ufleba gaasaCivron sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi da ganCinebebi, maT agreTve ufleba aqvT uari Tqvan gasaCivrebaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom mxareTa saproceso Tanasworobis principi gamokveTilia wesSi, romlis Tanaxmad Tu erTerTma mxarem uari Tqva gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebaze, magram mowinaaRmdege mxarem gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba, maSin mxares, romelmac uari Tqva gasaCivrebaze, SeuZlia miuxedavad amisa, gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba. rogorc avRniSneT, mxareTa saproceso Tanasworobis principiT gamsWvalulia procesis TiTqmis yvela instituti da norma. amitom, am principis detaluri gaSuqeba moiTxovs yvela am normisa da institutis analizs, rasac eZRvneba am wignis momdevno Tavebi. aq mxolod avRniSnavT imas, rom Tanasworobis procesualuri principi organuladaa dakavSirebuli SejibrebiTobis principTan, romlis srulad, Tanmimdevrulad da samarTlianad gatareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda mxareTa Tanasworobis gareSe. sasamarTlo ver gamoitans gadawyvetilebas Tu man ar mousmina orive dapirispirebul mxares an ar misca maT SesaZlebloba gamoiyenon saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela ufleba da meqanizmebi TavianTi poziciis gasamarTleblad, TavianTi uflebebis dasacavad. aRsaniSnavia, rom ssk 394-e muxlis „b“ punqtis Tanaxmad saqmis ganxilva erT-erTi mxaris dauswreblad, romelsac ar miuRia 33

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtiT damkvidrebuli samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba moicavs „Tanaswor (Tanabar) saSualebTa“ principsac anu mxareTa Tanasworobas procesualuri TvalsazrisiT. am principis darRveva dafiqsirda saqmeebSi, rodesac erT-erT mxares uari eTqva saqmis masalebis gacnobaze, uari eTqva sasamarTlos mier warmodgenil mtkicebulebaTa ganxilvaze, rodesac sasamarTloebma ganixiles mxolod erTi mxaris mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi da a.S. ix. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mokle megzuri. Tbilisi 2000 w. gv. 65-67.

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Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT - warmoadgens sakasacio saCivris absolutur safuZvels (gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis udavo safuZvels). IV. saqmis ganxilvis daCqarebisa da procesualuri ekonomiis principebi 1. saqmis ganxilvis daCqareba am saxelmZRvanelos VII TavSi ganxilulia drois faqtoris mniSvneloba samarTalSi saerTod da samoqalaqo procesSi kerZod, avRniSneT, rom saproceso vada - esaa drois garkveuli monakveTi, romlis ganmavlobaSi unda Sesruldes esa Tu is saproceso moqmedeba. avRniSneT isic, rom drois faqtoris anu vadebis mniSvneloba samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi uSvalod ukavSirdeba samoqalaqo saqmeTa sasamarTlo warmoebis miznebsa da amocanebs. saqmis ganxilvis vadebs gansazRvras yvela qveynis kanonmdebloba, magram am vadebis gansazRvrisas gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva meTodi. zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba mimarTavs saqmis ganxilvis dReebis, kvireebiT an TveebiT gansazRvris meTods da uSvalod kanonSia miTiTebuli Tu ramden dReSi, kviraSi Tu TveSi unda iqnes gadawyvetili saqme. magaliTad, saqarTvelos ssk 59-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saqmeebs sasamarTloebi ganixilaven gancxadebis miRebis dRidan araugvianes ori Tvisa, xolo gansakuTrebiT rTuli kategoriis saqmeebze es vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes araumetes 5 Tvisa. amasTan erTad, mTeli rigi qveynebis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsebi (magaliTad, germaniis da avstriis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsebi), Tumca Seicaven saproceso moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis vadebs, magram ar Seicaven saqmis ganxilvis vadebs. niSnavs Tu ara yovelive es imas, rom im qveynebSi sadac araa kanoniT gansazRvruli, Tu ra vadaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli saqme, am saqmis ganxilva SeiZleba dausruleblad gagrZeldes? am kiTxvaze uaryofiTad unda vupasuxoT: iq sadac kanoni ar Seicavs saqmeTa ganxilvis konkretul vadebs, saqmeebi ganxiluli unda iqnan gonivrul vadebSi. amis Sesaxeb araerTgzis iyo miTiTebuli evropis sabWos konvenciebSi da rekomendaciebSi. magaliTad, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad „yvelas aqvs miniWebuli ufleba Tavisi saqmis samarTliani da sajaro ganxilvisa gonivrul vadaSi“ amave, evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wels damtkicebul rekomendaciis #R(94)12 mixedviT „kanonma unda gansazRvros Sesabamisi procedura imis uzrunvelsayofad rom, sul mcire, daculi iqnes konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul saTanado proceduris moTxovnebi, magaliTad saqme ganxiluli unda iqnes gonivrul vadaSi“34. rogorc vxedavT, iq sadac kanoniT araa gansazRvruli saqmeTa ganxilvis kalendaruli vadebi, unda ixelmZRvanelon „gonivruli vadebiT“. Cveni qveynisaTvis aseT gonivrul vadas Seadgens 2 Tve, xolo rTul saqmeebze es vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes 5 Tvemde. saqarTvelos samoqalaTqo saproceso kanonmdebloba ara marto gansazRvravs saqmeTa ganxilvis vadebs, aramed qmnis saqmis ganxilvis 34

ix. „mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi“. Tb. 2001 weli, gv. 15

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iseT models, ayalibebs samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis iseT wesebsa da meqanizmebs, romlebmac, im pirobiT, Tu isini sworad iqnebian gagebuli da gamoyenebuli, unda uzrunvelyon saqmeTa droulad, e.i. kanoniT gansazRvrul vadebSi ganxilva da gadawyveta. saqmis ganxilvis daCqarebisa da saproceso ekonomiis principis moqmedeba iwyeba jer kidev sarCelis (gancxadebis) warmoebaSi miRebis momentidan. kerZod, Tu Semotanil sarCels aqvs xarvezi, sasamarTlom uari ki ar unda Tqvas mis miRebaze, aramed unda misces dro (dauniSnos vada) mosarCeles gamoasworos xarvezi. Tu am droSi xarvezi ar iqneba gamosworebuli, sasamarTlos mxolod amis Semdeg SeuZlia datovos sarCeli umoZraod da daubrunos igi mosarCeles (ssk me-185-e muxli). saqmeTa droulad, anu kanoniT dadgenil vadebSi ganxilvas emsaxureba saqmis winaswari momzadebis instituti. kerZod, sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebisTanave mosamarTlem am sarCelis asli da masze TandarTuli sabuTis aslebi unda gadaugzavnos mopasuxes da dauniSnos mas vada am sarCelze misi pasuxis (Sesageblis) werilobiTi formiT warmodgenisaTvis (ssk 201-e muxli). am moqmedebis mopasuxis mier daniSnul vadaSi Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia ssk 206-e muxliT, romlis mixedviT, Tu igi ar Seasrulebs sasamarTlos mier miTiTebul moqmedebas da ar warudgens mas werilobiT gaformebul Sesagebels, mas erTmeva ufleba Seasrulos aseTi moqmedeba am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros (dawvrilebiT ix. gv...) saqmis winaswari momzadebis stadiaze unda Sesruldes iseTi saproceso moqmedebebi, rogoricaa Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvra, mtkicebulebebis warmodgena, adgilze daTvaliereba, mesame pirebis saqmeSi Cabma, eqspertizis daniSvna da a.S. saqmis droulad ganxilvas emsaxureba vadebi, romlebic mxareTa mier saproceso moqmedebis SesrulebisTvisaa gaTaliswinebuli. magaliTad, Tu saqmis sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis dros mxare aRZravs sxvadasxva xasiaTis Suamdgomlobebs, rogoricaa mowmeTa gamoZaxeba, sxva mtkicebulebebis warmodgena, Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvra, saqmeSi mesame pirebis CarTva da a.S. sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari uTxras mas am Suamdgomlobebis dakmafoilebaze Tu isini „sapatio mizeziT ar iyo aRZruli sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis saqmis momzadebis stadiaze“ (ssk 215-e muxli). mosarCeles ufleba aqvs Secvalos sarCelis sagani an safuZveli, magram Tu aseTi Secvlis sakiTxi man daayena saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis dros, maSin aseTi SecvlisaTvis saWiroa mopasuxis Tanxmoba. (ssk 83-e muxlis me-3 naw.) saqmis droulad ganxilvas emsaxureba ssk 380-e muxliT dadgenili wesi, romlis Tanaxmad saapelacio sasamarTloSi SeiZleba moyvanil iqnes axali faqtebi da wardgenil iqnes axali mtkicebulebebi, magram saapelacio sasamarTlo ar miiRebs maT, Tu mxares SeeZlo waredgina isini jer kidev pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi da „Tu maTi ganxilva xels SeuSlis saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmis droulad ganxilvas“. procesis daCqarebisa da saqmis droulad (swrafad) ganxilvis principi Tavis konkretul gamoxatulebas poulobs agreTve im araxelsayrel SedegebSi, romlebic emuqrebaT mxareebs ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis kanoniT an sasamarTlos mier gansazRvrul vadebSi SeusruleblobisaTvis. sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT ssk 206-e 66

muxli, romlis Tanaxmad mxareebi movalea Seasrulon sasamarTlos miTiTeba saqmis momzadebis stadiaze. werilobiTi masalebis Tu sxva moqmedebis Seusrulebloba iseTi mizeziT, romelsac sasamarTlo arasapatiod cnobs arTmevs mxares uflebas Seasrulos aseTi moqmedeba am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros. ssk 216-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo daavalebs mxareebs daniSnul vadaSi warmoadginon maT xelT arsebuli mtkicebulebebi. „Tu mxare Tavs aridebs am movaleobis Sesrulebas saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar miiRos dagvianebiT warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi, ar gamouZaxos mowmes da a.S. ssk 219-e muxlis Tanaxmad mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmenis dros maT SeiZleba wamoayenon axali mosazrebebi, an miuTiTon axal garemoebebze, romelTa Sesaxeb ar yofila gancxadebuli saqmis momzadebis stadiaze. magram sasamarTlo gaiTvaliswinebs am axal garemoebebs da mtkicebulebebs Tu cnobs, rom maT Sesaxeb Tavis droze ar iyo gancxadebuli sapatio mizeziT da rom es ar momxdara saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT. saqmis ganxilvis daCqarebisa da droulad gadawyvetis principi Tavis konkretul gamoxatulebas poulobs ssk-is mTel rig institutebSi da normebSi, romelTa Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT gveqneba saubari qvemoT, roca am institutebis gaSuqebas SeudgebiT. 2. procesualuri ekonomiis principi ekonomia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs dazogvas, momWirneobas35, maT Soris droisa da fuladi saxsrebis momWirned xarjvas. ekonomias mimarTaven adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi da maT Soris yoveldRiur cxovrebaSiac. cxadia, ekonomiis moTxovnebs angariSs uwevdnen samoqalaqo procesSiac. ekonomiis principma Tavisi pirdapiri gamoxatuleba ver hpova kanonmdeblobaSi, magram am principis moTxovnebiT gajerebulia samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis yvela norma da instituti. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba ekonomiis principis zemoqmedebas sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganicdis. erTi aseTi, SeiZleba iTqvas ZiriTadi da fundamenturi mimarTuleba - esaa samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis, misi calkeuli normebisa da institutebis ageba ise, rom samarTalwarmoebis mizani - saqmis swrafad da sworad gadawyveta, miRweul iqnes droisa da saproceso saSualebebis, maT Soris fuladi saxsrebis, rac SeiZleba mcire danaxarjebiT. meore da aseve ZiriTadi mimarTuleba - esaa saproceso moqmedebebis Sesruleba rogorc sasamarTlos, ise mxareebis mier kanoniT an sasamarTlos mier gansazRvrul vadebSi. kanonmdebeli am vadebs ise gansazRvravs, rom SesaZlebeli iyos saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba. arc meti da arc naklebi, magram, roca vadebis gansazRvra mindobili aqvs sasamarTlos, manac igive kriteriumiT unda ixelmZRvanelos. procesualuri ekonomiis principis konkretuli gamovlinebaa magaliTad samarTalwarmoebis dayofa or did etapad (stadiad) - saqmis 35

ix. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli. Tb. 1986, gv. 217-218

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winaswari momzadebis stadiad da saqmis mTavar sasamarTlo sxdomaze zepirad ganxilvis stadiad. ra Tqma unda, rom ar iyos saqmis winaswari momzadebis stadia, mainc SesaZlebeli iqneboda saqmis sworad gadawyveta. magram amisaTvis saWiro iqneboda sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomebis dausruleblad gadadeba mxareTa sxvadasxva Suamdgomlobebis (axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis warmodgenis, eqspertizis daniSvnis, adgilze daTvalierebis Catarebis, mesame pirebis Cabmis, Segebebuli sarCelis miRebis Sesaxeb da a.S.) ganxilvisa da dakmayofilebis gamo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rom ara saqmis winaswari momzadebis instituti, sul sxvagvarad unda agebuliyo sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomebis warmarTvisa da Catarebis wesebi, saqmeTa ganxilvis gadadebis safuZvlebi da sxva. procesualuri ekonomiis principis uSvalo zemoqmedebiTaa SemoRebuli Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvris SesaZlebloba da misi ZiriTad sarCelTan erTad ganxilvis dasaSveboba (ssk 188-e muxli). procesualuri ekonomiis principis moTxovnaTa sruli gaTvaliswinebiTaa SemuSavebuli erT sarCelSi ramdenime moTxovnis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, anu sarCelebis obieqturi gaerTianebisa da, agreTve ramdenime mosarCelis mier ramdenime mopasuxis winaaRmdeg sarCelis aRZvris SesaZlebloba, anu sarCelebis subieqturi gaerTianeba (ssk 182-e muxli). procesualuri ekonomiis principis konkretuli gamovlenaa agreTve wesi, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos SeuZlia gaerTianebuli moTxovnebidan calke warmoebad gamoyos erTi an ramdenime moTxovna, Tu cnobs, rom moTxovnaTa gancalkevebuli garCeva ufro mizanSewonilia (ssk 182-e muxli). proceualuri ekonomiis uSvalo zemoqmedebiTaa Camoyalibebuli arasaTanado mxaris Secvlis wesebi. kerZod, Tu sarCeli aRZrulia ara im piris mier, romelsac moTxovnis ufleba aqvs, sasamarTlos SeuZlia misi Secvla saTanado mosarCeliT, anu im piriT, romelsac aseTi moTxovnis ufleba aqvs. igive wesi moqmedebs arasaTanado mopasuxis Secvlis drosac (ssk 84-85-e muxlebi). kanonmdebeli zrunavs aramarto imaze, rom yvelgan, sadac es mizanSewonilia, gaiTvaliswinos saproceso ekonomiis principis moTxovnebi, aramed imazec, rom am moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavebuli wesebi ganuxrelad gatardes. magaliTad, sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis daniSvna SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mosamarTle „cnobs saqmes sakmaod momzadebulad“ (ssk 207-e muxli). saproceso moqmedebebis droulad Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebs iTvaliswinebs ssk-is calkeuli institutebi - dawyebuli pirvel instanciaSi saqmeTa ganxilviT da damTavrebuli axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebiT. V. saqveynobis principi saqarTvelos konstituciis 85-e muxlisa da „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis me-12 muxlis Sesabamisad, ssk me-9 muxlma daamkvidra saqmis ganxilvis saqveynoobis principi. 68

saqveynobis principi - esaa konkretul samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva sasamarTlos Ria sxdomebze mxareebisa da sasamarTlo sxdomis darbazSi myof pirTa daswrebiT. saqveynobis principis am ganmartebidan naTlad Cans misi moqmedebis sfero: saqveynobis principis moqmedebis sferoa sasamarTlos mTavari sxdoma, romelzec ganixileba konkretuli samoqalaqo saqme. aqedan gamomdinareobs meore daskvnac: saqveynobis principi ar moqmedebs saqmis winaswari momzadebis, an sxva mizniT Sesrulebul calkeul saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis dros. magaliTad, saqveynobis principi ar moqmedebs sasamarTlos mier sarCelis umoZraod datovebis, sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis an aseT miRebaze uarisTqmis, Segebebuli sarCelis miRebis, saapelacio da sakasacio saCivrebis dasaSvebobis da a.S. sakiTxebis ganxilva-gadawyvetisas. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben saqveynobis princips mxolod mxareebisaTvis, anu saqveynobis princips viwro gagebiT da saqveynobis princips rogorc mxareebisaTvis, ise yvela msurvelisaTvis, anu saqveynobis princips farTo gagebiT.36 saqveynobis principSi mxareebisaTvis anu viwro gagebiT, gulisxmoben mxareTa uflebas gaecnon saqmis masalebs, monawileoba miiRon sasamarTlos mier ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis SesrulebaSi. magaliTad, ssk 83-e muxlis Tanaxmad mxareebs ufleba aqvT gaecnon saqmis masalebs, gaakeTon amonawerebi am masalebidan, gadaiRon aslebi, maT agreTve ufleba aqvT monawileoba miiRon mtkicebulebaTa SemowmebaSi da gamokvlevaSi da a.S. ssk 121-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos mier adgilze daTvalierebis Catarebis Sesaxeb ecnobebaT mxareebs da maT warmomadgenlebs, raTa monawileoba miiRon am saproceso moqmedebis SesrulebaSi da a.S. Cveni azriT, mxareebisaTvis saqveynobis principis, anu viwro gagebiT saqveynobis principis, Sinaarsis aseTi gagebisaTvis ar arsebobs safuZveli. is, ra Sinaarsac am principSi aqsoven, sinamdvileSi warmoadgens mxareTa, anu iuridiulad dainteresebul pirTa monawileobTi saqmeTa ganxilvis aucileblobidan da mxareTa Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebidan gamomdinare moTxovnebs. amrigad, arsebobs saqveynobis principi mxolod farTo gagebiT, romlis moqmedeba vrceldeba, erTis mxriv, sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomebze da, meores mxriv - mxareebze da farTo sazogadoebriobaze, romlebsac aqvT survili daeswron sasamarTlo sxdomebs, mousminon sasamarTlos da saqmeSi monawile sxva pirebs. dasaSvebia Tu ara sasamarTlos sxdomebze kino da foto gadaRebebi? „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-12 muxlis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisad sasamarTlos sxdomebze kino da foto gadaRebebis, audio da video Canaweris „akrZalva daiSveba mxolod sasamarTlos motivirebuli ganCinebebiT. aseTi akrZalva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT, ise sasamarTlos iniciativiT“. 36

Baur /Grunsky. Zivilprozessreeht. 9 auflago, Luchterhand 1997, s.43. Luke. Zivilprozeareeht. München 1999. s.25.

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rogorc vxedavT, dasaxelebuli kanonis me-12 muxli efuZneba princips: is rac akrZaluli araa - nebadarTulia. es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo sxdomaze foto da kino gadaRebebi, audio da video Canawerebis gakeTeba - nebadarTulia saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlos specialuri nebarTvis gareSe. yovelive es akrZalulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arsebobs sasamarTlos ganCineba aseTi akrZalvis Sesaxeb. cxadia, rom ganCineba akrZalvis Sesaxeb unda iyos motivirebuli.37 cxadia, rom kino da foto gadaRebebis, audio da video Canawerebis gakeTeba Sedis samarTalwarmoebis saqveynobis principis SinaarsSi. saqveynobis princips mravalmxrivi mniSvneloba aqvs. sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomebis Catareba aramarto mxareTa monawileobiT, aramed sazogadoebis dainteresebul wevrTa TandaswrebiT, agreTve am sxdomebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebiT presis, radios telviziis saSualebiT sazogadoebriobisaTvis, romlebic ar eswreboden sasamarTlo sxdomebs - warmoadgens sasamarTlos saqmianobisadmi sazogadoebis kontrolis erT-erT formas. sasamarTlo procesebis Catareba sazogadoebriobis TandaswrebiT akisrebs sasamarTlos movaleobas kidev ufro srulyofilad moemzados saqmis ganxilvisaTvis, sasamarTlo sxdomebis CatarebisaTvis, sasamarTlo sxdomebi unda iyos nimuSi wesrigisa da disciplinis, or dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris paeqrobis eTikisa da kulturis sxva normebis dacviT warmarTvisa. mxolod sasamarTlo procesebis Catarebas samoqalaqo saproceso normebiT dadgenili wesiTa da sxva socialuri normebis moTxovnaTa sruli gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlia Camouyalibos ndoba sazogadoebas Tavisi sasamarTlos mimarT. bolos, saqveynobis princips aqvs garkveuli mniSvneloba sazogadoebis marTlSegnebis amaRlebis, maTi kanonisadmi pativiscemis suliskveTebiT aRzrdis TvalsazrisiTac. aq sazogadoeba igebs aramarto imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria kanonis moTxovnebi, aramed imisac, rom am moTxovnebis darRvevas ar SeiZleba ar moyves seriozuli araxelsayreli Sedegebi misi damrRvevisaTvis. saqveynobis (sajaroobis) principis darRveva warmoadgens gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absolutur safuZvels. ssk 394-e muxlis „d“ punqtis Tanaxmad gadawyvetileba yovelTvis CaiTvleba kanonis darRveviT miRebulad da unda gauqmdes Tu „gadawyvetileba miRebulia saqmis zepiri ganxilvis safuZvelze, romlis drosac darRveulia procesis sajaroobis wesebi“.E sajaroobis (saqveynobis) principi darRveulad iTvleba maSin, rodesac sasamarTlos ar miuRia ganCineba da ar daudgenia saqmis daxurul sxdomaze ganxilva, magram sazogadoebriobis im nawils, romelsac surda sxdomaze daswreba, ar uSvebdnen sasamarTlo sxdomis darbazSi. 2. kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs saqveynobis principis SezRudvis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxlis Sesabamisad yoveli adamianis piradi cxovreba, piradi Canaweri, mimowera, saubari satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri saSualebiT, agreTve 37

kino da foto gadaRebebis, agreTve audio da video Canawerebis gakeTebis akrZalvis yvelaze gavrcelebul motivad gvxvdeba sasamarTlos normaluri msvlelobisaTvis xelis SeSla.

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teqnikuri saSualebiT miRebuli Setyobineba xelSeuxebelia. es imas niSnavs, rom daxuruli sasamarTlo sxdoma SeiZleba gaimarTos aseTi mimowerisa da Canaweris saidumloebis dacvis mizniT, Tu Sesabamisi mxare Suamdgomlobs amis Sesaxeb. ssk me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad saqme daxurul sxdomaze unda iqnes ganxiluli, Tu es aucilebelia saxelmwifo saidumloebis dacvis interesebisaTvis. ssk 350-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad gancxadeba Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes daxurul sasamarTlo sxdomaze. sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos daxurul sxdomaze saqmis ganxilva, Tu es aucilebelia mxareTa intimuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb cnobebis gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis. saqmis daxurul sxdomaze ganxilvis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs motivirebuli ganCineba. sasamarTlos SeuZlia daxuros sxdoma mTlianad an nawilobriv. sasamarTlos aseT ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba. rac Seexeba sasamarTlos ganCinebas mxaris SuamdgomlobiT sxdomis daxurvaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, aseTi ganCinebis gamotanas kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs. bunebrivia, arc misi gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobaa kanoniT gaTaliswinebuli. magram, Tu aseTi ganCineba iqneba gamotanili, masze kerZo saCivris Setana ar daiSveba. 3. saqarTvelos konstituciis 85-e muxlisa da saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis me-12 muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba cxaddeba saqveynod. am muxlebis azri ar SeiZleba gavigoT ise, TiTqos sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, miRebuli saqmis daxurul sxdomeze ganxilvis Sedegad, yovelTvis unda gamocxaddes saqveynod. sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba daxurul sxdomaze unda gamocxaddes, Tu misi sajarod gamocxadebiT saqveynod gaxdeba cnobili yovelive, ris gamoc saqmis ganxilva daixura, agreTve, roca amas kanoni iTvaliswinebs (ssk 351-e muxli). VI. saxelmwifo enis principi es principi saqarTvelos konstituciiT damkvidrebuli principia, romlis Tanaxmad samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo enaze. pirs, romelmac saxelmwifo ena ar icis, mieCineba Tarjimani. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad „saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena aris qarTuli, xolo afxazeTSi - agreTve afxazuri“. amasTan erTad, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad mxareebs SeuZliaT isargeblon Tarjimnis ufaso momsaxurebiT, Tu maT ar ician ena, romelzec mimdinareobs sasamarTlo. „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-10 muxlma gaiTvaliswina adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis es moTxovna da daadgina, rom „Tarjimnis momsaxureba anazRaurdeba saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze“. amrigad, samarTalwarmoebis enis armcodne pirs Tarjimnis meSveobiT SeuZlia srulad ganaxorcielos yvela is ufleba, rac mas aqvs miniWebuli samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tarjimnis funqcia ar SeiZleba SeiTavsos mosamarTlem, sxdomis mdivanma, an saqmeSi monawile romelime sxva pirma. 71

sasamarTlom unda ganumartos sasamarTlo enis armcodne mxares misi uflebebi isargeblos Tarjimnis momsaxurebiT, romlis xarjebs aanazRaurebs saxelmwifo. VII. zepirobis principi da misi werilobiT formasTan Sexameba nebismieri mosazreba, Sexeduleba, pozicia, daskvna, STabeWdileba, winadadeba, gadawyvetileba da a.S. SeiZleba gadmoices rogorc zepiri, ise werilobiTi formiT. maSasadame, zepiroba (zogjer mas zepirsityvierebasac uwodeben) da werilobiToba azris gadmocemis formebia. romeli forma iqneba gamoyenebuli - damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mizans isaxavs azris gadmocema. rac Seexeba samarTalwarmoebas, kerZod ki samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoebas sasamarTloSi, istoriulad samarTalwarmoebis sawyis etapze yvela qveyanaSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSi, gabatonebuli iyo zepiri forma, rac unda aixsnas werakiTxvis gauvrceleblobiT, ufro zustad misi Zlier SezRudulad gavrcelebiT. magram, mTavari aq isaa, rom samarTalwarmoebaSi wminda zepiri formis gamoyenebas gaaCnda seriozuli naklovanebebi, romelTa aRmofxvra SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod werilobiT formasTan SexamebiT an masTan kombinaciiT.38 saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikis analizis safuZvelze axali saproceso kodeqsis SemuSavebis dros miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba davyrdnobodiT zepirobis princips oRond werilobiTi formasTan misi farTo SexamebiT. konkretulad zepiri da werilobiTi formebis Sexameba SemdegSi gamoixateba: 1. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT saqmis sasamarTloSi warmoeba SeiZleba or did etapad (stadiad) davyoT: a) saqmis winaswari momzadeba sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis da b) saqmis ganxilva sasamarTlos mTvar sxdomaze. amasTan, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom saqmis winaswari sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis momzadeba aris savaldebulo, anu saqmis momzadeba unda gaiaros yvela saqmem. 2. saqmis winaswari momzadebis etapze upiratesad gamoiyeneba werilobiTi forma. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, am etaps SeiZleba vuwodoT mxareTa werilobiTi dokumentebiT Sejibreba. am etapze mxareebi erTmaneTs ar xvdebian sasamarTloSi da arc sasamarTlosTan maTi Sexvedra ar xdeba, garda erTi SemTxvevisa, roca sasamarTlos saWirod miaCnia daniSnos mosamzadebeli sxdoma (saqmis momzadebis Sesaxeb ix. Tavi.... gv.....). Cveni samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, sarCeli SeiZleba waredginos sasamarTlos mxolod werilobiTi formiT, romelic unda pasuxobdes kanonis yvela sxva moTxovnas (ssk 177-e-178-e muxlebi). 38

wminda zepiri formis an wminda werilobiTi formis naklovanebebisa da xarvezebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT SeiZleba gaecnoT; Е.В. Васковскии, Курс гражданского процессуалъного права. 1914, стр. 430-448 Arens. Mundlichkeitsprinzip und Prozesbeschleunigung im Zivilprozess, 1977.s.10.

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3. sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebisTanave iwyeba saqmis momzadebis etapi, rac imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlom sarCelisa da masze TandarTuli dokumentis aslebi unda gadaugzavnos mopasuxes, dauniSos mas vada werilobiT gasces pasuxi sasamarTlos mier mis winaSe dasmul yvela sakiTxze, romelTa Sesaxeb miTiTebulia ssk 201-e muxlSi, gadaugzavnos mosarCeles mopasuxisagan miRebuli werilobiTi masalebi, winadadeba misces mxareebs (werilobiTi formiT) warmoadginon saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani yvela masala, Tu arsebobs mxareTa werilobiTi Txovna, gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi sxvadasxva pirebisagan da a.S. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT saqmis warmoebis am umniSvnelovanes etapze, rogoricaa saqmis ganxilvisaTvis winaswari momzadeba, sasamarTlos (mosamarTles) piradi kontaqti mxareebTan ar aqvs: yvelaferi warmoebs mimoweris saSualebiT - werilobiTi formiT. 4. erT-erTi SemTxveva, roca sasamarTlos mosamarTles uxdeba Sexvedra mxareebTan am etapze, esaa mosamzadebeli sxdoma, romelsac niSnavs sasamarTlo mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi (ssk 205-e muxli). agreTve Tu momzadebis mizniT sasamarTlos mier Sesasrulebeli saproceso moqmedeba moiTxovs mxareTa monawileobas (magaliTad, adgilze daTvaliereba). 5. bolos, saqmis winaswari momzadebis etapze werilobiTi formis upirates gamoyenebaze miuTiTebs ssk 206-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad mxareebi movaleni arian Seasrulon saqmis momzadebis mizniT mosamarTlis miTiTebebi. werilobiTi masalebis warudgenloba Tu sxva moqmedebis Seusrulebloba iseTi mimzeziT, romelsac sasamarTlo arasapatiod cnobs, arTmevs mxares uflebas Seasrulos aseTi moqmedeba am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros, anu sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze, zepiri ganxilvis dros. ganCineba saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs mas Semdeg, roca igi cnobs saqmes sakmaod momzadebulad (ssk 207-e muxli). ai, am ganCinebis miRebidan iwyeba saqmis warmoebis axali etapi saqmis Ria sasamarTlo sxdomaze sajarod ganxilvis etapi, sadac „gabatonebuli“ mdgomareoba uWiravs zepirobis princips. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aqedan iwyeba mxareTa zepiri Sejibrebis etapi, ris Sesaxebac kanonSiac aris miTiTeba: ssk 207-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqmis ganxilvis dRes sasamarTlo niSnavs im varaudiT, rom mxareebs SesaZlebloba hqondeT moemzadon „zepiri SejibrebisaTvis“. es imas ar niSnavs, rom am etapze gamoiricxeba werilobiTi masalebis warmodgena. ra Tqma unda ara! werilobiTi mimowera da werilobiTi masalebis warmodgena am etapzec dasaSvebia kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis arsebobisas. magaliTad. Tu arsebobs sapatio mizezi (ssk 215-e muxli) ris gamoc igi ar iyo Tavis droze wardgenili, magram, werilobiT formas am etapze „daqvemdebarebuli“ mdgomareoba uWiravs. zepir formaze, rogorc zepirobis principze, romelzec agebulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba utyuarad miuTiTebs is, rom mxareTa werilobiTi formiT warmodgenil masalebs mniSvneloba eniWebaT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxareebi gamocxaddebian mTavar sxdomaze da monawileobas miiReben paeqrobaSi, zepir SejibrebaSi. Tu 73

romelime mxare ar gamocxaddeba mTavar sxdomaze da ar miiRebs monawileobas saqmis ganxilvaSi sasamarTlo mis winaaRmdeg gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas (ssk 229-e da 230-e muxlebi), xolo, Tu arcerTi mxare ar gamocxaddeba - sasamarTlo sarCels ganuxilvelad datovebs. (ssk 231-e muxli). amrigad, erT-erTi mxaris an orive mxaris mTavar sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamoucxadeblobis, an Tumca gamocxadebisa, magram saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi (ssk 232-e muxli). sasamarTlos ar gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba saqmeSi arsebuli werilobiTi masalebis mixedviT. werilobiT masalebs mniSvneloba eniWeba mxolod maSin, rodesac mxare monawileobs maT ganxilvaSi, rodesac is mxars uWers an uaryofs saqmeSi arsebul werilobiT Tu sxva masalebs. yovelive es utyuarad miuTiTebs zepirobis principis upiratesobaze mis sapirispiro werilobiT formasTan SedarebiT, romelic ase farTod gamoiyeneba Cvens procesSiac. bolos ar SeiZleba mokled mainc ar iTqvas mxareTa zepiri gancxadebebis, Sesageblis, Sepasuxebis, Suamdgomlobebis da a.S. werilobiTi damagrebis Sesaxeb, rac ZiriTadad oqmis saSualebiT xdeba (ssk 287-e-291-e muxlebi). rogorc es aRiarebulia, zepiri gancxadebebis Tu mosazrebebis aseTi werilobiTi damagreba ar Sedis werilobiTi principis cnebis SinaarsSi, magram aseTi damagreba ucilebelia gasaCivrebul gadawvetilebaTa SemowmebisaTvis zemdgomi sasamarTlo instanciebis mier. VIII. uSualobis principi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT saqmis winaswar momzadebas axdens is sasamarTlo (mosamarTle), romelmac miiRo sarCeli (gancxadeba) warmoebaSi (ssk 184-e da me-200 muxlebi). mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebas Semowmebas da Sefasebas axdens sasamarTlo, romelsac gadaeca saqme gansaxilvelad (ssk 103-105-e muxlebi). sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mowmeTa Cvenebis, eqspertTa mosmenisa da mxareTa paeqrobis damTavrebis Semdeg, sasamarTlo gadis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad (ssk 226-e muxli). gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo (mosamarTle) afasebs mtkicebulebebs, gansazRvravs romeli garemoebebia dadgenili da romeli kanoni unda iqnes gamoyenebuli (ssk 244-e muxli). amrigad, uSualobis principis dedaazri mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gadawyvetileba saqmeze SeuZlia gamoitanos im sasamarTlom, romelmac uSualod gamoikvlia, Seamowma da Seafasa mxareTa mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi da damtkicebulad CaTvala am gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebi. uSualobis principis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare misi ganuxrelad gatarebis erT-erTi pirobaa mosamarTleTa ucvleloba. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu saqmis warmoebis procesSi da miT ufro saqmis mTavar sasamarTlo sxdomaze ama Tu im mizezis gamo xdeba mosamarTlis Secvla sxva mosamarTliT uSualobis princips eqmneba dabrkoleba. mosamarTlis Secvla ki zogjer aucilebelia, rodesac igi daavaddeba da saWiroebs mkurnalobas, rodesac mxareebma mas ganucxades acileba an TviTon 74

ganacxada TviTacileba, rodesac igi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvliT Camoaciles saqmis ganxilvas da a.S. rogor unda moviqceT aseT SemTxvevaSi? arsebobs am sakiTxis gadawyvetis ori SesaZlebloba (gza) erTi mosamarTlis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi, damokideblad imisa, Tu ra safuZvliT xdeba es, saqmis ganxilva unda daiwyos Tavidan. gamonakliss am mxriv warmoadgens saqmis momzadebis stadia. aq axal mosamarTles SeuZlia gaagrZelos saqmis momzadeba. meore - mosamarTlis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi, damoukideblad imisa Tu ra safuZvliT xdeba es, saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilva grZeldeba im etapidan, romel etapzec moxda Secvla. es imas niSnavs, rom mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmena, mowmeTa dakiTxva, eqspertis mosmena da sxva ganmeorebiT SeiZleba aRar ganxorcieldes da Secvlil mosamarTles SeuZlia maT mosazrebebsa da Cvenebebs, agreTve, saqmeSi arsebul sxva masalebs gaecnos sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmis meSveobiT sadac gadmocemulia mxareTa axsna-ganmartebebi, mowmeTa Cvenebebi, eqspertis ganmartebebi, agreTve saqmeSi arsebuli werilobiTi da nivTieri mtkicebulebebi. cxadia, rom erTpirovnulad saqmis gamrCev axal mosamarTles, an kolegiur sasamarTlos mxareTa motivirebuli Suamdgomlobis an TviTon axali mosamarTlis iniciativiT SeuZlia ganmeorebiT Seasrulos esa Tu is saproceso moqmedeba, (magaliTad, xelmeored dakiTxos mowme) Tu amis aucilebloba arsebobs. Cvenma samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsma kodeqsma airCia es meore gza: mosamarTlis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi saqmis Tavidan ganxilvis dawyeba da Sesrulebul saproceso moqmedebaTa ganmeorebiT Sesruleba anu ganmeorebiT mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmena, mowmeTa ganmeorebiT dakiTxva, ganmeorebiT eqspertizis daniSvna da a.S. saWiro araa, Tu amis aucileblobas TviTon Secvlili mosamarTle an kolegiurad saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo ver xedavs. Tqma ar unda, es aris uSvalobis principidan gadaxveva, magram es aris gonivruli gadaxveva, rasac arc ise iSviaTad mimarTavs kanonmdebeli. magaliTad, mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis wesiT Segrovili yvela masala „gaegzavneba saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos“ (ssk 116-e muxli), sasamarTlos davalebiT SeiZleba mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba da Semowmeba sxva sasamarTlom moaxdinos (ssk 107-e muxli), sxva sasamarTlos SeiZleba daevalos mowmis dakiTxva, adgilze daTvaliereba da a.S. cxadia, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi uSvalod saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo ar aRiqvams mtkicebulebas (mowmis Cvenebas, nivTier mtkicebulebas), mas egzavneba mxolod saTanado oqmiT damagrebuli Cvenebebi, Tu sxva sasamarTlos mier uSvalod aRqmuli da Semowmebuli mtkicebulebebis Sedegebi. magram, vimeorebT, es aris gonivruli gadaxvevebi, gamowveuli imiT, rom mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvris Semdeg SeiZleba SeuZlebeli gaxdes an imis gamo, rom mowme mZimedaa daavadebuli, an imis gamo, rom nivTierma mtkicebulebebma SeiZleba mogvianebiT dakargon mtkicebulebiTi mniSvneloba (magaliTad, malfuWadi nivTebi) an imis gamo, rom mtkicebulebaTa saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTloSi warmodgena SeuZlebelia an dakavSirebulia did xarjebTan 75

(magaliTad unda daikiTxos mowme, romelic Soreul qveyanaSi cxovrobs da moRvaweobs) da a.S. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs principi, romlisganac gadaxvevas ar iTvaliswinebdes kanoni. uSualobis principTan dakavSirebiT ki xazgasmiT unda avRniSnoT, uSualobis principidan gadaxveva dauSvebelia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Camoyalibebisa da miRebis etapze: gadawyvetileba unda Camoayalibos da mas xeli unda moaweros im mosamarTleebma an mosamarTlem (Tu saqmes erTpirovnulad ixilavda mosamarTle), romlebic monawileobdnen bolo sasamarTlo sxdomaze. mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilva damTavrebulad CaTvala da gavida gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad, mosamarTlis Secvla dauSvebelia. X X

X X

aseTia mokled samoqalaqo procesis (samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis) ZiriTadi principebi. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, iuridil literaturaSi ar arsebobs erTgvarovani mosazreba arc maTi odenobis, arc maTi klasifikaciis, arc maTi Sinaarsis da arc maTi dalagebis Sesaxeb. marTlac, samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba mraval progresul da gonivrul ideas da debulebas efuZneba da maTi principad gamocxadeba ar iqneba Secdoma, Tumca aseT pirobebSi principebis CamonaTvali SeiZleba dausruleblad gagrZeldes. Cven im mravalricxovani principebidan, romlebic pirdapir Tu arapirdapir Camoyalibebulia kanonSi, SevexeT mxolod iseTebs, romlebic Cveni azriT wamyvan rols asruleben samarTalwarmoebaSi.

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Tavi IV samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis (samarTalwarmoebis) subieqtebi $1. samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba I. samarTlis subieqtebi zogadad samarTlis subieqtebad gvevlineba pirebi, anu fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, romlebzec vrceldeba samarTali saerTod, anu romlebsac SeuZliaT isargeblon yvela im uflebiT, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. es aris zogadi uflebaunarianobis Sinaarsi, romlis Tanaxmad saqarTelos yvela fizikur da iuridiul pirs miniWebuli aqvs iuridiuli SesaZlebloba isargeblos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul yvela uflebiT. aseTi unariT, e.i. unariT hqondes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi, aRWurvilia yvela fizikuri piri dabadebidan da yvela iuridiuli piri - misi registraciis momentidan. magram aseTi zogadsamarTlebrivi uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvili arian aramarto saqarTvelos fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi. saqarTvelos kanoniT „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ „ucxo qveynis fizikur da iuridiul pirebs, agreTve moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs aqvT iseTive uflebaunarianoba da qmedunarianoba, rogorc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs“ (21-e muxli). am wesidan gamonaklis iTvaliswinebs isev am kanonis 21-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT ver isargebleben im qveynis fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, romel qveyanaSic moqmedebs saqarTvelos fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis uflebebis SemzRudavi normebi.39 unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb emyareba saqarTvelos konstitucias, kerZod mis 47-e muxls, romlis Sesabamisad saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxo 39

dawvrilebiT ix. T.liluaSvili, saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali. g-ba „jisiai“, Tb. 2004, gv. 51

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qveynis moqalaqeebs da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs aqvT Tanabari uflebebi da movaleobebi, garda kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebisa. ucxoelebad saqarTveloSi iTvlebian pirebi, romlebic ar arian saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi da aqvT sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis damadasturebeli sabuTi. moqalaqeobis armqone pirebad iTvlebian iseTi pirebi, romlebic ar arian arc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi da arc sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis damadasturebeli sabuTi aqvT.40 rac Seexeba konkretulad unars gqondes samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi, agreTve unars SeiZino da gankargo Seni moqmedebiT es uflebebi da movaleobebi (samoqalaqo uflebaunarianoba da qmedunarianoba), fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis mimarT gaTvaliswinebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis (sk) me-11-12 da 25-e muxlebiT. II. samoqalaqo procesis subieqtebi rogorc ukve avRniSneT, zogjer ufleba irRveva, an mis ganxorcielebas vinme iseT dabrkolebas uqmnis, rom kanoniT miniWebuli am sikeTiT sargebloba SeuZlebeli xdeba. aseT pirobebSi warmoiSveba uflebis dacvis aucilebloba, xolo aseTi dacvis yvelaze efeqtiani saSualeba - esaa sasamarTlo. SeuZliaT Tu ara fizikur da iuridiul pirebs mimarTon sasamarTlos TavianTi darRveuli an sadavo uflebis dasacavad da, maSasadame, gaxdnen samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis (samarTalwarmoebis) subieqtebi? es aris ara samoqalaqo materialuri, aramed samoqalaqo procesualuri uflebaunarianobis sakiTxi. samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad „yoveli pirisaTvis uzrunvelyofilia uflebis sasamarTlo wesiT dacva“. am muxlis aseTi danawesi ukve Seicavs saproceso uflebaunarianobis elementebs, magram srulyofilad igi Camoyalibebulia ssk me-80 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad „saqarTvelos yvela fizikuri da iuridiuli piri aRWurvilia unariT hqondes samoqalaqo saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi (saproceso uflebaunarianoba)“. amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba - esaa piris unari, misi iuridiulad uzrunvelyofili SesaZlebloba hqondes samoqalaqo saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi. aseTi unariT aRWurvilia yvela piri, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes materialur samarTlebrivi uflebebi da movaleobebi (sk me-11 muxli). rogorc materialuri, ise samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvili arian fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, magram maTi uflebaunarianobis Sinaarsi xasiaTdeba garkveuli TaviseburebebiT. amitom, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia calk-calke ganvixiloT am pirTa uflebaunarianobis Sinaarsi. a) fizikuri pirebi. fizikuri piris saproceso uflebaunarianoba, e.i. unari hqondes saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi warmoiSoba dabadebis momentidan da Sewydeba misi gardacvalebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, fizikuri piris saproceso uflebaunarianobis warmoSobis dro zogjer 40

ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa samarTlebrivi statusi gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos 1993 wlis kanoniT „ucxoelTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb“.

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SeiZleba ar daemTxves samoqalaqo materialuri uflebaunarianobis warmoSobis dros. magaliTad, sk me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad uflebaunarianoba, marTalia, warmoiSoba dabadebis momentidan, magram amave muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad memkvidred yofnis ufleba warmoiSoba CasaxvisTanave, Tumca am uflebis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia dabadebaze. es imas niSnavs, rom samoqalaqo saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi, rac dakavSirebulia memkvidreobasTan, SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod dabadebis momentidan. amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianobis warmoSobis da ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT raime asakobrivi SezRudva ar arsebobs. aseTi SezRudvebi ar arsebobs agreTve fizikuri piris fsiqikuri mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT: samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvilia yvela fizikuri piri, miuxedvad misi suliT avadmyofobis Tu Wkuasustobisa, miuxedavad imisa, aRiarebulia Tu ara es piri sasamarTlos mier aseTad. sxva sakiTxia SeuZliaT Tu ara mcirewlovnebs, arasrulwlovnebs, sasamarTlos mier SezRuduli qmedunarianad, an qmeduunarod aRiarebul pirebs TviTonve, anu Tavisi moqmedebiT ganaxorcielon TavianTi saproceso uflebebi. es aris samoqalaqo saproceso qmedunarianobis sakiTxi da amis Sesaxeb saubari gveqneba qvemoT (ix. $2) agreTve me-... TavSi, sadac ganixileba sakiTxi samoqalaqo procesis monawileebis Sesaxeb. b) iuridiuli pirebi da organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian iuridiuli pirebi. fizikuri pirebis msgavsad, iuridiul pirebs SeuZliaT mimarTon sasamarTlos TavianTi uflebebis dasacavad. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 79-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi. es imas niSnavs, rom iuridiuli pirebi aRWurvili arian samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianobiT, e.i. unariT hqondeT samoqalaqo saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi. iuridiuli piris aseTi uflebaunarianoba warmoiSoba misi registraciis momentidan da Sewydeba misi likvidaciis registraciis momentidan (ssk me-90 muxlis me-3 nawili da sk 25-e muxlis me-4 nawili). amrigad, fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi warmoadgenen samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis subieqtebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT isargeblon yvela im uflebebiT, romlebic damkvidrebulia samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normebiT. ssk 79-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad „kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi mxareebad SeiZleba iyvnen organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian iuridiuli pirebi“. am muxlis analizidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: „organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian iuridiuli pirebi, SeiZleba aRiWurvon samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianobiT, e.i. unariT iqonion saproceso ulebebi da movaleobebi. mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi. (ix. gv.......). $2. samoqalaqo saproceso qmedunarianoba. I. cneba. 79

rogorc aRvniSneT, uflebaunarianoba esaa iuridiuli SesaZlebloba gqondes (isargeblo) samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT, romlebsac, gansxvavebiT materialur samarTlebrivi uflebebisa, uwodeben samoqalaqo saproceso uflebebs. magram, rom isargeblo am uflebebiT unda gamoiyeno uflebaunarianobiT gaTvaliswinebuli SesaZlebloba, anu mimarTo sasamarTlos darRveuli an sadvao uflebis dasacavad. ssk me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad „saqmis ganxilvas sasamarTlo Seudgeba im piris gancxadebiT, romelic mimarTavs mas Tavisi uflebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul interesebis dasacavad“. SeuZlia Tu ara saproceso uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvil yvela fizikur Tu iuridiul pirs mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavisi uflebis dasacavad? am kiTxvaze uaryofiTad unda vupasuxoT: yvela uflebaunarian pirs ar SeuZlia TviTon uSvalod mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavisi uflebis dasacavad, rac srulebiT ar niSnavs imas rom aseTi piris darRveuli ufleba daucveli darCeba. maT uflebebs icaven kanonieri warmomadgenlebi (ix. gv....). ise rogorc materialur samarTalSi, saproceso samarTalSiac moqmedebs qmedunarianobis instituti. magaliTad, samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT fizikuri piris unari Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT sruli moculobiT ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi (magaliTad, dados garigebebi), warmoiSoba srulwlovnebis miRwevis Semdeg (sk me-12 muxli). igive wesi moqmedebs samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSic: samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvil yvela fizikur pirs SeuZlia Tavisi moqmedebiT ganaxorcielos sasamarTloSi saproceso uflebebi da Seasrulos saproceso movaleobebi (saproceso qmedunarianoba) srulwlovnebis miRwevis Semdeg. rac Seexeba iuridiul pirebs - maTi qmedunarianobis warmoSobis momenti mTlianad emTxveva maTive saproceso uflebaunarianobis warmoSobis moments; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iuridiul pirs registraciis momentidan SeuZlia Tavisi moqmedebiT SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi. sk me-12 muxlis Tanaxmad srulwlovania piri, romelmac miaRwia Tvrameti wlis asaks. qmedunarianad iTvleba agreTve piri, romelmac iqorwina 18 wlis asakis miRwevamde. amrigad, srulwlovanebi, 18 wlis asakamde daqorwinebuli pirebi da iuridiuli pirebi sargebloben sruli qmedunarianobiT. II. SezRuduli qmedunarianoba fizikuri pirebi 7-dan 18 wlamde iTvlebian arasrulwlovnebad. isini sargebloben SezRuduli qmedunarianobiT: maT SeuZliaT mimarTon sasamarTlos mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, rodesac miniWebuli aqvT ufleba TviTon damoukideblad gankargon TavianTi qoneba, dadon wvrilmani sayofacxovrebo garigebebi, an Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miRweul arasrulwlovans gadacemuli aqvs sawarmos damoukideblad gaZRolis ufleba da am sferoSi warmoSobil urTierTobebSi mas SeuZlia damoukideblad dados garigebebi (sk 65-e muxli). 80

SuzRuduli qmedunarianad SeiZleba sasamarTlo wesiT iqnes aRiarebuli srulwlovani piri, romelic eZaleba alkohols an narkotikul nivTierebebs (ix. Tavi.........). SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebul pirsac ar gaaCnia saproceso qmedunarianoba, e.i. ver mimarTavs sasamarTlos sarCeliT uflebis dacvis Sesaxeb. cxadia, rom yovelive es ar niSnavs imas, rom maTi uflebebi daucvelia. ra Tqma unda ara. arasrulwlovanTa da sasamarTlos mier SuzRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebul pirTa uflebebsa da interesebs sasamarTloSi icaven maTi kanonieri warmomadgenlebi, rogoricaa maTi mSoblebi, mSvileblebi an mzrunvelebi. III. mcirewlovnebi da qmeduunaroni Taviseburi saproceso mdgomareoba uWiravT mcirewlovnebs da sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod aRiarebul pirebs (ssk 326-e muxlis me2 nawili). saproceso qmedunarianobis TvalsazrisiT isini gaTanabrebulni arian - maT ar gaaCniaT saproceso qmedunarianoba. amitom, maT uflebebs sasamarTloSi icaven mxolod maTi kanonieri warmomadgenlebi, rogoricaa mSoblebi, mSvileblebi, meurveebi, mzrunvelebi. magram, Tu maT ar yavT kanonieri warmomadgeneli? samoqalaqo materialuri, Tu samoqalaqo procesualuri kanonmdeblobis azrisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT mcirewlovans da qmeduunaro pirs (aseTad ki miiCneva piri, romelic sasamarTlos mieraa aRiarebuli qmeduunarod) unda yavdes kanonieri warmomadgeneli. magram, kanonmdebeli ar gamoricxavs imasac, rom aseT pirebs SeiZleba ar yavdeT kanonieri warmomadgeneli. sworad aseTi SesaZleblobiTaa ganpirobebuli ssk 82-e muxlis danawesi, romlis Tanaxmad Tu sarCeli Setanilia qmeduunaro mxaris winaaRmdeg, an qmeduunaro mxaris mier, romlebsac ar yavT kanonieri warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlos garkveuli pirbebis arsebobisas SeuZlia dauniSos mas saproceso warmomadgeneli (mzrunveli). Tu rogoria saproceso warmomadgenlis sasamarTlos mier daniSvnis pirobebi, agreTve, SeiZleba Tu ara saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna iseT pirobebSi, roca piri Tumca angariSs ver uwevs Tavis moqmedebas, magram jer kidev araa aRiarebuli sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod - dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba qvemoT (ix. Tavi..... gv.....) $3. mxareebi samoqalaqo procesSi samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, uzrunvelyofs piris SesaZleblobas hqondes saproceso uflebebi, kerZod aRZras sarCeli sasamarTloSi. samoqalaqo saproceso qmedunarianoba uzrunvelyofs piris SesaZleblobas TviTon uSvalod mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT, TviTon uSvalod daicvas Tavi sarCelisagan, e.i. awarmoos saqme piradad, an miandos saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenels. sasamarTlosaTvis piris mimarTva sarCeliT, raTa man daicvas misi darRveuli an sadvao ufleba, warmoadgens am piris saproceso 81

uflebanarianobisa da qmedunarianobis realizacias, mis konkretul gamovlinebas. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba, Tumca xSirad iyenebs „mxaris“ cnebas, magram ar gansazRvravs am cnebis Sinaarss. pirvelad es cneba gamoyenebulia ssk me-3 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad „mxareebi iwyeben saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi“ sarCelis an gancxadebis Setanis gziT. aqve, amave muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom „mxareebs SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba morigebiT daamTavron. mosarCeles SeuZlia uari Tqvas sarCelze, xolo mopasuxes - cnos sarCeli“. ssk 79-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilvas Seudgeba dainteresebuli pirebis gancxadebiT. „mxareebad sasamarTloSi SeiZleba gamovidnen fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi“. es muxli gulisxmobs rogorc ganmcxadebeblebs, romlebsac aqvT iuridiuli interesi daadasturon sasamarTlos meSveobiT raime, magaliTad, iuridiuli faqti (ix. Tavi.........) ise modave mxareebs sasarCelo warmoebis dros. udavo warmoebis dros yovelTvis gvyavs erTi mxare - ganmcxadebeli. sasarCelo warmoebis dros piriqiT: yovelTvis gvyavs ori, Tavisi interesebiT urTierTdapirispirebuli mxare - mosarCele da mopasuxe. interesTa dapirispirebuloba SeiZleba gamoixatos imiT, rom mosarCele kanoniT daSvebuli da gaTvaliswinebuli saSualebebis gamoyenebiT cdilobs miiRos misTvis xelsayreli gadawyvetileba, anu sasamarTlom daakmayofilos misi sasarCelo moTxovna, xolo mopasuxe piriqiT - cdilobs, raTa sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT uari uTxras mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: mxareebi samoqalaqo procesSi ewodeba im pirebs, romelTa saxeliT mimdinareobs saqme da romelTa Soris dava samoqalaqo uflebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlom unda ganixilos da gadawyvitos. mxareTa interesebis dapirispirebuloba sasarCelo warmoebis konstituciuri niSania: Tu aseTi dapirispirebuloba ar arsebobs, an Tu arsebobda, magram Semdeg Sewyda, sasarCelo warmoebac unda Sewydes. dauSvebelia, magaliTad, mosarCelisa da mopasuxis rolebis SeTavseba erT pirSi, ise rogorc SeuZlebelia kreditorisa da movalis SeTavseba. magaliTad, ssk 452-e muxlis Tanaxmad „valdebulebiTi urTierToba Sewydeba, Tu movale da kreditori erTi da igive piri aRmoCndeba“. samoqalaqo procesSi es SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT: mosarCelem aRZra sarCeli mopasuxis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova misi qonebidan wilis gamoyofa. sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebis dros mopasuxe gardaicvala da mTeli misi qoneba memkvidreobiT miiRo mosarCelem.41 SeiZleba moxdes piriqiTac, gardaicvala mosarCele da misi qoneba memkvidreobiT miiRo mopasuxem. aseT da sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi procesis gagrZeleba sruli uazroba iqneboda, radgan warmoudgenelia edavo Sen Tavs da aseTi „davis“ gadawyveta moTxovo sasamarTlos. amrigad, sasarCelo warmoebis ganmsazRvrelia modave mxareTa interesebis dapirispirebloba da ara maTi simravle. SeiZleba mosarCelis mxareze iyo ramdenime piri, xolo mopasuxis mxareze ramdenime piri, magram es arafers ar cvlis, mxare mainc rCeba ori: erTi

41

z. axvlediani, valdebulebiTi samarTali, meore gamocema, gv. 89.

82

- romelic ayenebs garkveul moTxovnas mopasuxeebis mimarT da, meore romelic ar cnobs am moTxovnas (mopasuxe mxare). mosarCele aris piri, romelmac aRZra sarCeli Tavisi darRveuli an sadavo uflebis dasacavad. aqedan gamomdinare mosarCeled ver CaiTvleba piri, romelmac aRZra sarCeli sxva piris uflebis dasacavad. amitom, mosarCeled ver CaiTvleba warmomadgeneli, romelic mimarTavs sasamarTlos sarCeliT sxva pirTa uflebebis dasacavad. mopasuxe aris piri, romelmac mosarCelis gancxadebiT daarRvia an sadavod gaxada misi ufleba. mosarCelem unda daasaxelos mopasuxe - es misi movaleobaa (ssk 178-e muxlis punqti „d“). sxva sakiTxia, marTla unda agos Tu ara mosarCelis mier mopasuxed dasaxelebulma pirma pasuxi, e.i. marTla aris Tu ara es piri is, vinc daarRvia mosarCelis ufleba. es gairkveva procesis bolos - sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT. magram Tavdapirvelad mosarCelis mier mopasuxis dasaxeleba aris saWiro da aucilebeli, raTa sasamarTlom miiRos da ganixilos sarCeli. mxareebad sasamarTloSi - mosarCeled da mopasuxed, SeiZleba gamovidnen fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi. es davas ar iwvevs magram SeiZleba Tu ara mxareebad (mosarCeled da mopasuxed) mogvevlinon organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian iuridiulil pirebi? rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, ssk 79-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian iuridiuli pirebi SeiZleba gamovidnen samoqalaqo procesSi mxareebad, oRond erTi pirobiT - Tu amas iTvaliswinebs, uSvebs kanoni ama Tu im konkretulil organizaciis mimarT. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 45-e muxlis Tanaxmad araregistrirebuli kavSiri ar aris iuridiulil piri, magram igi SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos sasamarTloSi da samarTlos gareSe urTierTobebSi Tavisi wevrebiT an saamisod uflebamosili pirebiT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 2.5e muxlis meore nawilis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad „Tu registraciamde sazogadoebis saxeliT raime moqmedeba ganxorcielda, am moqmedebis Semsruleblebi da damfuZneblebi pasuxs ageben personalurad, rogorc solidaruli movaleebi am moqmedebidan warmoSobili yvela valdebulebisaTvis. es pasuxismgebloba ZalaSi rCeba sazogadoebis registraciis Semdegac“. did praqtikul mniSvnelobas iZens im sawarmoebsa da sazogadoebebis mdgomareoba, romlebic adre iyvnen registrirebuli, magram Semdgom, kanonis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, unda gaevloT registracia, xolo Tu kanoniT daTqmul vadaSi isini ar gaivlian registracias, maSin maTi registracia gauqmebulad iTvleba. registraciis gauqmeba ki niSnavs imas, rom es sawarmo (sazogadoeba) aRaraa iuridiuli piri. magram niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom am sawarmos (sazogadoebis) mimarT ar SeiZleba aRiZras sarCeli, an es sawarmo TviTon iyos mosarCele? ara, ar niSnavs! saqme isaa, rom aseT sawarmoebs (sazogadoebebs) ar SeiZleba ar hqondeT mravalgvari iuridiuli kavSirebi samarTlis sxva subieqtebTan. am kavSir- urTierTobebis safuZvelze SeiZleba warmoiSvas sxvadasxva xasiaTis davebi, romlebic sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos. amitom isini SeiZleba mogvevlinon mxareebad procesSi, Tumca aRar SeiZleba 83

CaiTvalon iuridiul pirebad, radgan ar gauvliaT xelaxali registracia. sxva sakiTxia, rom aseTi organizaciebisa da maTi wevrebis pasuxismgeblba gansxavdeba im iuridiuli pirebis pasuxismgeblobisagan, romlebic mxolod Tavisi qonebiT ageben pasuxs magram, miuxedavad amisa mxareebad procesSi isini SeiZleba gamovidnen.42 $4. arasaTanado mxare da misi Secvlis wesi samoqalaqo ulebis Sesaxeb davis gamo saqmis sasamarTloSi aRZvris sawyis etapze, sasamarTlosTvis jer kidev araa cnobili da arc SeiZleba iyos cnobili, rom mosarCele namdvilad flobs im uflebas, romlis dacvasac igi moiTxovs, rom es ufleba namdvilad darRveulia an sadavodaa gamxdari da, amitom, saWiroebs dacvas da, rom mopasuxe, e.i. piri romelzec miuTiTebs mosarCele rogorc uflebis damrRvevi, marTlac is piria, romelmac namdvilad daarRvia mosarCelis ufleba. es aris iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic sasamarTlom unda gaarkvios ara sarCelis miRebis win, aramed saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis Sedegad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT. kanoniT dadgenili wesis dacviT sarCelis sasamarTloSi aRZvra da mopasuxisadmi sruliad garkveuli materialur-samarTlebrivi moTxovnis wamoyeneba, ukve qmnis varauds, rom rogorc mosarCele, ise mopasuxe warmoadgenen sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileebs. es varaudi aris savsebiT sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom miiRos da ganixilos sarCeli, cxadia Tu arsebobs sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis sxva winapirobebi (ssk 186-e muxli). amasTan erTad, sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg zogjer ki saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis procesSi irkveva, rom mosarCele araa is piri, romelsac ekuTvnis sadavo ufleba, an kidev, mopasuxe araa is piri, romelmac pasuxi unda agos sarCelze. magaliTi 1. a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg 4000 laris dabrunebis Sesaxeb, romelic mas sesxad hqonda aRebuli da romlis dabrunebis vada ukve movida, magram nebayoflobiT ar abrunebs. sasamarTlom miiRo sarCeli gansaxilvelad. am saqmis momzadebis stadiaze gairkva, rom mopasuxe ar uaryofs, rom sesxi aRniSnuli odenobiT marTlac miiRo, magram ara mosarCele anisagan, aramed misi Svilisagan, romelmac zepiri SeTanxmebiT ganuvada mas am sesxis dabrunebis vada. amrigad, gasesxebuli Tanxis dabrunebis Sesaxeb moTxovnis ufleba aqvs ara mosarCele a-nis, aramed mis 42

iuridiul literaturaSi, agreTve zogierTi qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben aqtiur da pasiur uflebaunarianobas. aqtiur uflebaunarianoba - esaa unari iyo mosarCele an mopasuxe sasamarTloSi. pasiuri uflebaunarianoba - esaa unari iyo mxolod mopasuxe da daicva Tavi sarCelisagan, magram ar SeiZleba iyo mosarCele. e.i. pasiuri uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvili organizaciis (gaerTianebis) winaaRmdeg SeiZleba aRiZras sarCeli, magram aseT organizacias TviTon ar SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli. mxedvelobaSia iseTi organizaciebi (gaerTianebebi), romlebic araa iuridiuli piri. Baur/Grunsky - Zivilprozessrecht. s.74. rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos ssk-iT organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian iuridiuli pirebi, SeiZleba gamovidnen procesSi mxareebad (mosarCeleebad da mopasuxeebad) mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlo praqtikam gaafarTova aseTi organizaciebis monawileoba procesSi. magaliTad, mopasuxeebad xSirad gvevlineba sabinao amxanagobebi.

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Svils, radgan igi aris sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti. aqedan gamomdinare, a-ni araa saTanado mosarCele. magaliTi 2. ojaxis erT-erTma ufrosma wevrma g-anim Seitana sarCeli mopasuxe d-onis mimarT binidan gamosaxlebisa da am binis gamonTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom miiRo es sarCeli warmoebaSi. saqmis momzadebis stadiaze gairkva, rom binis qiravnobis xelSekruleba damqiravebels dadebuli aqvs ojaxis sxva wevrebTan, romelic registrirebulia sajaro reestrSi am binis mesakuTred. amrigad, mosarCele g-ani araa saTanado mosarCele, radgan igi araa sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis, kerZod, binis qiravnobis xelSekrulebis monawile. rogor unda moiqces sasamarTlo aseT SemTxvevaSi? arsebobs am sakiTxis gadawyvetis ori gza: erTi - sasamarTlom uari uTxras mosarCeles sarCelis miRebaze yovelTvis, roca mosarCeles ar aqvs moTxovnis ufleba, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRebs aseTi arasaTanado mosarCelisagan sarCels da mxolod amis Semdeg gairkveva, rom mas ar aqvs moTxovnis ufleba - Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba. meore sasamarTlom miiRos sarCeli warmoebaSi da Tu aRmoCndeba, rom mosarCeles ar aqvs moTxovnis ufleba, e.i. arasaTanadoa, Secvalos igi saTanadoTi, Tu saqmis masalebidan gamomdinare cxadia, vis SeiZleba hqondes am moTxovnis ufleba. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba wavida am meore gziT. amasTan erTad gansazRvra arasaTanado mxaris saTanadoTi Secvlis wesic, ris Sesaxebac saubari gveqneba qvemoT. zogjer kanoni TviTon miuTiTebs Tu vin SeiZleba iyos saTanado mosarCele. magaliTad, mSvileblis mezobelma aRZra sarCeli sasamarTloSi Svilad ayvanis gauqmebis Sesaxeb im motiviT, rom mSvilebeli sastikad epyroba Tavis naSvilebs da, rom, aseTi Svilad ayvana ar Seesabameba bavSvis interesebs. am SemTxvevaSi mosarCele araa saTanado, radgan samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1268-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad „calkeuli pirebi, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom Svilad ayvana ar Seesabameba bavSvis interesebs da igi unda gauqmdes, amis Sesaxeb acnobeben meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebs, romelic wyvets Svilad ayvanis gauqmebis Taobaze moTxovnis wardgenis sakiTxs“. amrigad, mSvileblis mezobeli, romelmac aRZra sarCeli sasamarTloSi Svilad ayvanis gauqmebis Taobaze, ar aris saTanado mosarCele. igive viTareba SeiZleba Seiqmnas mopasuxis mimarTac. magaliTad: v-inim aRZra sarCeli T-anis mimarT manqanis dazianebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, manqanis dazianeba gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mopasuxe T-anis binis fanjridan gadmoagdes mZime sagani, romelic daeca ezoSi dayenebul manqanas, ramac mTlianad Caamtvria misi saxuravi da minebi. sasamarTlom miiRo sarCeli warmoebaSi, saqmis ganxilvis procesSi gamoirkva rom oTaxi, romlis fanjridanac gadmoagdes mZime sagani 85

uWiravs damqiravebel l-asis. samoq. kodeqsis 1004-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu ziani miyenebulia Senobidan sagnis gadagdebiT „pasuxs agebs piri, romelsac dakavebuli aqvs sadgomi“. amrigad, binis mesakuTre T-ani, romlis winaaRmdegac aRZrulia sarCeli, araa saTanado mopasuxe. saTanado mopasuxea l-asi, romelsac dakavebuli aqvs sadgomi. rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs arasaTanado mxaris Secvlis SesaZleblobas (ara savaldebulobas). es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia, Tu is amas mizanSewonilad CaTvlis, Secvalos arasaTanado mxare saTanado mxariT, magram mas SeuZlia aseTi Secvla ar ganaxorcielos da Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT uari uTxras mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom igi arasaTanadoa, an Tu aRmoCndeba, rom mis mier dasaxelebuli mopasuxe arasaTanadoa. amasTan erTad, sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlo ar ikvlevs specialurad Tu vis SeiZleba hqondes aRZruli moTxovnis ufleba, an vis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba wayenebuli iqnes es moTxovna. amis Sesaxeb informacia TviTon saqmis masalebidan an kanonidan unda gamomdinareobdes. Tu am saqmis masalebidan da kanonidan naTlad da garkveviT Cans Tu romeli mxarea saTanado da romeli ara, maSin procesis ekonomiis principidan gamomdinare sasamarTlos SeuZlia Secvalos arasaTanado mxare saTanado mxariT. Secvlis wesi ki aseTia: arasaTanado mosarCelis saTanado mosarCeliT SecvlisaTvis saWiroa am arasaTanado mosarCelis Tanxmoba. aseTi Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas am arasaTanado mosarCelis mimarT saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, radgan man faqtiurad uari Tqva mis mier aRZrul sarCelze. Tu saTanado mosarCele Tanaxmaa Secvalos saqmidan gasuli arasaTanado mosarCele, anu daikavos misi adgili, saqmis ganxilva gagrZeldeba am saTanado mosarCelis mimarT, magram Tu igi araa Tanaxma Secvalos arasaTanado mosarCele, maSin saqmis warmoeba aRar gagrZeldeba. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arasaTanado mosarCele araa Tanaxma Seicvalos saTanadoTi, xolo saTanado mosarCele Tanaxmaa Caebas saqmeSi, maSin saTanado mosarCele SeiZleba Caebas saqmeSi mesame pirad damoukidebeli moTxovniT (ix. Tavi .......). arasaTanado mosarCeles sasamarTlo uars etyvis Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT sarCelis dakmayofilebaze,M vinaidan mas ar aqvs moTxovnis ufleba, xolo mesame pirad saqmeSi Cabmuli saTanado mosarCelis sarCels daakmayofilebs saerTo safuZvelze. gacilebiT ufro martivad wydeba sakiTxi, rodesac sarCeli aRZrulia arasaTanado mopasuxis mimarT. mopasuxis dasaxelebis uflebamosileba da movaleobac ekisreba mosarCeles. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ver Secvlis mosarCelis mier dasaxelebul mopasuxes sxva mopasuxiT. aseTi SecvlisaTvis aucilebelia mosarCelis Tanxmoba. Tu mosarCele araa Tanaxma arasaTanado mopasuxis saTanadoTi Secvlaze, maSin sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas da uars etyvis mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze am mopasuxis mimarT. magram Tu mosarCele aseTi Secvlis momxrea, maSin Tavdapirveli mopasuxe gadis saqmidan, xolo saqme ganixileba saTanado mopasuxis mimarT. 86

imisaTvis, rom arasaTanado mopasuxe Seicvalos saTanadoTi, am saTanado mopasuxis Tanxmoba araa saWiro. yvelaze ufro mizanSewonilad unda vcnoT arasaTanado mxaris Secvla saTanadoTi saqmis winaswari momzadebis stadiaze. Tu aseTi Secvlis sakiTxi wamoiWreba saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis stadiaze, rac yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iqneba am saqmis ganxilvis gadadebasTan, axali mtkicebulebebis SegrovebasTan da sabolao angariSSi saqmis ganxilvis uzomod gaWianurebasTan, SeiZleba ufro misaRebi da mizanSewonili iyos saqmis ganxilvis damTavreba gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT, xolo Tu arasaTanado mosarCele uars ambobs mis mier arasworad aRZrul sarCelze - saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb ganCinebis gamotaniT. miT ufro dauSveblad unda vcnoT arasaTanado mxaris Secvla zemdgom sasamarTloSi, kerZod apelaciaSi an kasaciaSi. zemdgomi sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas faqtobrivi an samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. Tu gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebiT dakmayofilda arasaTanado mosarCelis sarCeli an arasaTanado mopasuxis mimarT, aseTi gadawyvetileba arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos dasabuTebulad da igi unda gauqmdes. zemdgomi sasamarTlo ar ikvlevs vis eqneboda moTxovnis ufleba, an vis winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda aseTi moTxovnis wayeneba, xolo rac Seexeba saTanado mosarCeles, mas yovelTvis SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli roca amas saWirod CaTvlis da aRZras igi saTanado mopasuxis winaaRmdeg yovelgvari „Secvlisa“ da „sxvisi“ adgilis dakavebis miuxedavad. $5. saproceso Tanamonawileoba. Tanamonawileobis saxeebi da miznebi I. cneba erT saqmeSi mosarCelis mxareze, mopasuxis mxareze, an orive mxareze erTdroulad ramdenime piris monawileobas saproceso Tanamonawileoba ewodeba. mosarCelis mxareze monawile pirebs TanamosarCeleebs, xolo mopasuxis mxareze monawile pirebs Tanamopasuxeebs uwodeben. cxadia, rom erT mxareze monawile Tanamonawileebis interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba meore mxareze monawile Tanamonawileebis interesebs, magram erT mxareze monawile TanamonawileTa interesebi ar SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes erTmaneTs. es imas niSnavs, rom mosarCelis mxaris Tanamonawileebis interesebi yovelTvis unda ewinaaRmdegebodes mopasuxis mxaris Tanamonawileebis interesebs, magram mosarCelis an mopasuxis mxaris TanamonawileTa interesi erTmaneTs ar SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes. Tanamonawileobis aseTi xasiaTi da Sinaarsi ganasxvavebs mas damoukidebeli moTxovniT mesame pirebisagan, romelTa interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba rogorc mosarCelis, ise mopasuxis interesebs. aseTi mesame piri acxadebs Tavis moTxovnas swored im saganze, romelzec davoben mxareebi - mosarCele da mopasuxe. Tanamonawileobis safuZvlebs gansazRvravs ssk 86-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad Tanamonawileoba dasaSvebia, Tu: a) sarCelis sagans warmoadgens saerTo ufleba; b) sasarCelo moTxovnebi gamomdinareobs erTi da imave safuZvleblidan; g) sasarCelo 87

moTxovnebi erTgvarovania, miuxedavad imisa erTgvarovania Tu ara maTi safuZveli da sagani. Tanamonawileobis mizania saqmis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis daCqareba, xarjebis Semcireba, sasamarTlo sxdomebis raodenobis Semcireba, erTmaneTis Seusabamo gadawyvetilebaTa gamotanis Tavidan acileba, swori da samarTliani gadawyvetilebis gamotana. am mizniT Tanamonawileoba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes momzadebis stadiaze. kerZod, ssk 182-e muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu sasamarTlos warmoebaSi aris ramdenime erTgvarovani da samarTlebrivad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli saqme, romlebSic erTi da igive an sxvadasxva mxareebi monawileoben, sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxaris SuamdgomlobiT gaaerTianos es saqmeebi calke warmoebad, Tu amas moyveba davis ufro swrafad da sworad ganxilva. saqmeTa erT warmoebad gaerTianebis iniciativiT SeiZleba gamovides mosamarTlec (sasamarTloc) im TvalsazrisiT, rom urCios mxares daTanxmdes aseT gaerTianebaze. _ Tanamonawileoba SeiZleba iyos savaldebulo da fakultaturi (ara aucilebeli). II. savaldebulo Tanamonawileoba Tanamonawileoba savaldebuloa, Tu materialur-samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia am urTierTobis yvela subieqtis monawileobis gareSe saqmis ganxilva. magaliTad, sarCelis sagans warmoadgens saerTo ufleba (ssk 26-e muxli) da saerTo sakuTrebis uflebis erT-erTma monawilem moiTxova wilis gamoyofa. saqmeSi Cabmuli unda iqnes yvela mesakuTre: yovelTvis, roca dava exeba saziaro sagans, saqmeSi Cabmuli unda iqnes saziaro uflebis yvela mesakuTre; Tu saqme exeba binidan gamosaxlebas (binis gaTavisuflebas), maSin am saqmeSi Cabmuli unda iqnan am sadavo binaSi mcxovrebi yvela piri da a.S. savaldebulo Tanamonawileobisas, Tu yvela Tanamonawile ar iqneba Cabmuli saqmeSi da sasamarTlo ise gamoitans gadawyvetilebas, maSin am gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba ver moxerxdeba, radgan misi kanonieri Zala vrceldeba mxolod im pirebze, romlebic monawileobdnen saqmeSi. amitom, Tu sarCeli araa aRZruli saerTo uflebis yvela Tanamonawilis an saerTo valdebulebis mqone yvela piris mimarT, maSin sasamarTlom unda Caabas isini saqmeSi Tavisi iniciativiT. praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos savaldebulo Tanamonawileobis dros gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, Òroca ar gamocxadda arcerTi Tanamonawile (TanamosarCele an Tanamopasuxe), an gamocxadda ara yvela, aramed erT-erTi maTgani. Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda arcerTi Tanamonawile (TanamosarCele an Tanamopasuxe), romlebsac gaegzavnaT Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas (ssk 229-e da 230-e muxlebi). Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamocxadda erT-erTi Tanamonawile, vTqvaT TanamosarCele, sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos ara dauswrebeli, aramed Cveulebrivi gadawyvetileba saqmis masalebis mixedviT. 88

savaldebulo Tanamonawileobis dros erT-erTi Tanamonawilis gamocxadeba niSnavs yvela Tanamonawilis gamocxadebas, Tu yvela Tanamonawiles gaegzavna Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. Tu arcerTi mxare, e. i. arcerTi TanamosarCele da arcerTi Tanamopasuxe ar gamocxadda sasamarTlos SeuZlia sarCeli ganuxilvelad datovos (ssk 231-e muxli). III. arasavaldebulo Tanamonawileoba arasavaldebulo (fakultaturi) Tanamonawileoba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos imiT, rom `sasarCelo moTxovnebi gamomdinareobs erTi da imave safuZvlebidan~, an kidev imiT, rom `sasarCelo moTxovnebi erTgvarovania, miuxedavad imisa, erTgvarovania Tu ara maTi safuZveli da sagani (ssk 86-e muxlis „b“ da „g“ punqtebi). magaliTad, Tu piris qonebas ziani miayena ramdenime pirma, dazaralebuls SeuZlia sarCeli aRZras rogorc calkeuli zianis mimyeneblis, ise yvelas mimarT erTad. aseve, TiToeul muSa-mosamsaxures SeuZlia cal-calke aRZras sarCeli administraciis mimarT xelfasis miRebis Taobaze, magram maT SeuZliaT gaaerTianon TavianTi erTgvarovani moTxovnebi erT sarCelSi. Tanamonawileoba aseT SemTxvevebSi gamarTlebulia saqmis sworad da swrafad gadawyvetis interesebiT, agreTve, saproceso ekonomiis principis moTxovnebiT. ama Tu im konkretul SemTxvevaSi es mizani SeiZleba ver iqnes realizebuli. maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia ramdenime mosarCelis an ramdenime mopasuxis mimarT wardgenili moTxovnebidan calke warmoebad gamoyos erTi an ramdenime moTxovna (ssk 182-e muxlis me-3 naw.). Tanamonawileobisagan unda ganvasxvavoT ramdenime sasarCelo moTxovnis erT sarCelSi gaerTianeba erTi da imave mopasuxis mimarT. Tanamonawileoba _ es aris sarCelebis subieqturi gaerTianeba, xolo ramdenime moTxovnis erTi sarCelSi gaerTianeba erTsa da imave mopasuxis mimarT _ sarCelebis obieqturi gaerTianeba. sasamarTlos SeuZlia gaerTianebuli moTxovnebidan calke warmoebad gamoyos erTi an ramdenime moTxovna (ix. Tavi ..........). praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos arasavaldebulo (fakultaturi) Tanamonawileobis dros gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, Tu ar gamocxadda arcerTi an gamocxadda mxolod erT-erTi Tanamonawile. aseTi Tanamonawileobis dros, Tu ar gamocxadda erT mxareze monawile arcerTi Tanamonawile, sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba yvela gamoucxadebel mxareTa sawinaaRmdegod (ssk 229-230-e muxlebi). magram, Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamocxadda erT mxareze monawile mxolod erTi an mxolod nawili, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos Cveulebrivi gadawyvetileba mxolod gamocxadebuli Tanamonawilis mimarT da dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamoucxadebel TanamonawileTa mimarT. arasavaldebulo Tanamonawileobis dros TiToeul Tanamonawiles SeeZlo aReZra damoukidebeli sarCeli calke aRebuli mopasuxis mimarT. aqedan gamomdinare, arasavldebulo Tanamonawileobis dros erT-erTi Tanamonawilis gamocxadeba ar niSnavs yvela Tanamonawilis gamocxadebas. 89

amitom, aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoucxadeblobas unda moyves is Sedegi, rasac kanoni ukavSirebs mxaris gamoucxadeblobas saerTod. ssk 86-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad TiToeuli mosarCele an mopasuxe meore mxaris mimarT procesSi gamodis damoukideblad. TiToeuli Tanamonawilis procesSi damoukideblad gamosvla imas niSnavs, rom mis mier ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Seusruleblobas ar SeuZlia raime ziani miayenos sxva Tanamonawiles an zegavlena moaxdinos sxva Tanamonawileebze. magaliTad, erTi Tanamonawilis mier sarCelze uaris Tqma, an sarCelis cnoba ar niSnavs sarCelze uaris Tqmas an sarCelis cnobas sxva Tanamonawileebis mier. sasamarTlo Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas im mosarCelis mimarT, romelmac uari Tqva sarCelze da sxvebis mimarT gaagrZelebs saqmis ganxilvas. aseve sasamarTlo daakmayofilebs sarCels im mopasuxis mimarT, romelmac cno sarCeli, xolo sxvebis mimarT gaagrZelebs saqmis ganxilvas. Tanamonawileebs SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi erT-erT Tanamonawiles miandon. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tanamonawile or funqcias asrulebs: is aris mxare, romelic icavs Tavis uflebebs da, imavdroulad is aris warmomadgeneli sxva Tanamonawileebisa. am ori funqciis (mxare, warmomadgeneli) SeTavseba dasaSvebia mxolod Tanamonawileobis dros. saqmis warmoebis mindoba erT-erTi TanamonawilisaTvis aucileblad unda gaformdes kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 96-e muxli). magaliTad, moqalaqeTa mier gacemuli mindobiloba unda damowmdes sanotaro wesiT an im organizaciis mier, sadac muSaobs an swavlobs marwmunebeli. Tanamonawiles, romelsac mindobili aqvs saqmis warmoeba sxva Tanamonawileebis mier, Tavis mxriv, ar ekrZaleba aiyvanos advokati. Tanamonawileebi (TanamosarCeleebi, Tanamopasuxeebi) arian mxareebi, romlebic icaven TavianT uflebebs da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul interesebs. amitom, isini sargebloben yvela im uflebiT, ra uflebebic aqvT mxareebs.

$6. mesame pirebi I. cneba da saxeebi sasarCelo warmoebis dros yovelTvis gvyavs ori urTierTdapirispirebuli mxare - mosarCele da mopasuxe. gansazRvrulia agreTve davis sagani, e.i. is, ris gamoc es ori mxare upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, ver SeTanxmebulan erTmaneTTan da amitom iZulebuli gamxdaran miemarTaT sasamarTlosTvis, raTa man gadaWras wamoWrili dava. zogjer, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, mosarCelis an mopasuxis mxareze, an kidev orive mxareze ramdenime piri (Tanamonawileebi TanamosarCeleebi, Tanamopasuxeebi) gamodis. magram es principulad arafers ar cvlis, radgan ori urTierTdapirispirebuli mxare rCeba. adgili aqvs mxolod mxareTa raodenobriv zrdas: mosarCelis mxareze 90

gamodis erTi ki ara, aramed ramdenime piri, xolo mopasuxis mxareze aseve ramdenime piri. ori urTierTdapirispirebuli mxare ki rCeba. magram zogjer samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvis procesi rTuldeba imiT, rom am procesSi Semodis piri, romlis interesebi ar emTxveva arc mosarCelis da arc mopasuxis interesebs. igi ebmeba procesSi Tavis uflebis dasacavad. amrigad, mesame piri - es iseTi piria, romelic Semodis mxareTa mier ukve dawyebul procesSi Tavisi sakuTari uflebebisa da interesebis dasacavad, romlebic aramarto ar emTxveva, aramed piriqiT, ewinaaRmdegeba kidec mxareebis (mosarCelis, mopasuxis) interesebs. swored amitom, isini ar SeiZleba Caeban procesSi Tanamonawileebad, romlis dros erT mxareze monawile pirebis (magaliTad, TanamosarCeleebis) interesebi emTxveva erTmaneTs. Tavisi xasiaTiTa da SinaarsiT mesame pirTa interesebi SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos. am gansxvavebuli interesebis mixedviT moxda mesame pirebis dayofa or saxed: mesame pirebi, romlebic acxadeben damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze, e.i. im saganze, romelzec ukve aRZrulia dava mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris sasamarTloSi da mesame pirebi romlebic ar acxadeben damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze, magram surT daicvan TavianTi sxva, iuridiulad angariSgasawevi, interesi. II. mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT nebismier fizikur Tu iuridiul pirs, romelic gaigebs, rom sasamarTloSi mimdinareobs dava mxareTa, anu mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris da aqvs Tavisi interesebi am davis sagnis mimarT, SeuZlia es interesebi daicvas ori gziT: erTi - Seitanos Tavisi sarCeli sasamarTloSi sanam igi miiRebdes gadawyvetilebas da ganacxados Tavisi damoukidebeli moTxovna am davis sagnis mimarT mTlianad an nawilobriv, an, meore - daelodos ranair gadawyvetilebas miiRebs sasamarTlo da Semdeg aRZras sarCeli im mxaris winaaRmdeg, romelsac sasamarTlom miakuTvna davis sagani an romlis sasargebloTac man gamoitana gadawyvetileba. magaliTad, sasamarTloSi aRZrulia vindikaciuri sarCeli, romliTac mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan garkveuli nivTis gadacemas im safuZvliT, rom igi aris am nivTis mesakuTre. gaigo ra aseTi sarCelis aRZvris Sesaxeb sxva pirma, romelic fiqrobs, rom am sadavo nivTis mesakuTre TviTonaa, SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT da ganacxados Tavisi damoukidebeli moTxovna davis saganze an mis nawilze, an kidev, daelodos sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas da, imis mixedviT Tu vis sasargeblod iqneba gamotanili es gadawyvetileba, aRZras mis winaaRmdeg sarCeli saerTo wesiT. arCevnis gakeTeba damokidebelia TviTon dainteresebul pirze, am mxriv raime samarTlebrivi SezRudva ar arsebobs: mas veravni aiZulebs aRZras sarCeli da ganacxados damoukidebeli moTxovna sasamarTloSi mimdinare davis saganze da mas veravin etyvis uars sarCelis miRebaze da ganxilvaze im motiviT, ratom Tavis droze, e.i. sasamarTlos mier am davis sagnis mimarT gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, ar ganacxada Tavisi damoukidebeli moTxovna am sagnis mimarT. 91

sarCelis aRZvra, maT Soris mesame piris mier sasamarTloSi mimdinare davis saganze Tavisi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis aRZvra, aris ufleba da ara movaleoba, es fundamenturi ufleba damkvidrebulia ssk me-2 da 88-e muxlebiT. magram, Tu dainteresebulma pirma gadawyvita ganacxados damoukidebeli moTxovna sasamarTloSi sxva pirTa mier aRZrul davis saganze, maSin es mas SeuZlia gaakeTos ssk 88-e muxlis ZaliT. am muxlis Tanaxmad yovel dainteresebul pirs, romelic acxadebs damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze an mis nawilze, SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli orive an erT-erTi mxaris mimarT sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde. aseT pirebs ewodeba mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT. imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom miiRos da ganixilos mesame piris sarCeli Tavdapirvel sarCelTan erTad da gamoitanos gadawyvetileba am ori sarCelis mimarT erToblivaT, amisaTvis saWiroa garkveuli pirobebi. aseTi pirobebia: a) dainteresebulma pirma, romelic acxadebs damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze an mis enawilze, unda mimarTos sasamarTlos werilobiT Camoyalibebuli sarCeliT. zepiri an sxva raime formiT damoukidebeli moTxovnis wamoyeneba davis saganze dauSvebelia b) mesame piris sarCeli - esaa sarCeli da igi unda pasuxobdes yvela im moTxovnas rasac iTvaliswinebs kanoni saerTod sarCelebis mimarT. am mxriv gamonaklisia mxolod gansjadobis wesebi: mesame pirs SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli damoukidebeli moTxovniT davis saganze, im sasamarTloSi, sadac es dava ganixileba; g) mesame piris sarCeli mimarTuli unda iyos uSvalod davis saganze an mis nawilze. sxva saganze, ra gind axlo kavSirSiac ar unda iyos igi davis saganTan, mesame piris sarCeli dauSvebelia; d) mesame piris sarCeli SeiZleba wardgenil iqnas gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad sasamarTlos saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlamde. damoukidebeli moTxovniT mesame piris sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba. swored aseTi ganCinebis miRebis Semdeg moipovebs piri „damoukidebeli moTxovniT mesame piris“ saproceso mdgomareobas. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu ar arsebobs sasamarTlos ganCineba damoukidebeli moTxovniT mesame piris sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb, maSin arc arsebobs mesame piri damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT, miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs saqmeSi aseTi mesame piris sarCeli Tu ara. mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovniT moipovebs yvela im uflebas, rac kanoniTaa misTvis gaTvaliswinebuli, ara mis mier sarCelis aRZvris, aramed sasamarTlos mier am sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb ganCinebis miRebis momentidan. cxadia, rom Tu mesame piris sarCeli xarveziania, an ar aris gadaxdili saxelmwifo baJi, sasamarTlom unda dauniSnos mas vada am xarvezis SesavsebaT saerTo wesiT (ix. Tavi..... gv........) Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, sasamarTlo am sarCels umoZraod datovebs da daubrunebs mesame pirs. mesame piris sarCeli unda pasuxobdes agreTve yvela im winapirobas, romlebic sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT (ssk 186-e muxli). 92

sasamarTlos ganCineba mesame piris sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb ar gasaCivrdeba. sasamarTlos ganCinebaze mesame piris sarCelis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb an mis miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana (ssk 185-e da 187-e muxlebi). sasamarTlo praqtikam wamoWra sakiTxi: SeiZleba Tu ara mesame pirma davis saganze damoukidebeli moTxovniT aRZras sarCeli saapelacio (sakasacio) instanciaSi? am kiTxvaze uaryofiTad unda vupasuxoT. saapelacio sasamarTlo amowmebs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas saapelacio saCivris farglebSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saapelacio sasamarTlo ganixilavs saCivars gadawyvetilebaze, romelic gamotanilia pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebis mier iq aRZrul sarCelebze da ara TviTon am sarCelebs. mesame piris sarCeli, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, aris Cveulebrivi sarCeli da aseTi sarCeliT saapelacio sasamarTloSi (miT umetes kasaciaSi) mimarTva dauSvebelia. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mesame pirma ver SeZlo damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi mimarTva am sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde, mas sruli SesaZlebloba aqvs aRZras sasamarTloSi sarCeli saerTo wesiT. mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT igive mosarCeleebia da isini sargebloben yvela im uflebiT, ra uflebebiTac sargebloben mosarCeleebi (mxareebi) saerTod. III. mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvaSi damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebad abamen iseT pirebs, rogoricaa saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis organoebi, qalaqis meria, gamgeobebi, sxvadasxva inspeqciebi, notariusebi (gansakuTrebiT Tu sakiTxi exeba xelSekrulebis baTilad cnobas) da a.S. xSirad gaugebaria da araa motivirebuli sasamarTloebis mier, Tu romeli mxaris dasaxmareblad Caeben isini procesSi, ra mosazrebiT an romeli kanoniT xelmZRvanelobda sasamarTlo, roca gamoitana ganCineba maTi saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb da sxva. aseTi praqtika ar Seesabameba kanons, iwvevs aramarto saqmeTa ganxilvis uzomod gaWianurebas, zedmeti masalebis Segrovebas, adamianebis mocdenas, aramed xSirad sruliad dausabuTebeli gadawyvetilebebis gamotanas. rogoria kanoni da rogori unda iyos misi gamoyenebis praqtika? 1. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis saqmeSi Cabmis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. ssk 89-e muxlis Tanaxmad „yovel dainteresebul pirs, romelic ar acxadebs damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze an mis nawilze, SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, raTa dauSvas igi saqmeSi mesame pirad mosarCelis an mopasuxis mxareze, radgan sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas am saqmeze SeuZlia SemdgomSi gavlena moaxdinos mis uflebebsa da movaleobebze erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. mesame pirad 93

daSvebis sakiTxs mxareTa mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT wyvets sasamarTlo“. amrigad, piris daintereseba CaerTos saqmeSi mesame pirad srulebiT araa sakmarisi. es imas niSnavs, rom yvela is piri, romelmac mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT mesame pirad saqmeSi misi CarTvis Sesaxeb, ver iqneba CarTuli mesame pirad saqmeSi. piris subieqturi daintereseba sakmarisi araa. imisaTvis rom piris Suamdgomloba (gancxadeba) saqmeSi mesame pirad CarTvis Sesaxeb daakmayofilos sasamarTlom, am saqmeze gamotanilma gadawyvetilebam gavlena unda iqonios mis uflebebsa da movaleobebze saqmeSi monawile erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. aqedan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom sworad e.i. kanonis Sesabamisad, gadawyvitos piris mesame pirad daSvebis sakiTxi, sasamarTlom zustad da naTlad unda gaarkvios ra gavlenas moaxdens am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba im piris erT-erTi mxaris mimarT uflebebze da movaleobebze, romelic mesame pirad saqmeSi CarTvas moiTxovs.43 am sakiTxis gadawyvetis (garkvevis) dros sasamarTlom kvlav unda mimarTos kanons. saqme isaa, rom sakiTxi exeba piris uflebebsa da movaleobebs erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. uflebebi da movaleobebi wminda iuridiuli kategoriebia da maTi warmoSoba, Secvla Tu Sewyveta mxolod kanonis safuZvelze da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli. sailustraciod SeiZleba mivmarToT samoqalaqo kodeqsis 703-706-e muxlebis analizs. 703-e muxlis Tanaxmad tvirTis dakargvis, dazianebis an gadazidvis gamo zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnebi SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes mxolod pirveli, bolo, an im gadamzidvelis mimarT, romlis mier gadazidvisas daikarga, dazianda an gadacilebul iqna tvirTis Cabarebis vada. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac tvirTis gamgzavni mimarTavs sasamarTlos sarCeliT erT-erTi gadamzidvelis mimarT tvirTis dazianebis gamo zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, maSin mopasuxes, e.i. gadamzidvels SeuZlia iSuamdgomlos sasamarTlos winaSe, raTa saqmeSi Cabmuli iqnes mesame pirad damoukidebeli moTxovniT, sxva momdevno gadamzidveli. aseTi SuamdgomlobiT sasamarTlos SeiZleba mimarTos uSvalod am momdevno gadamzidvelmac. cxadia, rom vinc ar unda mimarTos sasamarTlos mesame pirad saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb, Suamdgomloba (gancxadeba) amis Taobaze motivirebuli unda iyos. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi motivireba SesaZlebelia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 704-e da 706-e muxlebis safuZvelze. 704-e muxlis Tanaxmad gadadmzidvels, romelmac aanazRaura ziani garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas aqvs ukumoTxovnis ufleba sxva gadamzidvelis mimarT. amasTan erTad, am sxva gadamzidvels, romlis mimarT aRZrulia ukumoTxovnis Sesaxeb sarCeli (regresuli sarCeli), ufleba ar aqvs sadavo gaxados, rom mosarCelem, e.i. gadamzidvelma, romelmac ukve aanazaRaura ziani sasamarTlo gadawvetilebis ZaliT, usafuZvlod gadaixada Tanxa, Tu es gadamzidveli saTanadod iyo gafrTxilebuli sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb da SeeZlo monawileoba mieRo am procesSi. 43

savsebiT sworad miuTiTebs q.gabelaia, rom yvela im piris mesame pirad saqmeSi CarTva, visac amis subieqturi interesi aqvs, gamoiwvevs qaoss praqtikaSi da sabolao angariSSi mxareTa uflebebis Selaxvas. ix. T.liluaSvilisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli. Tb. 2003, gv. 256. Cveni mxriv daumatebdiT, rom tendecia qaosisken praqtikaSi marTlac SeimCneva mesame pirTa Cabmis dros.

94

rogorc vxedavT, damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris procesSi Cabmas aqvs didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba, rodesac gadawyvetilebas am saqmeze SeuZlia zegavlena iqonios mis uflebamovaleobaze erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis preidiciuli (winaswargadamwyveti) Zala sxva sarCelebis ganxilvisas ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT Cabmuli iyo Tu ara mesame piri saqmis ganxilvaSi. amitom, damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saqmeSi CabmiT dainteresebuli unda iyos rogorc uSvalod mxare, ise mis mxareze monawile mesame piri. ukumoTxovnis anu regresuli moTxovnis wayenebis saSiSroeba marTalia aris mesame pirisaTvis procesSi Cabmis ZiriTadi, magram ara erTad-erTi samarTlebrivi safuZveli. magaliTad, praqtika dasaSvebad Tvlis mesame pirad im bavSvis mSoblis saqmeSi Cabmas, romelic adre gamotanili gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze iRebs aliments. Tu alimentis gadamxdelis mimarT aRZruli iqneba sarCeli sxva qorwinebaSi dabadebuli bavSvisaTvis alimentis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb, maSin am sarCelis ganxilvaSi SeiZleba mesame pirad Caebas im bavSvis mSobeli, romelic ukve iRebs aliments, radgan sxva qorwinebaSi dabadebuli bavSvisaTvis alimentis gadaxdevinebis dakisrebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios pirveli gadawyvetilebiT gansazRvruli alimentis odenobis Semcireba. mesame pirebis saqmeSi Cabmis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs ssk 184-e muxlis me-3 nawili. es muxli emyareba princips, romlis Tanaxmad Tu sasamarTlos mier araa gatarebuli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebi, mxareebs ar erTmevaT ufleba gayidon, gaaCuqon davis sagani an daTmon moTxovna. magram, sadavo sagnis aseTi gasxvisebis pirobebSiac, mxared rCeba is piri, vinc gaasxvisa davis sagani, e.i. piri vinc iqneboda mxared procesSi sadavo sagnis gasxviseba rom ar moexdina. sadavo sagnis SemZens, an im pirs, visac moTxovna dauTmes, SeuZlia Caebas procesSi im mxaris nacvlad, romelmac gaasxvisa davis sagani an daTmo moTxovna, oRond erTi aucilebeli pirobiT: Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare Tanaxma iqneba amaze. aseTi Tanxmobis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi, sadavo sagnis SemZens SeuZlia Caebas procesSi mesame pirad damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe. cxadia, rom mesame pirad procesSi Cabmis mizani SeiZleba iyos is, rom daexmaros mxares saqmis mis sasargeblod gadawyvetaSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas SeiZleba daevalos davis sagnis mogebuli mxarisaTvis an im mxarisaTvis dabruneba, romlisaganac igi SeiZina. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebi gansxvavdebian Tanamonawileebisagan. Tanamonawileebis procesSi monawileobis safuZvlebi, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, iseTia, rom isini yovelTvis upirispirdebian mowinaaRmdege mxares: TanamosarCeleebi upirispirdebian Tanamopasuxeebs da piriqiT. rac Seexeba mesame pirebs damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, isini materialur samarTlebriv urTierTobaSia mxolod im pirTan, romlis mxarezec gamodian procesSi da aranairi samarTlebrivi urTierToba mowinaaRmdege mxaresTan maT ar akavSirebT. piriqiT, mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe exmareba da yovelnairad cdilobs, raTa procesi moigos im mxarem, romlis mxarezec igi gamodis procesSi, magram, Tu misma mxarem procesi waago, maSin SeiZleba moxdes, rom mesame piri daupirispirdes swored imas, vis 95

mxarezec gamodioda procesSi. magaliTad, regresuli (ukumoTxovnis) sarCelebSi mesame pirebi yovelTvis upirispirdebian regresuli sarCelebis aRmZvrel mosarCeleebs, romelTa mxareze isini gamodiodnen saqmeSi. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToTo daskvna: damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis samarTlebrivi safuZvelia zegavlena, romelic SeiZleba iqonios am saqmeze gamotanilma gadawyvetilebam aseTi mesame piris uflebebze da movaleobebze erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom iuridiuli interesi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT ar warmoadgens mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis samarTlebriv safuZvels? ara, ar niSnavs! ruseTis 1866 wlis samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesdebis 663-e muxlis Tanaxmad „mesame pirs, romlis interesi damokidebulia erT-erTi mxaris sasargebloT gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze“, SeuZlia am Tavisi survilis Sesaxeb ganacxados Tavisi monawileobis Sesaxeb mosarCelis, an mopasuxis mxareze. germaniis ssk 60-e muxlis Tanaxmad piri, romelic „iuridiuladaa dainteresebuli erT-erTi mxaris gamarjvebaSi, SeuZlia SeuerTdes am mxares misi mxardaWeris mizniT“. gancxadebaSi aseTma pirma „unda miuTiTos samarTlebriv interesze, ris gamoc CaerTvis procesSi damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe (70-e muxli). avstriis ssk me-17 muxlis Tanaxmad „piri, romlis samarTlebrivi interesi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom romelime mxarem moigos procesi.... SeuZlia Caebas saqmeSi rogorc am mxaris damxmare“. amave kodeqsis 21-e muxlis Tanaxmad, „Tu gadawyvetilebas SeiZleba preiudiciuli Zala hqondes mesame piris mimarT, mas SeuZlia CaerTos saqmeSi mesame pirad“. rogorc vxedavT, aq miTiTebuli qveynebis saproceso kodeqsebis mixedviT damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis saqmeSi CarTvis samarTlebrivi safuZveli - esaa iuridiuli interesi anu daintereseba, rom mxarem moigos procesi. ufro detalurad iuridiuli interesi ganxiluli iqneba qvemoT, aq mxolod avRniSnavT imas, rom iuridiuli interesi SefasebiTi msjelobaa. amitom, igi ganekuTvneba ara gnoseologiis (Semecnebis) sferos, aramed aqsiologiis (Rirebulebis, Sefasebis) sferos. aqedan gamomdinare, iuridiuli interesis „dadgena dadastureba“ mtkicebulebebis meSveobiT, maT Soris uSvalo (grZnobis organoebiT) aRqmis gziT - SeuZlebelia. aqedan gamomdinare, kanonmdebelma upiratesoba mianiWa mesame piri rogorc Cans, amitom Cvenma ssk-ma saqmeSi Cabmis iseT kriteriums, romelic ufro gasagebi da misaRebi iqneboda rogorc mxareebisaTvis, ise sasamarTlosaTvis. amrigad, iuridiuli interesi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiTac aucilebelia, magram igi arsebobs maSin, rodesac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos mesame piris uflebebze da movaleobebze erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. iuridiuli interesis arsebobis ganmsazRvreli am kriteriumis gamoyeneba ar unda iwvevdes raime garTulebas. mosamarTles Tavisi iuridiuli codnis safuZvelze Tavisuflad SeuZlia ganWvritos Tu ra gavlena SeuZlia moaxdinos misma gadawyvetilebam im piris ufleba96

movaleobebze, romelic moiTxovs saqmeSi mesame pirad CarTvas.

damoukidebeli

moTxovnis

gareSe

2. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis saqmeSi Cabmis wesi samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvaSi mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe SeiZleba Cabmuli iqnes TviT am mesame piris gancxadebiT (SuamdgomlobiT), agreTve mxaris iniciativiT. sasamarTlos iniciativiT mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmas ssk-si ar iTvaliswinebs. mosarCelis an mopasuxis mxareze mesame pirad saqmeSi Cabmaze sasamarTlos SeuZlia mimarTos nebismier dainteresebul pirs. aseTi mimarTvis erTad-erTi forma SeiZleba iyos werilobiTi gancxadeba, radgan zepiri formiT aseTi gancxadebis gakeTeba gamoricxulia im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom es piri ar aris procesis monawile da igi aseT zepir gancxadebas ver gaakeTebs. TavisTavad cxadia, rom gancxadeba mesame pirad daSvebaze unda iyos motivirebuli. es imas niSnavs, rom gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos konkretulad raSi gamoixateba misi iuridiuli interesi, ra gavlenas moaxdens mis ufleba-movaleobebze im saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba, romelSi Cabmasac is moiTxovs (ssk 89-e muxli). rac Seexeba mxareebs maT SeuZliaT mimarTon sasamarTlos damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb rogorc werilobiTi, ise zepiri gancxadebiT. damokideblad imisa, Tu ra formiT mimarTaven sasamarTlos, gancxadeba yovelTvis unda iyos motivirebuli, zepiri formiT gakeTebuli motivirebuli gancxadeba Seitaneba sxdomis oqmSi (ssk 90-e muxli). praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania sakiTxi, Tu procesis romel stadiaze (etapze) daiSveba gancxadeba mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb. Cveni saproceso kanonmdebloba uSvebs SesaZleblobas aseTi gancxadebiT mimarTon sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde, praqtikulad sasamarTlos saTaTbiro oTaxSi gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad gasvlamde. amasTan erTad, kanonmdebloba ebrZvis saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis institutis gamoyenebas. brZolis meqanizmi aseTia: jer kidev saqmis momzadebis stadiaze sasamarTlo avalebs mxareebs acnobon Tu „vin SeiZleba Caebas procesSi Tanamonawileebad an mesame pirebad“. (ssk 201-e muxlis me-2 nawilis „e“ punqti). saqmis momzadebis stadiaze sasamarTlos SeuZlia gadawyvitos sakiTxi sasamarTlo procesSi mesame pirebis daSvebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac mxareebi Suamdgomloben sasamarTlos winaSe mesame pirebis CaqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo sxdomebze da mas Semdeg, rac ukve gavida ramdenime Tve sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebidan. sasamarTlo mTavar sxdomaze da isic ase dagvianebiT sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu iyo sapatio mizezi amisaTvis (ssk 215-e muxli). am TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT ufro naklebi moTxovnebi waeyeneba TviTon mesame pirs, romelmac SeiZleba gvian gaigo procesis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb. 97

3. sasamarTlos ganCineba damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis sakiTxs sasamarTlo gadawyvets mxareTa mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mxareTa mosazrebebis gaTvaliswineba ki SeiZleba Semdegnairad moxdes: Tu gancxadeba mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb Semotanilia am saqmis momzadebis stadiaze, maSin es gancxadeba gadaegzavneba mxares (mxareebs), romelsac daeniSneba vada am sakiTxze misi werilobiTi mosazrebis warmodgenisaTvis. am vadaSi werilobiTi mosazrebis warmoudgenloba ver daabrkolebs sasamarTlos mier sakiTxis gadawyvetas. Tu gancxadeba Semotanilia sasamarTlo sxdomaze, maSin mxareTa mosazrebebis mosmena amave sxdomaze xdeba. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs motivirebuli ganCineba, romelSic miTiTebuli unda iyos agreTve, Tu vis mxareze xdeba mesame piris saqmeSi Cabma da konkretulad raSi gamoixateba misi iuridiuli interesi (ra gavlena SeuZlia iqonios am saqmeze gamotanilma gadawyvetilebam mesame piris uflebebze da movaleobebze. am ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba. rac Seexeba sasamarTlos ganCinebas mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, am ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana (ssk 90-e muxlis me-2 nawili). 4. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saproceso uflebebi. mesame pirs miniWebuli aqvs yvela is saproceso ufleba, rac aucilebelia misi interesebis dasacavad. maT aqvT igive uflebebi, rac mxareebs, garda dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare uflebebisa, rogoricaa gaadidon an Seamciron sasarCelo moTxovnis odenoba, Secvalon sarCelis safuZveli an sagani, cnon sarCeli, uari Tqvan sarCelze an morigdnen, aRZran Segebebuli sarCeli, moiTxovon gadawyvetilebis iZulebiT aRsruleba (ssk 91-e muxli). aseT mesame pirs ar SeuZlia agreTve gaasaCivros sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saapelacio an sakasacio wesiT (ssk 364-e da 391-e muxlebi), Seitanos kerZo saCivari (ssk 414-e muxli), garda ganCinebisa, romliTac uari eTqva pirs gancxadebaze damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirad saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb. $7. saproceso uflebamonacvleoba. I. uflebamonacvleobis cneba da safuZvlebi samoqalaqo ufleba an movaleoba SeiZleba erTi piridan meoreze gadavides. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es ufleba Tu movaleoba sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagania, warmoiSoba saproceso uflebamonacvleobis aucilebloba. es imas niSnavs, rom saproceso uflebamonacvleobas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac sadavo materialur samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gadis erT-erTi mxare da ara maSin, 98

rodesac saqmidan gadis esa Tu is mxare (magaliTad, arasaTanado mxare gavida saqmidan da mis nacvlad Semovida saTanado mxare). amrigad, saproceso uflebamonacvleoba - esaa mxareebis da mesame pirebis Secvla im pirebiT, romlebzec maTi uflebebi da movaleobebi gadavida. rogorc vxedavT, saproceso uflebamonacvleoba mTlianad efuZneba uflebamonacvleobas materialur samarTalSi. saproceso uflebamonacvleobis safuZvlebi (anu sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gasvlis SemTxvevebi) miTiTebulia ssk 92-e muxlSi. aseTi safuZvlebia a) moqalaqis gardacvaleba. magaliTad, sk 1306-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gardacvlili piris qonebis gadasvla sxva pirze xorcieldeba kanoniT an anderZiT. b) iuridiuli piris reorganizacia. iuridiuli piris reorganizacia (SeerTeba, mierTeba, gayofa, gamoyofa, gardaqmna) gaTvaliswinebulia „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-14 muxliTa da sk-is 39-e muxliT (universaluri uflebamonacvleoba). g) moTxovnis daTmoba. gaTvaliswinebulia sk 199-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad, garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas moTxovnis mflobels (kreditors) SeuZlia moTxovna mesame pirs dauTmos. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tavdapirveli mflobelis adgils ikavebs is piri, romelsac moTxovna dauTmes (singularuli uflebamonacvleoba) Sesabamisad, saproceso uflebamonacvlis adgils, nacvlad Tavdapirveli mflobel-mosarClisa, daikavebs piri, romelsac am Tavdapirvelma mflobel-mosarClem dauTmo moTxovna. d) valis gadacema. valis gadacema (gadakisreba) gaTvaliswinebulia sk 203-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad, moTxovnis mflobelTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT vali SeiZleba Tavis Tavze aiRos mesame pirmac. aseT SemTxvevaSi piri, romelmac Tavis Tavze aiRo vali, daikavebs Tavdapirveli movalis adgils. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu Tavdapirveli movale gvevlineba saqmeSi mopasuxed, valis gadakisrebis SemTxvevaSi mis saproceso uflebamonacvled mogvevlineba piri, romelsac gadaeca (gadaekisra) vali. uflebamonacvleoba gansxvavdeba procesSi arasaTanado mxaris Secvlisagan: arasaTanado mxare _ es iseTi piria, romelic ar aris sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti. amitom, mas ara aqvs moTxovnis ufleba, agreTve man ar unda agos pasuxi mis mimarT aRZrul moTxovnaze. uflebamonacvleobis dros ki piriqiT xdeba: Tavdapirveli mxare iyo saTanado mxare, radgan igi iyo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti da mxolod imis Sedegad, rom misi adgili am samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi daikava (kanoniT dadgenili safuZvlebiTa da wesiT) sxva pirma, Sesabamisad, es sxva piri ikavebs mis adgils samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi (saproceso uflebamonacvleoba). saproceso uflebamonacvleobis safuZvelia uflebamonacvleoba materialur samarTalSi, rodesac materialuri samarTlis normebis mixedviT, dasaSvebia samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi uflebebisa da movaleobebis subieqtebis Secvla, rodesac axali subieqti mTlianad an nawilobriv iRebs Tavis Tavze winamorbedis uflebebs an movaleobebs. magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT b-anis winaaRmdeg misi qonebis dazianebiT miyenebuli zianis anaRzaurebis 99

Sesaxeb. am saqmis warmoebis procesSi mopasuxe b-ani gardaicvala. sasamarTlom SeaCera saqmis warmoeba ssk 379-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, gardacvlili mopasuxis uflebamonacvlis dadgenamde (ssk 281-e muxli). Tu uflebamonacvleoba materialuri samarTlis mixedviT dauSvebelia, maSin dauSvebelia saproceso uflebamonacvleobac. aseT SemTxveaSi saqmis warmoeba ki ar unda SeCerdes, aramed unda Sewydes. magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlo sarCeliT b-anis winaaRmdeg samuSaoze aRdgenis Sesaxeb. saqmis warmoebis procesSi ani gardaicvala. sasamarTlom Sewyvita saqmis warmoeba, radgan sadavo SromiT samarTlebriv urTierTobas dasaSvebad ar miaCnia samuSao adgilis Tu Tanamdebobis memkvidreobiT miReba (uflebamonacvleoba). saqmis warmoeba unda Sewydes, Tu gardaicvala is piri visTvisac moiTxovdnen aliments, radgan alimentis gadaxdevinebis uflebis gadasvla sxva pirze dauSvebelia. aseve, saqmis warmoeba unda Sewydes, Tu gardaicvala iseTi movale, romlis piradi monawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia valdebulebis Sesruleba, an kidev, Tu gardaicvala kreditori, romlisTvisac piradad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli Sesruleba (sk 453-e muxli). II. saproceso uflebamonacvleobis daSvebis wesi uwinares yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom uflebamonacvleoba materialur samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi anu sadavo materialur samarTlebrivi uflebis gadasvla erTi piridan meoreze, ar warmoadgens procesualuri uflebamonacvleobis savaldebulo sababs. ise rogorc sarCelis aRZvra sasamarTloSi, uflebamonacvleoba procesSiac mxareTa nebasurvilzea damokidebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, roca saqme exeba procesidan ama Tu im mizeziT gasul mosarCelis uflebamonacvles, kerZod, daikavos Tu ara man procesidan gasuli mosarCelis adgili - es mTlianad damokidebulia TviTon uflebamonacvleze, xolo, roca saqme exeba procesidan gasuli mopasuxis uflebamonacvles, maSin Caebas Tu ara es uflebamonacvle procesSi mopasuxed, damokidebulia ara am uflebamonacvleze, aramed mosarCelis nebasurvilze. aseTi wesi mTlianad efuZneba im zogad princips, romlis Tanaxmad, rogorc sarCelis aRZvris, ise mopasuxis dasaxelebis uflebamosileba mTlianad ekuTvnis mosarCeles. saproceso uflebamonacvleoba dasaSvebia procesis nebismier stadiaze, kerZod sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebidan gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde, gadawyvetilebis gamotanidan mis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde, gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan mis aRsrulebamde. cxadia, rom uflebamonacvleoba dasaSvebia rogorc pirvel, ise saapelacio da sakasacio instanciis sasamarTloSi. III. saqmis warmoebis SeCereba da ganaxleba

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Tu uflebamonacvleobis aucilebloba warmoiSva gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde (saqmis pirvel, saapelacio Tu sakasacio instanciaSi ganxilvis dros), maSin sasamarTlom unda SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba (ssk 279-e muxlis `a~ punqti), ris Sesaxebac sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba. am ganCinebaSi sasamarTlom unda miuTiTos, rom saqmis warmoeba SeCerebulia uflebamonacvlis dadgenamde, magram uflebamonacvlis dadgeniT yovelTvis ver moxdeba SeCerebuli saqmis ganaxleba. kerZod, Tu sakiTxi Seexeba mosarCelis uflebamonacvles, maSin man unda mimarTos sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, raTa dauSvas igi saqmeSi rogorc mosarCelis uflebamonacvle. manve unda warudginos sasamarTlos uflebamonacvleobis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi (samkvidro mowmoba, moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba, valis gadakisrebis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba, iuridiuli piris reorganizaciis damadasturebeli dokumentebi da a. S). - Tu sakiTxi Seexeba mopasuxes, maSin mosarCelem an TviTon mopasuxis uflebamonacvlem unda mimarTos sasamarTlos Sesabamisi gancxadebiT. maT sasamarTlos unda warudginon uflebamonacvleobis damadasturebeli sabuTebi. Tu mosarCelis mier dasaxelebuli mopasuxis uflebamonacvle uaryofs Tavis uflebamonacvleobas, man es uaryofa unda daadasturos. _ apelantis Tu kasatoris uflebamonacvlis dasaxelebiT da SeCerebuli saapelacio Tu sakasacio warmoebis ganaxlebiT SeiZleba dainteresebuli iyos mowinaaRmdege (saapelacio Tu sakasacio mopasuxe) mxarec. magaliTad, mosarCelem moigo procesi da mas miekuTvna is sikeTe, rasac moiTxovda (raime nivTi, fuladi Tanxa, binaSi Sesaxleba da a. S.). mopasuxem Seitana saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivari, magram sanam sasamarTlo am saCivars ganixilavda, apelanti (kasatori) gardaicvala. imis gamo, rom am SemTxvevaSi saCivari aris faqtobrivad da iuridiulad sruliad uperspeqtivo, apelantis (kasatoris) uflebamonacvle saerTod ar aris dainteresebuli ganaxldes saqmis ganxilva. is mxolod cdilobs, rom gaWianurdes am saqmis saboloo gadawyveta. mowinaaRmdege mxare ki piriqiT _ dainteresebulia am saqmis ganxilviTa da gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi SesvliT. amitom, apelantis Tu kasatoris mowinaaRmdege mxare TviTon atyobinebs saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlos, rom man ganaaxlos SeCerebuli saapelacio (sakasacio) warmoeba, vinaidan ukve gamovlinda uflebamonacvle. _ Tu uflebamonacvled gvevlineba ramdenime piri, maSin yoveli maTgani unda iqnen saqmeSi Cabmuli. _ uflebamonacvlis dadgenis Semdeg, sasamarTlom unda ganaaxlos saqme, ris Sesaxebac gamoaqvs ganCineba. unda acnobos uflebamonacvles saqmis ganxilvis Sesaxeb da miuTiTos im Sedegebze, rac SeiZleba moyves mis gamoucxadeblobas. _ SeCerebuli saqmis ganaxlebis Semdeg, saqmis ganxilva Tavidan ar daiwyeba, aramed gagrZeldeba im etapidan, romel etapzec SeCerda misi warmoeba. _ gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba uflebamonacvleze, magram Tu uflebamonacvleoba warmoiSva am gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg_aRsrulebis stadiaze, maSin es sakiTxi SeiZleba mogvardes gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis wesiT (ssk 262-e muxli). 101

sasamarTlos ganCinebaze uflebamonacvleobis dadgenamde saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. sasamarTlos ganCinebaze uflebamonacvlis dadgenis gamo saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba. IV. uflebamonacvlis saproceso uflebebi uflebamonacvles, Tu igi daSvebuli iqneba procesSi, aqvs absoluturad yvela is saproceso ufleba, rac hqonda mis winamorbeds. amasTan erTad, uflebamonacvlisaTvis savaldebuloa yvela saproceso moqmedeba, romelic Sesrulebuli iyo mis daSvebamde im odenobiT, rac savaldebulo iqneboda misi winamorbedisaTvis. es imas niSnavs, rom uflebamonacvles ar SeuZlia moiTxovos im saproceso moqmedebis xelmeored (ganmeorebiT) Sesruleba, romelic misma winamorbedma Seasrula. magaliTad, mas ar SeuZlia moiTxovos mowmeTa ganmeorebiT gamoZaxeba da dakiTxva, saproceso vadebis Tavidan aTvla, Tu es vada gaSvebuli iyo jer kidev winamorbedis sicocxleSi an iuridiuli piris reorganizaciamde. magaliTad, Tu uflebamonacvleoba warmoiSva gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, e.i. winamorbedis sicocxleSi, maSin uflebamonacvles ar SeuZlia gaasaCivros es gadawyvetileba. magram, Tu uflebamonacvleoba warmoiSva gadawyvetilebis gamotanisTanave, magram mis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde, uflebamonacvles SeuZlia gaasaCivros es gadawyvetileba (ganCineba). winamorbedis mier Sesrulebuli yvela saproceso moqmedeba iTvleba Sesrulebulad uflebamonacvlis mier. magaliTad, winamorbedma Secvala sarCelis sagani da nacvlad mopasuxis binidan gamosaxlebis moiTxova misgan binis qiris gadaxda. uflebamonacvle ver ityvis uars sarCelis aseT Secvlaze. magram, Tu winamorbeds kanonis Tanaxmad SeuZlia uari Tqvas mis mier Sesrulebul saproceso moqmedebaze, maSin aseTive ufleba aqvs uflebamonacvlesac. magaliTad, uflebamonacvles SeuZlia uari Tqvas winamorbedis mier Setanil saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivarze, radgan mis winamorbedsac hqonda aseTive ufleba (ssk 378-e muxli). $8. mxareTa saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi I. mxareTa uflebebi cnebas „mxare“ Cven aq viyenebT farTo gagebiT da am cnebaSi vgulisxmobT aramarto mosarCeles da mopasuxes, aramed agreTve Tanamonawileebs, anu TanamosarCeleebs da Tanamopasuxeebs, mesame pirebs damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT, maT uflebamonacvleebs. rac Seexeba mesame pirebs damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, isini, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT sargebloben mxolod im saproceso uflebiT, rac aucilebelia maTi interesebis dasacavad. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili piri aRWurvilia farTo saproceso uflebebiT, rac saWiroa maTi materialur samarTlebrivi interesebis, moTxovnebis, Tu Sesageblis dacvisaTvis. amasTan erTad, saqarTvelos konstituciis 85-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad „samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeba mxareTa Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze“. 102

konstituciis am danawesis Sesabamisad saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 83-e muxlis Tanaxmad „mxareebi sargebloben Tanabari saproceso uflebebiT“. imis mixedviT, Tu romeli konkretuli interesis realizacias emsaxureba, mxareTa saproceso uflebebi SeiZleba sam ZiriTad jgufad davyoT. erTi jgufi saproceso ulebebisa mimarTulia mxareTa materialur samarTlebrivi da saproceso samarTlebrivi uflebebis gankargvis uzrunvelyofisaken. am mizniT mxareebs ufleba aqvT Secvalon sarCelis sagani (moTxovna) an safuZveli, gaadidon an Seamciron sasarCelo moTxovnis odenoba, daazuston da daakonkreton sarCelSi (SesagebelSi) miTiTebuli garemoebebi, moiTxovon erTi nivTis nacvlad sxva nivTis mikuTvneba, anda am nivTis Rirebuleba (ssk 83-e muxli), daamTavron saqme morigebiT, mosarCelem uari Tqvas Tavis sarCelze, xolo mopasuxem cnos sarCeli (ssk me-3 muxli). meore jgufi mxareTa saproceso uflebebisa mTlianad emsaxureba mxareTa aRWurvas dacvis saproceso saSualebebiT. aseT saSualebebad gvevlineba mxareTa ufleba gaecnon saqmis masalebs, gaakeTon amonawerebi am masalebidan, gadaiRon aslebi, ganacxadon acilebani, waradginon mtkicebulebani, monawileoba miiRon mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevaSi, ganacxadon sasamarTlos winaSe sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis Suamdgomlobebi, miscen sasamarTlos axsna-ganmarteba, uaryon meore mxaris Suamdgomlobebi, daskvnebi da mosazrebebi da a.S. mesame jgufi saproceso uflebebisa mimarTulia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa da ganCinebaTa faqtobrivi da iuridiuli dasabuTebulobis Semowmebis uzrunvelyofisaken. am mizniT mxareebs ufleba aqvT gaasaCivron sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi da ganCinebebi saapelacio, sakasacio, agreTve kerZo saCivris Setanis wesiT, miuTiTon TavianT saCivrebSi Tu konkretulad raSi mdgomareobs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaTa ( ganCinebaTa) usworoba (ssk 83-e muxli). mxareebs SeuZliaT agreTve moiTxovon kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT damTavrebuli saqmis ganaxleba Tu arsebobs am gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis an axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmis ganaxlebis safuZvlebi. ra Tqma unda, aq CamoTvlili mxareTa saproceso (ssk 421-e muxli) uflebebi araa amomwuravi. magaliTad, mxareebs ufleba aqvT moiTxovon sarCelis uzrunvelyofa, awarmoon saqme piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, aRZran Segebebuli sarCeli, Seitanos Segebebuli saapelacio an sakasacio saCivari, ganacxadon uari an ukan gaiTxovon saCivari da a.S. aq CamoTvlili uflebebi - esaa mxareTa ZiriTadi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, tradiciuli saproceso uflebebi. II. mxareTa saproceso movaleobebi ekisrebaT Tu ara mxareebs saproceso movaleobebi? am sakiTxze iuridiul literaturaSi ar arsebobs erTgvarovani mosazreba. farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad uflebebTan erTad mxareebs ekisrebaT saproceso movaleobebi, rogoricaa magaliTad 103

mxareTa movaleoba miuTiTon faqtebze TavianTi moTxovnebis (Sesageblis) dasabuTebis mizniT, mxareTa movaleoba daamtkicon maT mier miTiTebuli faqtebi, mxareTa movaleoba keTilsindisierad gamoiyenon TavianTi saproceso uflebebi da a.S. mxareTa saproceso movaleobebis arsebobas imiT asabuTeben, rom aseTi movaleobis Seusruleblobas yovelTvis ukavSirdeba araxelsayreli Sedegi im mxarisaTvis, romelmac masze dakisrebuli movaleoba ar Seasrula. magaliTad, Tu mxarem ar daamtkica an ver daamtkica faqtiuri garemoeba, romelzec igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnas (Sesagebels), mas daekisreba am faqtis daumtkicebulobis araxelsayreli Sedegebi anu sasamarTlo gamoitans misTvis araxelsayrel (wamgebian) gadawyvetilebas.44 Tanamedrove rusul iuridiul literaturaSi prof. m.a. gurviCi iziarebda mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom mxareebs iuridiuli movaleoba procesSi ar ekisrebaT, radgan saproceso kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs aseTi movaleobis darRvevisaTvis saxelmwifo iZulebis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.45 yvelaze ufro detalurad sakiTxi mxareTa saproceso movaleobebis arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb ganxiluli iyo germanul iuridiul literaturaSi. magaliTad, jer kidev me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi cnobili germaneli procesualistebi o.biulovi, r.Smidti da sxvebi aRniSnavdnen, rom mxareebs samoqalaqo procesSi ar ekisrebaT iuridiuli movaleobebi arc sasamarTlos winaSe da arc erTmaneTis mimarT. isini araa valdebuli gamocxaddnen sasamarTloSi, uaryon mowinaaRmdege mxaris gancxadebebi da mosazrebebi, aRiaron faqtebi Tu moTxovnebi, warmoadginon faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi. ganacxadon Suamdgomlobebi da a.S. ra Tqma unda, mxaris umoqmedeba gamoiwvevs misTvis araxelsayrel Sedegebs, magram, Tu amis gamo amboben moqmedebis movaleobis Sesaxeb, mxedvelobaSi SeiZleba gvqondes mxolod movaleoba Tavisi Tavis mimarT, anu moqmedebis Sesrulebis aucilebloba (da ara movaleoba), Tu Sen ginda miiRo am moqmedebidan gamomdinare gmorCena (sargebeli).46 ufleba da movaleoba ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. ufleba yovelTvis Sexamebulia movaleobasTan: ar arsebobs ufleba movaleobis gareSe da movaleoba uflebis gareSe. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu vinme ar asrulebs Tavis movaleobas, amiT igi arRvevs viRacis uflebas. Tu movaleobis SeusruleblobiT aravis ufleba ar irRveva, aseTi „movaleoba“ iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, arc SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc movaleoba. Tu mxareTa saproceso movaleobebs am TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT ar SeiZleba ar gavakeToT daskvna, rom aseTi movaleoba marTlac ar arsebobs, radgan rodesac mxare (sulerTia mosarCele iqneba es, Tu mopasuxe) ar asrulebs saproceso movaleobas, igi amiT aravis uflebas 44

Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad mxareebs ekisrebaT saproceso movaleobebi viziarebdiT Cvenc. ix. T.liluaSvili. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. Tb. 1992, gv. 35-36. es Sexeduleba farTodaa gavrcelebuli agreTve Tanamedrove rusul iuridiul literaturaSi. ix. Гражданское процессуальное право. учебник. изд-во „проспект“, М. 2004, стр. 81.

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Kурс Советского Гражданского процессуального права. Том. Ш. М. 1981, стр. 231.

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ix. E.Б. Васъковскии. Kурс Гражданского процесса. Том. 1. 1913, стр. 630-631.

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ar arRvevs. swored amitom, arc arsebobs iuridiuli meqanizmi, romlis gamoyenebiTac SeiZleboda saproceso movaleobis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifo iZulebis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, wminda iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT mxareTa saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic unda Seasrulon mxareebma, ar ganekuTvnebian iuridiul valdebulebaTa kategorias. amasTan erTad, ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar miiqcios erTma garemoebam: samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs iseT saproceso moqmedebebs, romelTa Sesrulebis Tu Seusruleblobis mxolod mxareTa uflebebis sferoze gadatana namdvilad seriozul eWvebs iwvevs. magaliTad, sasamarTlom dauniSna mosarCeles vada sarCelis xarvezis Sesavsebad. Tu mosarCele am vadaSi xarvezs ar Seavsebs, sasamarTlo datovebs sarCels ganuxilvelad. aris Tu ara xarvezis Sevseba mxaris ufleba, Tu igi misi movaleobaa? Tu mosarCele an orive mxare ar gamocxaddeba sasamarTlo sxdomaze, sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganuxilvelad datovos sarCeli (ssk 275-e muxlis „d“ qvepunqti). aris, Tu ara sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamocxadeba mxaris ufleba, Tu igi movaleobaa? Tu mxarem ver daamtkica garemoebebi, romlebzec igi ampyarebs Tavis moTxovnas (Sesagebels), sasamarTlo gamoitans misTvis araxelsayrel gadawyvetilebas. aris, Tu ara faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi mxaris ufleba, Tu igi mxaris movaleobaa? da a.S. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba marTlac iTvaliswinebs iseT moqmedebebs, romelTa Seusrulebloba mxaris mier iwvevs misTvis araxelsayrel Sedegebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs naTlad gamokveTil da zustad gansazRvrul muqaras, rac SeiZleba dadges moqmedebis SeusruleblobisaTvis. amasTan erTad, aris iseTi saproceso moqmedebebic, romelTa Seusruleblobas saproceso kanoni ar ukavSirebs aseT konkretulad gamoxatul araxelsayreli Sedegebis dadgomas. magaliTad, mxareebs SeuZliaT gaecnon saqmis masalebs, maT SeuZliaT gaakeTon amonawerebi am masalebidan, mxareebs SeuZliaT gaasaCivron sasamarTlos ganCinebebi da gadawyvetilebebi da a.S. magram, Tu mxareebi ar isargebleben am SesaZleblobebiT (uflebebiT), kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs amisaTvis raime konkretul sanqciebs, Tumca zogadad savsebiT SesaZlebelia aseT umoqmedobas moyves arasasurveli Sedegebi, kerZod, Tu ar gaasaCivreb gadawyvetilebas, amiT SeiZleba dakargo SenTvis araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Sansi, Tu ar gaecnobi saqmis masalebs, SeiZleba mxedvelobidan gauSva da gamogrCes TavdacvisaTvis mniSvnelovani saSualeba. rogorc vxedavT, TviT mxareTa mier ganxorcielebuli saproceso ulebebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan imiT, rom zog SemTxvevaSi uflebis ganuxorcielebulobas ukavSirdeba sruliad garkveuli da konkretulad gansazRvruli Sedegi, xolo zogjer aseTi konkretuli Sedegi araa gansazRvruli kanoniT. miuxedavad amisa, arcerT SemTxvevaSi saqme ar gvaqvs valdebulebasTan, romlis dros valdebuli piri movalea Seasrulos raime moqmedeba meore (sxva) uflebamosili piris sasargeblod. saproceso urTierTobebSi mxare asrulebs moqmedebas mxolod imitom, rom Tavidan aicilos misTvis araxelsayreli Sedegi, misTvis 105

araxelsayrelil gadawyvetilebis gamotana. ufro metic, mxareebs Soris procesSi, anu mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris saproceso urTierToba saerTod ar warmoiSoba. amrigad, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi SeiZleba vilaparakoT mxaris mier ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis aucileblobaze da ara valdebulebaze. amitom roca Cven vambobT, rom mxarem unda Seavsos sarCelis an saCivris xarvezi, mxarem unda warmoadginos werilobiTi Sesagebeli, mxare unda gamocxaddes sasamarTloSi, an roca vambobT, rom mxare movalea daamtkicos faqtebi, mxare movalea acnobos sasamarTlos Tavisi adgilsamyofeli, mxare movalea warmoadginos mtkicebuleba da a.S. sinamdvileSi mxedvelobaSia ara valdebuleba, aramed saproceso moqmedebis Tavisive interesebisaTvis Sesrulebis aucilebloba.

T a v i V sasamarTlos uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba da gansjadoba $1. uwyebrivi qvemdebareobis cneba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan mijnavs or erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul, magram gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis cnebebs: uwyebriv qvemdebareobas, anu sasamarTlo 106

saqveuwyebobas da gansjadobas (ssk me-11 da me-13-e muxlebi). ras niSnavs sasamarTlos uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba? nebismieri organo, romelic arsebobs an Seiqmneba ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi, valdebulia imoqmedos Tavisi uflebamosilebis (iurisdiqciis) farglebSi da ar gascdeba am farglebs. rogorc ki romelime organo gascildeba Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebs, igi iWreba sxva organos kompetenciaSi, e.i. iRebs Tavis Tavze iseTi sakiTxis gadaWris uflebamosilebas, romelic mas ki ara, sxva organos aqvs mikuTvnebuli. saxelmwifoSi arsebul organoebs Soris uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs jer erTi im TvalsazrisiT, rom ar moxdes erTi da igive sakiTxis sxvadasxva organoebis mier ganxilva-gadawyveta, rac namdvilad qaosur viTarebas Seqmnida qveyanaSi da, meore, im TvalsazrisiT, rom zustad unda vicodeT romel konkretul organos ra konkretuli sakiTxis gadaWrisaTvis ekisreba pasuxismgebloba. swored amitomaa, rom arcerT organos an Tanamdebobis pirs ufleba ar aqvs gascdes Tavis kompetencias, gadaametos Tavisi uflebamosilebas. saxelmwifoSi arsebuli yoveli organos uflebamosileba (kompetencia) ganisazRvreba am organosaTvis SemuSavebuli kanoniT, wesdebiT, debulebiT an sxva normatiuli aqtiT. aqedan gamomdinare, uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba, anu saqveuwyeboba SeiZleba ganvmartoT, rogorc im uflebamosilebaTa erToblioba da farglebi, romelic kanoniT aqvs gansazRvruli ama Tu im organos. cxadia, rom sasamarTlos, ise rogorc sxva organos, Pzustad aqvs gansazRvruli uflebamosilebaTa farglebi da igi ar SeiZleba gascdes am farglebs. magaliTad, saqarTvelos kanonebis saqarTvelos konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs, saxelmwifo organoebs Soris davas kompetenciis Taobaze, davas referendumis Tu arCevnebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb da a.S. gadawyvets saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo konstituciuri sarCelis an wardginebis safuZvelze.47 saqarTvelos konstituciis 83-e muxlis Tanaxmad „sakonstitucio kontrolis sasamarTlo organoa saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, misi uflebamosileba, Seqmnisa da saqmianobis wesi ganisazRvreba konstituciiT da organuli kanoniT“. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: sasamarTlo uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba (sasamarTlo saqveuwyeboba) kanoniT gansazRvrul im uflebamosilebaTa erTobliobaa, romlis farglebSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia miiRos da ganixilos saqmeebi.48 vfiqrobT, saWiro da mizanSewonili iqneba aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT saerTo sasamarTloebis uflebamosilebis (saqveuwyebobis) farglebi Zlier iyo SezRuduli. iuridiul literaturaSi aseTi viTareba uaryofiTad iyo Sefasebuli. saqme isaa, rom im pirobebSiac, romelSic es kodeqsi moqmedebda, sasamarTlo mainc rCeboda piris darRveuli an sadavo 47

saqarTvelos kanoni „@sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“ muxli 19. ix. krebuli „kanonmdebloba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb da sasamarTlo praqtika“, Tb. 2001, gv.60. 48 iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazreba, romlis mixedviT uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba – esaa im saqmeebis wre, an kidev, im saqmeTa Tviseba, romlebic ganekuTvneba, sasamarTlo organoebs, an romelTa mixedviT xdeba am organoebisaTvis gansaxilvelad gadacema. ix. a. kobaxiZe. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. Tb. 2003, gv. 253. S. qurdaZe. samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi. T. 2005, gv. 243.

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uflebis dacvis yvelaze ufro momarjvebul formad da, rom uflebis dacvis yvelaze met garantiebs swored samarTalwarmoebis wesebi Seicavdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, farTod ganixileboda sakiTxi sasamarTloebis uflebamosilebaTa gafarToebis Sesaxeb. gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba, rom kriteriumi unda iyos erTi: yovel dainteresebul pirs unda hqondes SesaZlebloba mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavisi uflebis dasacavad, Tu es ufleba samarTliT regulirebuli urTierTobidan gamomdinareobs.49 es mosazreba gaiziara kanonmdebelma. saqarTvelos amJamad moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi ganusazRvrelad afarTovebs sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias, mis uflebamosilebas. am kodeqsis me-11 muxli Seicavs sanimuSo CamonaTvals im urTierTobebisas, romlebidanac warmoSobil davebs ganixilavs sasamarTlo samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. saerTo sasamarTloebi ganixilaven samoqalaqo, saojaxo, Sromis, sadgilmamulo, bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis, garemos dacvis urTierTobebidan warmoSobil davebs, udavo warmoebis saqmeebs, davebs sazogadoebriv da religiur organizaciebs Soris. am muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad kanoniT sasamarTloebs SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros sxva kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvac. metad mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic, rom saerTo sasamarTloebis uflebamosileba anu maTi uwyebrivi qvemdebareobis farglebi ar amoiwureba mxolod zemoT CamoTvlili kategoriis saqmeebiT. saerTo sasamaroTloebi ganixilaven agreTve davebs „im samarTlebriv urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic gamomdinareobs administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan“ (ask me-2 muxli). administraciul samarTlebrivi davebis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobs, rogorc administraciul saproceso kodeqsiT (ask), ise samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT (ask pirveli muxli). ssk 186-e muxlis „a“ punqtis Tanaxmad mosamarTle ar miiRebs sarCels Tu sarCeli ar eqvemdebareba sasamarTlo uwyebas, xolo Tu sasamarTlo Secda da man miiRo arasaqveuwyebo saqme, rac am saqmis ganxilvis procesSi gamoikveTa, maSin man unda Sewyvitos saqme. ssk 272-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas Tu „saqme ar unda iqnes ganxiluli sasamarTloSi imis gamo, rom kanonis Tanaxmad misi ganxilva sxva uwyebis kompetenciaSi Sedis“. rogorc vxedavT, erTad-erTi kriteriumi, romliTac unda ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom imisaTvis, rom sworad da Seucdomlad gansazRvros eqvemdebareba Tu ara uwyebrivad saqme sasamarTlos – esaa kanoni da misi gamoyenebis praqtika. amitom, sasamarTlos uwyebrivi qvemdebareobisaTvis kriteriumebis kvlevas, rogorc amas zogjer vxvdebiT literaturaSi, SeiZleba hqondes mniSvneloba sakanonmdeblo organosaTvis, magram ara sasamarTlosaTvis. uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos Tavisi iniciativiT. sasamarTlos mier arasaqveuwyebo saqmis ganxilva da gadawyveta warmoadgens am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absolutur (udavo) safuZvels (sssk 394-e muxlis „g“ punqti).

49

ix. T. liluaSvili. „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali“. g-ba „mecniereba“ Tb. 1992, gv. 85-86.

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$2. gansjadobis cneba rogorc wina paragrafSi iTqva, sasamarTlos uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba gvaZlevs saSualebas pasuxi gavceT kiTxvaze: ganekuTvneba Tu ara saqme sasamarTlo organoebs, Sedis Tu ara am saqmis ganxilva sasamarTlo organoebis uflebamosilebaSi (iurisdiqciaSi). Tu es sakiTxi dadebiTad iqneba gadawyvetili wamoiWreba meore sakiTxi: romelma sasamarTlom unda ganixilos uwyebrivad sasamarTlo organoebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli es saqme. am sakiTxze pasuxis gasacemad arsebobs samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis meore instituti, romelsac gansjadoba ewodeba. gansjadoba awesrigebs sasamarTlosadmi uwyebrivad qvemdebare saqmeebis ganawilebas calkeuli sasamarTloebis mixedviT. magaliTad, sarCeli sakuTrebis uflebis, vindikaciuri sarCeli, anu sarCeli sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, sarCelebi keTilsindisieri mflobelis mier misi mflobelobis ganxorcielebaSi xelSeSlis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, qonebis gayofis Sesaxeb da a.S. uwyebrivad sasamarTlo organoebis ganxilvas eqvemdebareba. magram, romelma sasamarTlom unda ganixilos es sarCelebi? amaze pasuxs Seicaven ssk me-13-24-e muxlebi. kerZod, am kodeqsis me-18 muxlis Tanaxmad sarCeli sakuTrebis uflebis qonebis gayofis, ganawilebisa da flobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu dava exeba uZrav nivTebs, SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sasamarTloSi am sadavo nivTis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. amrigad, gansjadoba-esaa sasamarTlo organoebisadmi uwyebrivad daqvemdebarebuli saqmeebis kanoniT zustad gansazRvruli wesiT ganawileba calkeuli sasamarTloebis mixedviT, romlebic pirveli instanciiT ganixilaven saqmeebs. praqtikuli daskvna, romelic gansjadobis cnebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sasamarTlom, jer kidev sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebamde unda gaarkvios aramarto uwyebrivi qvemdebareobis sakiTxi, aramed sakiTxi, aris Tu ara es sarCeli misi gansjadi, e.i. ganekuTvneba Tu ara misi ganxilva swored am sasamarTlos kompetencias.

$3. gansjadobis saxeebi I. gvareobiTi gansjadoba im faqtiuri garemoebebis mixedviT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs gansjadobas kanoni erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs gvareobiT anu sagnobriv da teritorialur gansjadobas. 1. gvareobiTi (sagnobrivi) gansjadoba – esaa saqmeTa ganawileba am saqmeTa gvareobis anu sagnis mixedviT sxvadasxva donis (saxis) sasamarTloebs Soris. magaliTad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, inteleqtualur davebs agreTve davebs, romelTa sagnis Rirebuleba 500,000 lars aRemateboda, ganixilavden avtonomiuri respublikisa da saolqo sasamarTloebis samoqalaqo da samewarmeo saqmeTa kolegiebi. amJamad es kolegiebi gauqmebulia. yvela saxis qonebriv da 109

araqonebriv davebs ganixilaven raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebi. amasTan erTad, raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi SeiZleba Sediodes magistrati mosamarTle. magistrati mosamarTleebi pirveli instanciiT ganixilaven qonebriv davebs, Tu sarCelis fasi ar aRemateba 2000 lars, udavo da gamartivebuli warmoebis saqmeebs, garda Svilad ayvanis, agreTve gamartivebuli wesiT gadaxdis da qonebis upatronod cnobis saqmeebisa, Tu moTxovnis an qonebis Rirebuleba aRemateba 2000 lars, Sromis samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobil davebs, agreTve saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan warmoSobil davebs garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli zogierTi gamonaklisebisa.50 II. teritoriuli gansjadoba – esaa saqmeTa ganawileba erTi donis (saxis) sasamarTloebs Soris im teritoriis mixedviT, romelzec vrceldeba am sasamarTlos saqmianoba (kompetencia). magaliTad, TiToeuli raionuli sasamarTlos samoqmedo teritoria ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos prezidentis 1997 wlis 14 noembris #649 brZanebulebiT. Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos samoqmedo teritoria ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 19 aprilis #154 brZanebulebiT da a.S.51 teritoriuli gansjadobis farglebSi kanoni ganasxvavebs saerTo gansjadobas, gansakuTrebul gansjadobas, xelSekrulebiT gansjadobas, urTierTdakavSirebuli ramdenime saqmis gansjadobas, nivTobriv gansjadobas, ojaxuri davebis gansjadobas. ganvixiloT gansjadobis TiToeuli saxe cal-calke. 1. saerTo gansjadoba. teritoriuli gansjadobis saerTo wess gansazRvravs ssk me-15 muxli. gansjadobis am saerTo wesis mixedviT xdeba nebismieri sarCelis (gancxadebis) aRZvra sasamarTloSi, Tu kanonmdeblobiT sxva ram araa dadgenili. gamonaklisebs am saerTo wesidan adgenen ssk me-16-24-e muxlebi, romelTa Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari. saerTo gansjadobis dedaazri mdgomareobs SemdegSi: sarCeli unda waredginos im raionuli, saolqo Tu avtonomiuri respublikis sasamarTlos, romlis teritoriaze mopasuxes aqvs sacxovrebeli adgili. igive wesi vrceldeba iuridiul pirze, romlis winaaRmdeg aRZruli sarCeli unda waredginos im sasamarTlos, romlis teritoriaze mas aqvs adgilsamyofeli. fizikur pirebs SeiZleba hqondeT ramdenime sacxovrebeli bina Tu saxli, xolo aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenime sacxovrebeli adgili. amitom SeiZleba wamoiWras sakiTxi: romeli adgili iTvleba mopasuxis sacxovrebel adgilad? samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad, „fizikuri piris sacxovrebel adgilad miiCneva adgili, romelsac igi Cveulebriv sacxovrebel adgilad irCevs. pirs SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime sacxovrebeli adgili“. amJamad saqarTveloSi Caweris nacvlad SemoRebulia registracia. es imas niSnavs, rom fizikuri piris mimarT sarCeli aRiZvreba sasamarTloSi mopasuxis saregistracio aRricxvis adgilis mixedviT. 50 ix. saqarTelos kanoni samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb. „saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne“ 2005, #..... muxli ...... 51

ix. „normatiuli aqtebi saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“. Tb. 2002. gv. 170

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gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sasamarTlo ar axdens mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis dadgenas. mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis miTiTebis movaleoba ekisreba TviTon mosarCeles (ix. 178-e muxlis „d“ qvepunqti). sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras arasrulwlovanebis mimarTac. „arasrulwlovanis sacxovrebel adgilad iTvleba mSoblis uflebis mqone mSoblebis sacxovrebeli adgili“ (samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-20 muxlis me-2 naw.). es imas niSnavs, rom sarCelebi arasrulwlovanebis mimarT unda aRiZras sasamarTloSi kanonieri warmomadgenlebis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, Tundac arasrulwlovanebi sxvagan cxovrobdnen. rac Seexeba araqmedunarianad an SezRudulqmedunarianad aRiarebul pirebs, sarCelebi SeiZleba aRiZras maTi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. rac Seexeba iseT pirebs, romlebic ixdian sasjels an imyofebian sagamoZiebo izolaciaSi, sarCelebi maT mimarT aRZvris maTi ukanasknel sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT an qonebis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mopasuxes ar hqondes sacxovrebeli adgili. erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT sacxovrebeli adgili“ da „adgilsamyofeli“. sacxovrebel adgilad miCneuli unda iqnes mopasuxis registraciis adgili, magram Tu aseTi adgili cnobili araa, maSin sarCeli SeiZleba Setanili iqnes sasamarTloSi mopasuxis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. mxedvelobaSia ara misi moklevadiani yofna ama Tu im adgilas, aramed sakmaod xangrZlivi droiT misi yofna am adgilas, rac SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos ama Tu im samuSaos SesrulebiT, xangrZlivi mivlinebiT, mkurnalobiT da a.S. sakiTxi, Tu drois ra monakveTia sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom miiRos sarCeli da ganixilos igi, damokidebulia TviT sasamarTlos mixedulebaze. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom sasamarTloSi gansjadobis wesebis dacviT saqmis warmoebis gaxsnis Semdeg mopasuxem Seicvalos sacxovrebeli adgili, magram es ver gaxdeba gansjadobis Secvlisa da sxva sasamarTlosaTvis am saqmis gadacemis safuZveli (ssk 22-e muxli). amasTan erTad, mxare valdebulia acnobos sasamarTlos Tavisi misamarTis Secvlis Sesaxeb. Tu ar acnobebs, sasamarTlos mier gagzavnili uwyeba Zvel misamarTze Cabarebulad CaiTvleba, aqedan gamomdinare yvela SedegebiT (ssk 76-e muxli). rogorc avRniSneT sarCelebi iuridiuli pirebis mimarT sasamarTlos waredgineba am iuridiuli pirebis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. gansjadobis am wesebzea agebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsisa da mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisi normebi. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 31-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad kavSiris registraciisaTvis aucilebeli masalebi waredgineba kavSiris adgilsamyofelis mixedviT arsebul sasamarTlos. amave kodeqsis 32-e muxlis me-2 nawilis „g“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad kavSiris Sesaxeb wesdeba unda Seicavdes „adgilsamyofels (iuridiul misamarTs“). es imas niSnavs, rom sarCelebi kavSiris (fondis) mimarT waredgineba sasamarTlos maTive wesdebaSi miTiTebuli misamarTis mixedviT.52 igive wesia damkvidrebuli „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-5 TaviT. am muxlis Tanaxmad gancxadeba 52

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, Tb. 1999, gv.

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reestrSi registraciis Sesaxeb Seitaneba sazogadoebis iuridiuli misamarTis mixedviT, romelic aucileblad unda iyos miTiTebuli sazogadoebis wesdebaSi.53 sasarCelo warmoebis gverdiT samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi awesrigebs udavo warmoebas da gamartivebul warmoebas. udavo warmoebis wesiT, sasamarTlo ganixilavs saqmeebs saerTo wesiT (ssk 311-e muxli). amasTan erTad, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi adgens gamonaklisebs am saerTo wesidan. magaliTad, gancxadeba iuridiuli mniSvnelobis faqtebis dadgenis Sesaxeb Seitaneba sasamarTloSi ganmcxadeblis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, xolo gancxadeba moqalaqis SezRudulqmedunarianad an qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb Setanil unda iqnes sasamarTloSi am moqalaqis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT (ssk 322-e muxli). 2. gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba. gavrcelebuli da erTxmad aRiarebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba – es iseTi gansjadobaa, romelic uSvebs sarCelis aRZvris SesaZleblobas mxolod erT romelime sasamarTloSi da krZalavs sxva sasamarTloSi misi aRZvris SesaZleblobas. gansakuTrebuli gansjadobis wesebs iTvaliswinebs ssk me-16 muxli, romlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad sarCeli ramdenime mopasuxis mimarT sasamarTlos warudgeba erT-erTi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. ssk me-16 muxlis pirveli nawili, uwinares yovlisa, iTvaliswinebs mosarCelis interesebs – uadvilebs mas saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi, roca aRZravs sarCels ramdenime mopasuxis mimarT. ramdenime mopasuxis mimarT sarCelis aRZvra ki SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos sxvadasxva mizeziT. magaliTad, mosarCelis qonebas an janmrTelobas erTad miayena ziani ramdenime pirma, romlebic sxvadasxva raionis (qalaqis) teritoriaze cxovroben. aseT da sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi mosarCeles SeuZlia airCios sasamarTlo erT erTi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. gansjadoba erT-erTi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT gansxvavdeba alternatiuli gansjadobisagan alternatiuli gansjadobis dros mosarCeles SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli sasamarTloSi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis, misi adgilmdebareobis an misi qonebis mdebareobis mixedviT, xolo gansjadoba me-16 muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT uflebas aZlevs mosarCeles airCios sasamarTlo mxolod erTerTi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, rac ar cvlis teritoriuli gansjadobis zogad princips. ssk me-16 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare sarCelebi sasamarTlos waredgineba xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis adgilis an im adgilis mixedviT, sadac xelSekruleba unda Sesrulebuliyo. xelSekrulebis an am xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgilad iTvleba is adgili, romelic am xelSekrulebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 362-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu Sesrulebis adgili ar aris gansazRvruli, maSin unda vixelmZRvaneloT valdebulebaTa urTierTobis arsiT. magaliTad, nagebobis remontis valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili iqneba is adgili, sadac es nageboba mdebareobs. Tu Sesrulebis adgili arc TviTon 53

l. Wanturia, T. niniZe, „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis komentari, g-ba „samarTali“, Tb. 2002, gv. 81.

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xelSekrulebidan da arc misi Sesrulebis arsidan ar gamomdinareobs, maSin xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis adgili individualurad gansazRvruli sagnis SemTxvevaSi, iqneba is adgili, sadac es sagani imyofeboda xelSekrulebis dadebis momentisaTvis, xolo gvareobiT gansazRvruli sagnis SemTxvevaSi – is adgili, sadac imyofeba movalis sawarmo, xolo Tu aseTi ar aris, maSin misi sacxovrebeli adgili (iuridiuli misamarTi).54 magaliTad, agaris Saqris sawarmos warmomadgenlobam dado xelSekruleba q. foTSi Saqris garkveuli raodenobis miwodebis Sesaxeb. xelSekrulebiTi valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgilad, Tu es ar aris gansazRvruli TviTon xelSekrulebaSi, unda CaiTvalos adgili, sadac mdebareobs agaris Saqris sawarmo, es imas niSnavs, rom sarCeli unda aRiZras im sasamarTloSi, romlis teritoriaze mdebareobs movale sawarmo, anu agaris Saqris sawarmo. ssk me-16 muxlis me-3 nawili gansazRvravs gansjadobas iuridiuli piris filialis adgilmdebareobis mixedviT. iuridiuli piris filiali gancalkevebuli qvedanayofia, romelic mdebareobs iuridiuli piris adgilsamyofelis gareT da axorcielebs im iuridiuli piris funqciebs, romlis qvedanayofic is aris (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 28-e muxli). imisaTvis, rom sarCeli aRiZras iuridiuli piris filialis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT, savaldebuloa erTi piroba: sarCeli unda gamomdinareobdes iuridiuli piris filialis (da ara TviTon iuridiuli piris) saqmianobidan. nebismieri sarCeli, romelic gamomdinareobs kanonismieri an anderZismieri memkvidreobidan, waredgineba sasamarTlos im sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, sadac cxovrobda mamkvidrebeli gardacvalebamde. ssk me-16 muxlis me-4 nawili gansazRvravs gansjadobas im SemTxvevaSic, roca mamkvidrebeli saqarTvelos moqalaqe iyo da gardacvalebis momentisaTvis igi sazRvargareT cxovrobda. aseT SemTxvevaSi kanoni uSvebs alternatiul gansjadobas: sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras sasamarTloSi mamkvidreblis ukanaskneli sacxovrebeli adgilis an samkvidro qonebis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. rogorc vxedavT, ssk me-16 muxlis Sinaarsi (am muxls ewodeba “gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba“) ver pasuxobs mTlianad gansakuTrebuli gansjadobis cnebis tradiciul da aRiarebul Sinaarss, romlis mixedviT gansjadoba gansakuTrebulia, Tu kanoni uSvebs sarCelis aRZvras mxolod erT romelime sasamarTloSi. aseTi gansjadobis nimuSad gamodgeba magaliTad „saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 32-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad „Tu mesame piri amtkicebs, rom mas aRsrulebis saganze gaaCnia ufleba, maSin, im sasamarTloSi, romlis samoqmedo teritoriazec xdeba aRsruleba, mesame pirs SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli“. amrigad, sarCelebi yadaRisagan qonebis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba aRiZras mxolod im sasamarTloSi, romlis samoqmedo teritoriaze xdeba aRsruleba. 3. nivTobrivi gansjadoba. rogorc saxelwodebidanac Cans nivTobrivi gansjadoba – esaa gansjadoba nivTebis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. magaliTad, sarCelebi sakuTrebis uflebis, qonebis uflebrivi datvirTvis an aseTi datvirTvisagan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, agreTve qonebis gayofasTan, ganawilebasa da flobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu dava 54

z. axvlediani, valdebulebaTa samarTali, meore gamocema, Tb. 1999, gv. 46-47.

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exeba uZrav nivTebs – SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sasamarTloSi nivTebis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT (ssk me-18 muxli). nivTobrivi gansjadobis wesiT, e.i. nivTebis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT, SeiZleba aRiZras sarCeli uZravi nivTis mesakuTris an mflobelis winaaRmdeg, magaliTad sarCeli sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, sarCeli mesakuTris mier uflebis borotad gamoyenebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, sarCeli uZravi nivTis dazianebis an zaralis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb da a.S 4. qonebrivi gansjadoba. sarCeli mopasuxis qonebis adgilsamoyfelis mimarT SeiZleba aRiZras mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac am mopasuxes ar aqvs sacxovrebeli adgili saqarTveloSi. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moTxovna uzrunvelyofilia raime nivTiT, maSin sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras am nivTis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. moTxovnis „ raime nivTiT uzrunvelyofaSi“ (ssk me-17 muxli), igulisxmeba materialur samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi, magaliTad, girao, ipoTeka, magram ar aris gamoricxuli, jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofa da Sesabamisad, sarCelis aRZvra aseTi mopasuxis yadaRadadebuli qonebis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. saqme isaa, rom ssk 192-e muxli iTvaliswinebs gadaudebel SemTxvevaSi sarCelis uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobas sarCelis aRZvramde. 5. xelSekrulebiTi gansjadoba. xelSekrulebiTi gansjadoba – esaa gansjadoba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. aseTi xelSekrulebiTi gansjadoba gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 21-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad Tu kanoniT araa dadgenili erTmniSvnelovnad gansjadi sasamarTlo, maSin mxareebs SeuZliaT SeTanxmebis gziT daadginon sasamarTlos gansjadoba. kanoni iTvaliswinebs agreTve SeTanxmebis formasac: SeTanxmeba gansjadobis Sesaxeb unda gaformdes werilobiTi formiT. amasTan erTad, gansjadobis ori saxis Secvla ar SeiZleba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. esaa gvareobiTi (sagnobrivi) da gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba. mxareTa SeTanxmeba werilobiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes an TviTon mxareTa mier werilobiT garigebaSi (magaliTad, werilobiT gaformebul qiravnobis xelSekrulebaSi), an specialurad gansjadobis Sesaxeb dadebul SeTanxmebaSi. Tu mxareTa werilobiTi SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad saqme ganixila sasamarTlom, maSin mxares erTmeva ufleba daasabuTos Tavisi saCivari zemdgom sasamarTloSi gansjadobis darRvevis motiviT da moiTxovos gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) gauqmeba im motiviT, rom saqme aragansjadma sasamarTlom ganixila. 6. ojaxuri davebis gansjadoba. aseTi xasiaTis davebis gansjadobas eZRvneba ssk specialuri muxli, romlis Tanaxmad sarCeli qorwinebis Sewyvetis, qorwinebis baTilad cnobis, agreTve sarCeli qorwinebis arsebobis Tu ararsebobis Sesaxeb – SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sasamarTloSi meuRleebis erToblivi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac meuRleebs ar gaaCniaT aseTi erToblivi sacxovrebeli adgili, maSin sarCeli SeiZleba Setanil iqnes mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. Tu Tanamedrove sasamarTlo praqtikas gavecnobiT davinaxavT, rom arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac mopasuxes ar gaaCnia sacxovrebeli adgili saqarTveloSi. ssk me-19 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad Tu mopasuxes ar gaaCnia sacxovrebeli adgili saqarTveloSi, maSin sarCeli 114

SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sasamarTloSi mosarCelis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. rogoc vxedavT, kanoni uflebas aZlevs mosarCeles gadauxvios saerTo gansjadobis wesebs da Seitanos sarCeli ara mopasuxis, aramed Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. saerTo gansjadobis wesidan aseT gadaxdvevebis daSveba zogjer gamowveulia mosarCelisaTvis SeRavaTiani pirobebis SeqmniT, bavSvis interesebiT, sxva raionSi an qalaqSi gamgzavrebis siZneleebiT da a.S. swored am mosazrebebiTaa nakarnaxevi ssk me-19 muxlis meore nawilSi Camoyalibebuli wesi, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu mosarCelesTan cxovroben arasrulwlovani SeiZlebi, rac aZnelebs mis gamocxadebas sasamarTloSi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, saqme SeiZleba mosarCelis TxovniT gairCes sasamarTloSi misi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. mosarCelis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes sasamarTloSi sarCeli mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb, alimentis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ufleba aRZras sarCeli Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT ar arTmevs uflebas mosarCeles aRZras sarCeli mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. 7. alternatiuli gansjadoba. alternatiuli gansjadoba – esaa mosarCelis arCeviT sarCelis aRZvris SesaZlebloba or an met sasamarTlodan erT-erTSi. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, alternatiuli gansjadoba – esaa gansjadoba mosarCelis arCeviT. mosarCelis ufleba airCios sasamarTlo damkvidrebulia ssk me-20 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlos arCevis ufleba, Tu saqme ramdenime sasamarTlos gansjadia, ekuTvnis mosarCeles“. am muxlis analizidan naTlad Cans, rom mosarCeles mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aqvs arCevanis ufleba, rodesac kanonis Tanaxmad saqme ramdenime sasamarTlos gansjadia. magaliTad, sarCeli mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes rogorc mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, ise im bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, romlis mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb sarCeliT mimarTaven sasamarTlos. aseve sarCeli alimentis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes sasamarTloSi rogorc mopasuxis, ise mosarCelis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT da a.S. alternatiuli gansjadobis dros saWiro araa mowinaaRmdege mxaresTan (mopasuxesTan) winaswari SeTanxmeba. amiT igi gansxvavdeba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gansjadobisagan, romlis dros mxareebi erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebiT irCeven iseT sasamarTlos, romlis gansjadi es saqme saerTod araa. III. saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetencia ssk me-11 muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad sasamarTloebi ganixilaven saqmeebs, romlebic saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebidan gamomdinareobs, agreTve im saqmeebs, romlebSic monawileoben ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi, sawarmoebi da organizaciebi. saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetenciis (gansjadobis) SemTxvevebs, agreTve saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis gansakuTrebuli saerTaSoriso kompetencias gansazRvravs saqarTvelos 115

kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ (me-8-20-e muxlebi). samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ icnobs mxolod erT cnebas - kompetencias, anu saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetencias. saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis es instituti Tavisi daniSnulebiTa da SinaarsiT ar gansxvavdeba imisagan, rasac saqarTvelos ssk gansjadobas uwodebs. gansxvaveba maT Soris mxolod masStabebSia: gansjadoba mowodebulia gansazRvros sasamarTlosadmi uwyebrivad qvemdebare saqmeebidan saqarTvelos romelma (lagodexis, sagarejos, goris da a.S.) sasamarTlom unda ganixilos es saqme. igive funqcias asrulebs „saerTaSoriso kompetencia“, romelic gansazRvravs sasamarTloebisadmi uwyebrivad qvemdebare saqme anu saerTaSoriso dava romeli qveynis sasamarTlom unda ganixilos. es sakiTxebi ganekuTvneba saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo saproceso samarTals da amitom dawvrilebiT maTze aq ar SevCerdebiT.55 $4. saqmis gadacema erTi sasamarTlodan meoreSi. ssk 23-e muxli iTvaliswinebs saqmis gadacemas erTi sasamarTlodan meore (sxva) sasamarTloSi mxolod or SemTxvevaSi: erTi – Tu mopasauxe, romlis sacxovrebeli adgili winaT ar iyo cnobili moiTxovs, rom saqme gadaeces sasamarTlos misi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT da meore – erTi an ramdenime mosamarTlis acilebis gamo amave sasamarTloSi SeuZlebelia maTi Secvla. pirvel SemTxvevas mxedvelobaSi aqvs iseTi viTareba, rodesac Tavdapirvelad ar iyo cnobili mopasuxis adgilsamyofeli da amitom sarCeli aRiZra misi ukanaskneli sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs ssk me-15 muxlis meore nawili, magram Semdeg, rodesac mopasuxisaTvis cnobili gaxda, rom mis winaaRmdeg aRZrulia sarCeli sasamarTloSi misi ukanaskneli sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, moiTxova saqmis gadacema sasamarTlosaTvis Tavisi amJamindeli sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. cxadia, rom sasamarTlom unda daakayofilos es moTxovna, magram Tu mosarCele ar moiTxovs saqmis gadacemas – sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos saqme da gamoitanos gadawyvetileba, rac ver gaxdeba am gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZveli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, imisaTvis rom sasamarTlom saqme gadasces sxva sasamarTlos mopasuxis amJamindeli sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, saWiroa TviTon am mopasuxis Txovna amis Sesaxeb. meore SemTxvevas, rodesac saqme erTi sasamarTlodan meores gadaecema, mxedvelobaSi aqvs iseTi viTareba, rodesac ramdenime mosamarTlis acilebis gamo amave sasamarTloSi SeuZlebelia maTi Secvla. samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilva acilebuli mosamarTlis monawileobiT dauSvebelia, xolo Tu mainc moxdeba es imis gamo, rom am sasamarTloSi araa sxva iseTi mosamarTle, romelic Secvlida mas, es unda Sefasdes rogorc saqmis ganxilva sasamarTlos arakanonieri Semadgenlobis 55

dawvrilebiT ix. T. liluaSvili. saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali. meore gamocema, Tb. 2004, gv. 125.

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mier, rac am gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absoluturi safuZvelia (ssk 394-e muxli). amitom, aseT SemTxvevebSi saqme unda gadaeces sxva sasamarTlos. saqmis sxva sasamarTloSi gadacemis safuZvels iTvaliswinebs agreTve ssk 21-e muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis Tanaxmad Tu ar aris erTmniSvnelovnad dadgenili gansjadi sasamarTlo, maSin mxareebs SeuZliaT SeTanxmebis gziT daadginon sasamarTlos gansjadoba. erTi sasamarTlos mier saqmis sxva sasamarTloSi gadacemis wess iTvaliswinebs ssk 23-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad Tu gadasacemi saqme ramdenime sasamarTlos gansjadia, igi gadaecema sasamarTlos mosarCelis arCeviT. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb Tu romel sasamarTlos gadaeces saqme – gadawyvets TviTon sasamarTlo, kerZod: a) Tu saqmis sxva sasamarTloSi gadacema xdeba mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, maSin TviTon am sasamarTlos (mosamarTles) gamoaqvs ganCineba amis Sesaxeb; b) Tu saqmis gadacema xdeba mosamarTlis (mosamarTleebis) acilebis gamo da misi sxva mosamarTliT Secvla SeuZlebelia, maSin ganCineba aseTi gadacemis Sesaxeb gamoaqvs sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares. sasamarTlos ganCineba saqmis erTi sasamarTlodan meoreSi gadacemis Sesaxeb ar gasaCivrdeba, magram sasamarTlos ganCineba aseT gadacemaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. $5. gansjadobis wesebis darRvevis Sedegebi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba moiTxovs, rom sarCeli (gancxadeba) aRiZras im sasamarTloSi, romlis gansjadic es saqmea, e.i. gansjadobis wesebis dacviT. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 186-e muxlSi. am muxlis „n“ punqtis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo ar miiRebs sarCels Tu „saqme am sasamarTlos gansjadi araa“. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic, rom Tu sarCelis miRebaze uarisTqma motivirebulia imiT, rom es sarCeli araa am sasamarTlos gansjadi, mosamarTle valdebulia miuTiTos Tavis ganCinebaSi, Tu romel sasamarTlos unda mimarTos mosarCelem (ssk 187-e muxli). sarCelis miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. ibadeba kiTxva, rogorc unda moiqces sasamarTlo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac man miiRo sarCeli warmoebaSi da mxolod amis Semdeg, anu saqmis momzadebis stadiaze, an am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros gairkva, rom sarCeli araa am sasamarTlos gansjadi. pasuxs am kiTxvaze Seicavs ssk 21-e muxlis me-2 nawili, romlis Tanaxmad aragansjadi sasamarTlo SeiZleba gansjadi gaxdes im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mopasuxe araa winaaRmdegi, rom saqme ganixilos aragansjadma sasamarTlom da Tanaxmaa monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi. amasTan erTad, es muxli moiTxovs, rom mopasuxe warmodgenili iyo advokatiT, magram Tu mas ar hyavs advokati, maSin sasamarTlom unda ganumartos mopasuxes, rom aragansjadobis motiviT gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba ar iqneba gaziarebuli zemdgomi sasamarTlos mier Tu is ar gamoiyenebs Tavis uflebas ganacxados 117

protesti aragansjadi sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvis winaaRmdeg. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mopasuxe winaaRmdegia saqme ganixilos aragansjadma sasamarTlom, maSin sasamarTlo sarCels ganuxilvelad datovebs (ssk 275-e muxlis analogiiT), da Tavis ganCinebaSi amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs Tu romel sasamarTlos SeuZlia mimarTos mosarCelem. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic, rom zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTlo ar amowmebs pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gansjadobas. gansjadobis Semowmebas zemdgomi sasamarTlo moaxdens mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amis Sesaxeb iqneba mopasuxis moTxovna. amasTan erTad, aseTi moTxovnis safuZvelze gansjadobis Semowmebas zemdgomi sasamarTlo moaxdens oridan erT-erTi pirobis arsebobisas: a) Tu mopasuxem saqmis pirvel instanciaSi ganxilvisas wamoayena aragansjadobis Sesaxeb moTxovna da sasamarTlom igi ar daakmayofila an b) mopasuxes aseTi moTxovna pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi ar wamouyenebia sapatio mizezis gamo (sssk 377-e muxlis me-2 nawili). amrigad, Tu mopasuxe ar aprotestebs aragansjadobas, zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTlos SeuZlia CaTvalos es dumiliT gamoxatul Tanxmobad da am motiviT ar gaauqmos gadawyvetileba.

T a v i VI saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT $1. sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobis cneba da saxeebi 1. dasaSveboba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba amkvidrebs princips, romlis Tanaxmad mxareebs (fizikur da iuridiul pirebs), SeuZliaT saqme awarmoon sasamarTloSi piradad anu warmomadgenlis gareSe (ssk 93-e muxlis pirveli nawili). es imas niSnavs, rom Cveni samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs warmomadgenlis meSveobiT saqmis warmoebis savaldebulobas arc romelime kategoriis saqmeebze da arc romelime instanciis sasamarTloSi, rogorc amas adgili aqvs zogierTi qveynis samarTalwarmoebaSi56 56

mag. germaniis, safrangeTis, avstriis kanonmdeblobiT mxareebs SeuZliaT awarmoon samoqalaqo saqmeebi sasamarTloSi mxolod warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. gamonaklisia daSvebuli mxolod yvelaze dabali rgolis sasamarTloebSi da isic mxolod zogierTi kategoriis saqmeebze.

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mxaris davaldebuleba (iZuleba), raTa man aiyvanos advokati (warmomadgeneli) da sasamarTlos ufleba uari uTxras mas saqmis warmoebaze Tu aseTi warmomadgeneli ar hyavs – iqneboda dispoziciurobis principis uxeSi darRveva, romlis Tanaxmad mxareebi TviTon iReben gadawyvetilebas mimarTon sasamarTlos uflebis dacvisaTvis da TviTonve irCeven am uflebis dacvis formebsac. aseTi iZuleba iqneboda agreTve saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxliT damkvidrebuli uflebis darRveva, romlis Tanaxmad yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad mimarTos sasamarTlos. amave muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad „dacvis ufleba“ garantirebulia“. saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad „yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT pirdapir mimarTos sasamarTlos“. zemoaRniSnulidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: ise rogorc darRveuli an sadavo uflebis dacvisaTvis sasamarTloSi mimarTva aris fizikur da iuridiul pirTa ufleba da ara movaleoba, aseve daicva Tavi, miando Seni uflebis dacva sxva pirs, awarmoo sasamarTloSi saqme am sxva pirTa meSveobiT – aris ufleba da ara movaleoba. yovelive amas SeiZleba daumatoT isic, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 709-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli davalebis xelSekruleba, romlis erTerT saxesxvaobas ganekuTvneba mxaris (marwmuneblis) mier warmomadgenelze gacemuli mindobiloba, SeiZleba daidos mxolod am garigebis monawile mxareTa Tavisufali nebis gamovlenis safuZvelze.57 amrigad, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT mxareebs SeuZliaT saqme awarmoon sasamarTloSi piradad, magram Tu maT es saWirod miaCniaT SeuZliaT saqme awarmoon warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. 2. cneba. sasamarTlo warmomadgenloba samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis damoukidebeli da uaRresad mniSvnelovani institutia, romelic warmoadgens fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis kanonieri interesebis dacvis metad mtkice da efeqtian garantias. misi umTavresi amocanaa mxareebisaTvis iuridiuli daxmarebis aRmoCena, mxareTa uflebebisa da urTierTobebis dadgenaSi da garkvevaSi xelisSewyoba maTi saproceso uflebebis srulyofilad da mizandasaxulad ganxorcieleba. sasamarTlo warmomadgenloba – esaa piris kanoniT garantirebuli SesaZlebloba awarmoos saqme sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. sasamarTlo warmomadgeneli aris piri, romelic asrulebs sasamarTloSi marwmuneblis saxeliT da misi interesebis Sesabamisad W.Zeiss. Zivilprozessrecht. Tubingen. 1997 s. 61-62. Gerard. Couchez Procedure civilė. paris. 1992, P 95 57 iuridiul literaturaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, warmomadgenlobiT urTierTobaSi unda ganvasxvavoT e.w. garegani urTierToba, romelic myardeba warmomadgenelsa da sasamarTlos Soris da romelic aris saproceso samarTlebrivi normebiT mowesrigebuli urTierToba da Sinagani urTierToba, romelic myardeba warmomadgenelsa da marwmunebels Soris da regulirdeba materialur samarTlebrivi normebiT. ix. Гражданский процесе. Под ред. В.А. Мусина, М.А.Чечиной М. 1998, стр. 96. S. qurdaZe das. naSromi, gv. 206. aseTi Sexeduleba gavrcelebulia agreTve germanul da avstriul iuridiul literaturaSi. ix. Fasching, H.W. Lehrbuch des Osterreichischen zivilprozessrechts. 2 Auslage. Wien, 1990. s 212. sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobiTi urTierTobis dayofa saproceso da materialur anu geragпn da Sinagan urTierTobebad moklebulia praqtikul mniSvnelobas. saqme isaa, rom nebismieri saproceso samarTlis instituti Tu urTierToba SeiZleba ganvixiloT aramarto saproceso, aramed materialur samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiTac.

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yvela im saproceso moqmedebas, rac gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT da marwmuneblis mier gacemuli mindobilobiT. sasamarTlo warmomadgenloba daiSveba uklebliv yvela saqmeze, romelic sasamarTlos eqvemdebareba uwyebrivad. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT sasamarTlo warmomadgenloba daiSveba rogorc sasarCelo, ise udavo (gansakuTrebul da gamartivebuli wesiT saqmeTa warmoebis), agreTve, administraciul-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan warmoSobili saqmeebis ganxilvis dros. warmoSobis safuZvlis mixedviT sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobas yofen Semdeg saxeebad: a) nebayoflobiTi, anu xelSekrulebiTi warmomadgenloba; b) iuridiuli piris warmomadgenloba; g) kanonieri warmomadgenloba.

$2. nebayoflobiTi (xelSekrulebiTi) warmomadgenloba rogorc es TviTon saxelwodebidanac Cans, nebayoflobiTi warmomadgenloba warmoiSoba mxareTa nebis safuZvelze (sk 709-e muxli).58 samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs im pirTa wres, romlebic SeiZleba gamovidnen procesSi nebayoflobiT warmomadgenlebad agreTve im pirTa wres, romlebic aseT warmomadgenlebad ar SeiZleba gamovidnen. nebayoflobiT (xelSekrulebiT) warmomadgenlebad SeiZleba gamovidnen: a) advokatebi. advokatebad iwodebian pirebi, romlebic gawevrianebuli arian advokatTa asociaciaSi, Seyvanili arian advokatTa erTian siaSi, dadebuli aqvT fici aRmasrulebeli sabWos winaSe da miRebuli aqvT saadvokato saqmianobis uflebis damadasturebeli mowmoba („advokatTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-13 muxli). b) organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi. organizaciebis warmomadgenlebad SeuZliaT gamovidnen da xSirad gamodian kidec iuriskonsultebi an sxva Tanamdebobis pirebi. organizaciis aseT TanamSromlebs, romlebic ar arian aRWurvili kanoniT an wesdebiT warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT, sWirdebaT mindobiloba, romelic damowmebuli unda iyos am organizaciis warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piris an organos mier (ssk 96-e muxli). rac Seexeba Tanamdebobis pirebs, romlebic kanoniT an wesdebiT aRWurvili arian sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT, maT ar sWirdebaT mindobiloba, ris Sesaxebac saubari gveqneba qvemoT. g) Tanamonawile. rogorc zemoT avRniSneT erT saqmeSi mosarCelis mxareze, mopasuxis mxareze da orive mxareze erTdroulad SeiZleba monawileobdes ramdenime piri (ssk 86-e muxli). Tanamonawileebs SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba erT-erT Tanamonawiles 58

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 709-e muxli davalebis xelSekrulebis monawileebs uwodebs rwmunebuls, rac igivea, rasac saproceso kodeqsi uwodebs saproceso warmomadgenels da marwmunebelsb cxadia, rom aseTi terminologiuri gansxvaveba, rac samoqalaqo procesis TaviseburebiTaa ganpirobebuli, arafers ar cvlis.

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miandon. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqmis warmoebis mindoba erT-erTi TanamonawilisaTvis unda gaformdes kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ix. gv.). d) nebismieri qmedunariani piri. fizikuri da iuridiuli piris warmomadgenlad SeiZleba gamovides nebismieri qmedunariani piri. qmedunarianad iTvleba yoveli srulwlovani piri, romelic kanoniT dadgenili wesiT araa aRiarebuli sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT qmeduunarod (ssk 322-e da 326-e muxlebi). garda qmedunarianobisa, aq raime sxva moTxovnebi gaTvaliswinebuli araa. es imas niSnavs, rom ar moiTxoveba umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTlebac ki, rac ase aucilebelia marwmuneblis uflebis warmatebulad dacvisaTvis, misTvis kvalificiuri daxmarebis aRmoCenisaTvis. rogorc avRniSneT, ssk Seicavs im pirTa amomwurav CamonaTvals, romlebic ar SeiZleba iyvnen warmomadgenlebad sasamarTloSi. aseTi pirebia mosamarTle, gamomZiebeli, prokurori. es imas niSnavs, rom warmomadgenlisa da mosamarTlis, warmomadgenlisa da prokuroris, agreTve, warmomadgenlisa da gamomZieblis funqciebis SeTavseba ar SeiZleba (sssk 95-e muxli). kanoni amomwuravad gansazRvravs iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac aq CamoTvlili pirebi, SeiZleba rogorc gamonaklisi, gamovidnen warmomadgenlebad. kerZod, mosamarTle SeiZleba gamovides Tavis sasamarTlos warmomadgenlad, roca es sasamarTlo procesSi gamodis mxared, aseve, prokurori an gamomZiebeli SeiZleba gamovides Tavisi prokuraturis an momkvlevi organos warmomadgenlad, roca es prokuratura, an momklvevi organo gamodis procesSi mxared, agreTve, rodesac es pirebi procesSi gamodian mSoblebad, meurveebad, mzrunvelebad, e.i. kanonier warmomadgenlebad. mosamarTlis, prokuroris, gamomZieblis warmomadgenlad ardaSvebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelic ar gasaCivrdeba. $I. sasamarTlos uari piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs arakvalificiuri warmomadgenlis procesSi monawileobisagan Tavis dazRvevis erT metad mniSvnelovan meqanizms: sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar dauSvas piri, romelic araa advokati, warmomadgenlad, Tu miaCnia, rom mas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi monacemebi warmoadginos mxare da saTanadod daicvas misi uflebebi ( sssk 97-e muxli). es wesi emsaxureba mxaris uflebis realurad dacvis interesebs. Tu sasamarTlosaTvis aSkaraa, rom mxaris mier warmomadgenlad SerCeuli piri ver daicavs mis uflebebs, mas ufleba aqvs uari Tqvas am piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze. sasamarTlos mxriv aseTi uaris Tqma SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos imiT, rom warmomadgenels ar gaaCnia sakmarisi codna da gamocdileba sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebisaTvis, an kidev imiT, rom igi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvlebiT, gamoyvanilia advokatTa erTiani siidan mis mimarT gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamotanis gamo an imis gamo, rom igi ar akmayofilebs Sesabamis moTxovnebs, rac gaTvaliswinebulia advokatTa Sesaxeb kanonis me-10 da me-14 muxlebiT da sxv. uarisTqma warmomadgenlad piris daSvebaze sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxolod iseTi piris mimarT, romelic araa advokati, radgan ivaraudeba, 121

rom advokatebs gaaCniaT sakmarisi monacemebi awarmoon saqme sasamarTloSi da daicvan mxaris uflebebi. piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba. aseTi ganCineba sasamarTlom SeiZleba miiRos maSinve, rogorc ki mas waredgineba piris warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis damadasturebeli dokumenti, agreTve saqmis warmoebis nebismier stadiaze. aseTi ganCineba SeiZleba miRebul iqnes mxareTa Setyobinebis gareSe, xolo Tu aseTi ganCineba miRebulia sasamarTlo sxdomaze, maSin igi SeiZleba aisaxos sxdomis oqmSi. cxadia, rom aseTi ganCinebis Sesaxeb unda ecnobos mxares, visi uflebamosilebiTac gamodioda gadayenebuli warmomadgeneli, agreTve TviT gadayenebuli warmomadgenelic. amave ganCinebiT mxares unda ganemartos, rom mas SeuZlia TiTon awarmoos saqme, an miandos saqmis warmoeba sxva warmomadgenels, risTvisac sasamarTlo uniSnavs mas vadas da afrTxilebs, rom Tu am vadaSi ar iqneba mis mier SerCeuli sxva warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlo gaagrZelebs saqmis ganxilvas. ssk 97-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos ganCinebaze piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, kerZo saCivris Setana ar daiSveboda. ssk 97-e muxlis am danawesis arakonstituciurad cnobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Setanili iqna sarCeli. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Tavis 2004 wlis 16 Tebervlis gadawyvetilebiT daakmayofila sarCeli. es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlos ganCineba piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gasaCivrdes kerZo saCivriT.59 $3. iuridiuli piris warmomadgenloba nebayoflobiTi anu xelSekrulebiTi warmomadgenlobisagan unda ganvasxvavoT iuridiuli piris im xelmZRvanelis warmomadgenloba sasamarTloSi, romelic Sesabamisi kanoniT, wesdebiT Tu debulebiT aRWurvilia warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT. magaliTad, „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 563-e muxlis Tanaxmad „saaqcio sazogadoebas sasamarTloSi warmoadgenen direqtorebi“, es imas niSnavs, rom Tu mxared sasamarTloSi gvevlineba saaqcio sazogadoeba, maSin mis direqtors ar sWirdeba specialuri mindobiloba. sakmarisia man sasamarTlos warudginos misi direqtorobis damadasturebeli dokumenti. Tu iuridiul pirs hyavs ara erTi, aramed ramdenime direqtori an xelmZRvaneli, romlebic aRWurvilia erTnairi da Tanabari warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebiT da maT Soris araa gamijnuli uflebamosileba, maSin isini valdebulia gascen specialuri uflebamosileba erT-erT maTganze, Tu surT, rom warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba sasamarTloSi am erT-erTma maTganma gaswios. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac iuridiuli piris wesdebis Tanaxmad warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvilia erT-erTi romelime xelmZRvaneli piri (erT-erTi partniori, erT-erTi direqtori, roca ramdenime direqtoria), sasamarTlos unda warudginon dokumenti, romelic adasturebs am piris uflebamosilebas sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlobaze. aseT dokumentad SeiZleba gamodges wesdeba an 59

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 16 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba

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amonaweri wesdebidan. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom arc kanonidan da arc wesdebidan ar Candes naTlad da garkveviT Tu romeli konkretuli Tanamdebobis piri sargeblobs sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi iuridiuli piris nebismierma Tanamdebobis pirma sasamarTlos unda warudginos am iuridiuli piris marTvis organos (saerTo krebis, direqtoratis) mindobiloba. $4. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis farglebi 1.uflebebi, romlebic avtomaturad eniWeba warmomadgenels. sakanonmdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT zogjer ufro mizanSewonilia amomwuravad CamoTvalo is uflebebi, romlebic SeiZleba hqondeT samarTlebrivi da maT Soris, saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileebs. zogjer ki piriqiT, ufro mizanSewonilia CamoiTvalos uflebebi, romlebic ar SeiZleba hqondeT mxareebs. kanonmdebeli xSirad mimarTavs regulirebis am xerxebs. roca kanoni Seicavs uflebebis amomwuravad CamonaTvals, igulisxmeba, rom mxares sxva uflebebi ar gaaCnia, magram, roca kanonmdebeli CamoTvlis, Tu romeli uflebebiT ar SeuZlia isargeblos mxarem, maSin igulisxmeba, rom yvela sxva saproceso uflebiT mas SeuZlia isargeblos.60 warmomadgenlis mimarT kanonmdebeli mimarTavs am meore xerxs: CamoTvlis im uflebebs, romlebic ar SeiZleba hqondes nebayoflobiT (xelSekrulebiT) warmomadgenels. es imas niSnavs, rom yvela sxva saproceso uflebiT, romelic gaaCnia mis marwmunebels, anu pirs, romelsac igi warmoadgens, mas SeuZlia isargeblos. amrigad, warmomadgenloba avtomaturad, e.i. specialuri miTiTebis gareSe, uflebas aniWebs warmomadgenels Seasrulos yvela saproceso moqmedeba, magram mas ar aqvs ufleba uari Tqvas sasarCelo moTxovnaze, cnos sarCeli, Secvalos sarCelis sagani, daamTavros saqme morigebiT, gadasces saqme gansaxilvelad kerZo arbitraJs (samediatoro sasamarTlos), gaasaCivros sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, waradginos saaaRsrulebo furceli iZulebiTi aRsrulebisaTvis, miiRos gadawyvetilebiT gansazRvruli qoneba an fuli. yvela aq CamoTvlili ufleba uSualod ukavSirdeba da gamomdinareobs marwmuneblis materialur samarTlebrivi uflebis gankargvidan (dispoziciurobis principidan) da, amitom, kanonmdebeli moiTxovs, rom Tu marwmunebeli romelime am uflebas aniWebs warmomadgenels, man amis Sesaxeb specialurad unda aRniSnols mis mier gacemul mindobilobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu warmomadgenelma Seasrula iseTi saproceso moqmedeba, romelic specialur mindobilobas moiTxovs, romelic mas ar gaaCnia, maSin aseTi moqmedeba araviTar Sedegs ar warmoSobs. magaliTad, warmomadgenelma cno sarCeli, an uari Tqva sarCelze, an kidev saqme daamTavra morigebiT da a.S. aseTi moqmedeba ar warmoSobs raime Sedegs, xolo Tu sasamarTlom daakavSira mas aseTi Sedegi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba (ganCineba) usaTuod unda gauqmdes dainteresebuli piris moTxovniT. praqtikaSi zogjer gvxvdeba SemTxveva, rodesac warmomadgeneli saapelacio an sakasacio wesiT asaCivrebs 60

cxadia, kanonmdebeli zogjer mimarTavs am ori xerxis Sexamebulad gamoyenebas, an kidev Semoifargleba uflebaTa mxolod araamomwuravi (sanimuSo) CamoTvliT, magram es udavod saintereso problema araa Cveni ganxilvis sagani.

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gadawyvetilebas, Tumca mindobilobaSi araa miTiTebuli misi aseTi uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb. aseTi saCivari, rogorc dauSvebeli, ganuxilvelad unda datovos Sesabamisma zemdgomma sasamarTlom, Tu mas ar mieca vada xarvezis Sesavsebad. cxadia, rom Tu sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, saCivari ar iqneba ganxiluli. dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare, uflebebis gankargvis aseTi mniSvnelobis gamo sasamarTlos evaleba zedmiwevniT yuradRebiT Seamowmos warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis farglebi, romlebic specialur mindobilobaSia Camoyalibebuli. I. warmomadgenlis mier sxva advokatis an TanaSemwis daxmarebis gamoyeneba. ssk 98-e muxlis meore nawili uflebas aniWebs warmomadgenels calkeuli saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba miandos sxva advokats an TanaSemwes. am uflebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, warmomadgenelma aucileblad unda misces mindobiloba sxva advokats im saproceso moqmedebaze miTiTebiT, romelic man unda Seasrulos. aseTi moqmedeba iqneba safuZveli sasamarTlosaTvis, raTa dauSvas igi aRniSnuli saproceso moqmedebis Sesasruleblad. kanonSi laparakia calkeuli saproceso moqmedebaze da ara saqmis warmoebaze mTlianad. es imas niSnavs, rom warmomadgenels SeuZlia miandos sxva advokats calkeuli saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba gonivrul farglebSi da amisaTvis Sesabamisi safuZvlis arsebobisas (magaliTad, avadmyofoba, mivlineba, sxva saqmeze gadaudebeli saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba da a.S.). rac Seexeba advokatis TanaSemwes, aseTi Tanamdeboba marTalia SemoRebulia „advokatTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-17 muxliT, magram igi ar daiSveba samarTalwarmoebaSi. mas SeuZlia mxolod advokatis davalebiT da mis mier xelmowerili da damowmebuli nebarTviT gaecnos saqmis masalebs. samagierod „advokatTa Sesaxeb“ kanoniT SemoRebuli iqna advokatis staJioris Tanamdeboba, romelsac SeuZlia Sesabamisi advokatis davalebiT ganaxorcielos misi uflebamosilebebi.61 II. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis gaformeba warmomadgeneli asrulebs uaRresad mniSvnelovan funqcias. bevradaa damokidebuli yvela im saproceso saSualebebis Tu meqanizmebis amoqmedeba, romlebic marwmuneblis interesebis dacvas uzrunvelyofen. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom warmomadgenlis mier am saproceso saSualebebis gamouyenebloba, an kidev, mis mier ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Seusruleblobis Tu arasaTanadod Sesrulebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi mxolod marwmunebels daekisreba da ara warmomadgenels. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba 61

„advokatTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, Tb. 2003, muxli me-16

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kvalificiuri warmomadgenlis SerCevas, rac mTlianad marwmunebelzea damokidebuli. sasamarTlos am SerCevaSi raime rolis Sesruleba ar SeuZlia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT ssk 97-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul wess, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari Tqvas im piris (garda advokatisa), warmomadgenlad daSvebaze, romelsac ar gaaCnia sakmarisi monacemebi daicvas mxare. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, savsebiT gasagebi unda iyos kanonis kategoriuli moTxovna warmomadgenlis zustad dadgenili wesiT gaformebis Sesaxeb. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba araa gaformebuli am wesis dacviT, sasamarTlo ar dauSvebs mas warmomadgenlad. kanonmdeblobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna mdgomareobs imaSi, rom warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba unda Camoyalibdes kanonis Sesabamisad gacemul da gaformebul mindobilobaSi. advokatis mimarT igive wess iTvaliswinebs „advokatTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-19 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad „advokati saadvokato saqmianobas axorcielebs xelSekrulebis safuZvelze“, xolo amave muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad advokati, sxva dokumentebTan erTad, sasamarTlos warudgens mindobilobas rogorc, zemoT avRniSneT, es mindobiloba sxva araferia Tu ara davalebis xelSekruleba (sk 709-e muxli). amrigad, pirveli da erT-erTi mTavari moTxovna – esaa saTanado wesiT damowmebuli mindobiloba, romlis sasamarTloSi wardgenis movaleoba ekisreba yvelas, romlebic marwmuneblebTan xelSekrulebiT (SeTanxmebiT) sawyisebze gamodian sasamarTloSi. mxolod advokatebTan mimarTebaSi es mindobiloba SeiZleba Secvalos orderma. rogorc aRvniSneT, warmomadgenlis mier sasamarTloSi warsadgeni mindobiloba unda pasuxobdes garkveul moTxovnebs, kerZod, igi unda iyos saTanado wesiT gaformebuli da damowmebuli. amasTan erTad, kanoni gansazRvravs Tu romeli pirobebis arsebobisas da romel organos SeuZlia daamowmos aseTi mindobiloba. moqalaqeTa mier gacemuli mindobilobebi unda damowmdes sanotaro wesiT an im organizaciis mier, sadac muSaobs an swavlobs marwmunebeli, agreTve, stacionaluri samkurnalo dawesebulebis administraciis mier, sadac moqalaqe samkurnalod imyofeba, an kidev, Sesabamisi samxedro nawilis mier, Tu mindobilobas samxedro mosamsaxure gascems. rac Seexeba pirs, romelic sapatimroSi imyofeba, mis mier gacemul mindobilobas daamowmebs Sesabamisi sapatimro adgilis administracia. mindobilobis damowmebis aseTi wesi, uwinares yovlisa, marwmunebelTa interesebiTaa ganpirobebuli – uadvilebs maT mindobilobis damowmebis proceduras, magram yvela maTgans sruli ufleba aqvs gverdi auaros aseT wess da daamowmos mindobiloba sanotaro wesiT. organizaciis saxeliT gacemul mindobilobebs gascems da daamowmebs am organizaciis xelmZRvaneli an sxva uflebamosili piri. zemoT Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom Tu iuridiuli piris wesdebis Tanaxmad warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvilia erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli piri, mas SeuZlia gamovides warmomadgenlad sasamarTloSi mindobilobis gareSe. aseTma xelmZRvanelma pirma sasamarTlos unda warudginos amonaweri wesdebidan, romliTac dasturdeba misi sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba. 125

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT kanoniT an wesdebiT warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili pirisa da am iuridiuli piris TanamSromlis warmomadgenloba sasamarTloSi. saqme isaa, rom iuridiuli piris (organizaciis) uflebebis dasacavad sasamarTloSi xSirad gamodian am organizaciis iuriskonsultebi da sxva TanamSromlebi. maT unda warudginon sasamarTlos mindobiloba am organizaciis saxeliT, romelsac gascems warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili Tanamdebobis piri, xolo Tu aseTi araa, maSin kolegiuri organo, romelic aseTi uflebiTaa aRWurvili kanoniT an wesdebiT. „advokatTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-13 muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad piri iZens advokatis statuss da iRebs saadvokato saqmianobis uflebis damadasturebel mowmobas, romliTac igi axorcielebs saadvokato saqmianobas mxolod ficis dadebis Semdeg. magram, imisaTvis, rom man gamovides sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlad, man aseve unda gaaformos mindobiloba warmomadgenelTan (klientTan), xolo sasamarTloSi waradginos ori dokumenti: a) saadvokato saqmianobis uflebis damadasturebeli mowmoba da b) warmomadgenlis (klientis) mier masze gacemuli dokumenti – mindobiloba an orderi“ („advokatTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-19 muxli). yvela sxva piri, romelsac jer kidev ar aqvs advokatis statusi, valdebulia warudginos sasamarTlos marwmuneblis mier gacemuli mindobiloba, damowmebuli im wesiT, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT gvqonda saubari. aseTia rogorc saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis, ise saqarTvelos „advokatTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis azri da Sinaarsi am sakiTxSi. $7. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta I. warmomadgenlis uflebamiosilebis Sewyveta marwmuneblis mier. ise rogorc marwmuneblis ufleba awarmoos saqme sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, mas aseTive ufleba aqvs Seuwyvitos marwmunebels uflebamosileba. ssk 99-e muxlis Tanaxmad, marwmunebels ufleba aqvs saqmis warmoebis yvela stadiaze gaauqmos Tavis mier gacemuli mindobiloba da Sewyvitos warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba. marwmunebels ar evaleba imis motivireba (dasabuTeba), Tu ratom Seuwyvita man uflebamosileba warmomadgenels. erTad-erTi, rac marwmunebels aseT SemTxvevaSi evaleba – esaa werilobiT acnobos amis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos da warmomadgenels. im momentidan, roca sasamarTlos werilobiT ecnoba warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo aRar dauSvebs mas saproceso moqmedebaTa Sesrulebaze. Tu aseTi gancxadeba mxarem gaakeTa saqmis sasamarTlo sxdomaze ganxilvis dros, maSin es gancxadeba Seitaneba sxdomis oqmSi, razec xeli unda moaweros ganmcxadebelma. amrigad, warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba Sewyvetilad iTvleba, roca mxare werilobiT mimarTavs sasamarTlos, an, roca aseTi gancxadeba gakeTdeba sasamarTlos mosamzadebel an mTavar sxdomaze. 126

aRniSnul uflebas mxare ver gamoiyenebs saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT. swored am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobs kanonmdebeli, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom mxaris iniciativiT warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta ver gaxdeba saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Tu saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis safuZveli, e.i. saqmis warmoeba da ganxilva unda gagrZeldes da sasamarTlom ar unda daakmayofilos mxaris Suamdgomloba SeCerebis Tu gadadebis Sesaxeb (Tu aseTi Suamdgomloba aRiZvris). Tu mas surs aiyvanos sxva warmomadgeneli, droulad da yovelgvari gaWianurebis gareSe unda gaakeTos es. marwmuneblis mier warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta (ise rogorc saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT) aris mxaris sruli ufleba da sasamarTlom yovelTvis unda daakmayofilos misi aseTi gancxadeba. warmomadgenels ar aqvs ufleba gaaprotestos marwmuneblis aseTi moqmedeba. II. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta TviT warmomadgenlis mier. ise, rogorc marwmunebels, warmomadgenelsac ufleba aqvs calmxrivad da motivirebis gareSe mimarTos sasamarTlos da marwmunebels werilobiTi gancxadebiT Tavisi uflebamosilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb. aseTi uari mas SeuZlia ganacxados sasamarTlos sxdomazec, rac Seitaneba sxdomis oqmSi. - Tavis uflebamosilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Setana, an sasamarTlos mosamzadebel Tu mTavar sxdomaze aseTi gancxadebis gakeTeba jer kidev ar niSnavs uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas. marTalia, aseTi gancxadeba yovelTvis unda daakmayofilos sasamarTlom, radgan ar SeiZleba vaiZuloT piri gaswios warmomadgenloba, magram dros, roca warmomadgenels ufleba aqvs Sewyvitos procesSi monawileoba – niSnavs sasamarTlo. dros sasamarTlo niSnavs im varaudiT, rom marwmunebelma TviTon miiRos monawileoba procesSi an aiyvanos axali warmomadgeneli (ssk me-100 muxli). gansxvavebiT iseTi SemTxvevisa, roca marwmunebeli ambobs uars warmomadgenelze, rac ver gaxdeba saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis safuZveli, Tu uflebamosilebaze uarisTqma keTdeba warmomadgenlis mier sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes am sxdomis gadadeba im droiT, rac saWiro iqneba axali warmomadgenlis ayvanisaTvis, Tu amis survils gamoTqvams marwmunebeli. Tu am drois manZilze marwmunebeli ar aiyvans axal warmomadgenels, sasamarTlos SeuZlia CaTvalos, rom marwmunebeli TviTon piradad awarmoebs saqmes warmomadgenlis gareSe da ganixilos saqme saerTo wesiT. III. warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis Sewyveta mxareTa nebis gareSe. zemoT miTiTebuli SemTxvevebi iseTia, rodesac warmomadgenlobiTi urTierTobis Sewyveta xdeba mxareTa nebiT, magram am urTierTobis Sewyveta SeiZleba moxdes maTi nebis gareSec. 127

erT aseT SemTxvevaze zemoT gvqonda saubari, kerZod, rodesac sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb. cxadia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba Sewydeba. sxva SemTxveva – esaa mxareTa gardacvaleba. cnobilia, rom sk 453e muxlis Tanaxmad valdebuleba Sewydeba urTierTobis monawile mxareTa gardacvalebiT. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu gardaicvala warmomadgeneli, misi aramarto saproceso uflebamosileba, aramed materialursamarTlebrivi valdebuleba gaTvaliswinebuli davalebis xelSekrulebiT – Sewydeba. cxadia, rom marwmunebels SeuZlia mosTxovos warmomadgenlis uflebamonacvleebs mis mier gadaxdili honoraris an misi nawilis ukan dabruneba. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gardaicvala marwmunebeli (an moxda iuridiuli iuridiuli piris likvidacia) da uflebamonacvleoba dauSvebelia, maSin Sewydeba saqmis warmoeba (sssk 272-e muxlis „e“ punqti) da, cxadia, masTan erTad warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebac. magram, Tu uflebamonacvleoba dasaSvebia, maSin saqmis warmoeba SeCerdeba (sssk 279-e muxlis „a“ punqti). saqmis warmoebis SeCerebasTan erTad SeCerdeba yvela saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba da maT Soris warmomadgenlis saproceso moqmedebebic am saqmeze. SeCerebuli saqmis ganaxlebasTan erTad ganaxldeba saqmis ganxilvac (ssk 283-e muxli). Tu uflebamonacvle isurvebs da gamoxatavs am survils Tavisi gancxadebiT an dumiliT, warmomadgeneli gaagrZelebs Tavisi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebas, magram uflebamonacvles SeuZlia uari Tqvas am warmomadgenelze da aiyvanos sxva warmomadgeneli. $8. kanonieri waprmomadgenlebi 1. yvela fizikuri da iuridiuli piri aRWurvilia saproceso uflebaunarianobiT, e.i. unariT hqondes saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi. magram yvela pirs ar gaaCnia unari Tavisi moqmedebiT ganaxorcielos sasamarTloSi Tavisi uflebebi, maT Soris daavalos saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenels, e.i. yvela pirs ar gaaCnia saproceso qmedunarianoba. aseT pirTa kategorias ganekuTvnebian qmeduunaro moqalaqeebi da SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqone moqalaqeebi (sssk 81-e muxli), romelTa Sesaxeb saubari gvqonda zemoT. imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin SeiZleba gamovides sasamarTloSi aseTi pirebis warmomadgenlebad, izruna TviTon kanonmdebelma. swored amitom ewodeba aseT warmomadgenlebs kanonieri (kanonismieri) warmomadgenlebi. amis dasadastureblad SeiZleba moviyvanoT ssk 101-e muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis Tanaxmad „qmeduunaro moqalaqis agreTve SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqone moqalaqis uflebebsa da kanoniT dacul interesebs sasamarTloSi icaven maTi mSoblebi, mSvileblebi, meurveebi da mzrunvelebi, romlebic warudgenen sasamarTlos TavianTi uflebamosilebis damadasturebel dokumentebs“. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 21-e da 22-e muxlebi iTvaliswineben sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT piris ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebas da piris gamocxadebas gardacvlilad. amis 128

Sesabamisad, ssk 317-e-321-e muxlebi gansazRvraven am kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvis wesebs. ibadeba kiTxva: vin SeiZleba gamovides sasamarTloSi ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad cnobili moqalaqis, an kidev, im memkvidris warmomadgenlad, romelsac unda mieRo gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli moqalaqis qoneba? pasuxs am kiTxvaze Seicavs ssk 101-e muxlis me-3 da me-4 nawilebi: saqmeSi, romelSiac unda monawileobdes kanoniT dadgenili wesiT ugzoukvlod dakargulad cnobili moqalaqe, mis warmomadgenlad monawileobs piri, romelsac gadaeca samarTavad ugzo-ukvlod dakarguli piris qoneba. xolo saqmeSi, romelSiac unda monawileobdes gardacvlilis an gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli piris memkvidre, Tu memkvidreoba aravis ar miuRia, maSin aseTi memkvidris warmomadgenlad gamodis samkvidro qonebis dacvisa da marTvisaTvis daniSnuli piri. amrigad, kanonieri warmomadgenlebis wres da maTi procesSi monawileobis pirobebs gansazRvravs uSualod TiTon kanoni. 2. kanonieri warmomadgeneli monawileobs procesSi ara xelSekrulebis, aramed kanonis ZaliT. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, kanonieri warmomadgenlebis uflebamosilebis dadasturebisaTvis, gansxvavebiT nebayoflobiT (xelSekrulebiT) warmomadgenlobisagan, raime specialurad gaformebuli mindobilobis warmodgena arc saWiroa da arc dasaSvebi. kanonierma warmomadgenlebma sasamarTlos unda warmoudginon imis damadasturebeli dokumenti, rom isini arian kanonieri warmomadgenlebi, kerZod, pasporti an sxva iseTi oficialuri dokumenti, romelSic aris Canaweri Svilebis Sesaxeb, Svilad ayvanis mowmoba, meurveobis Tu mzrunvelobis damadasturebeli dokumenti, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romliTac dasturdeba ugzo-ukvlod dakargulis an gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli piris qonebis samarTavad gadacema, aragistrirebul qorwinebaSi dabadebuli bavSvis dedis, xolo, Tu aseTi bavSvis mamoba dadgenilia sasamarTlos wesiT, maSin am faqtis damadasturebeli dokumenti, rogoric SeiZleba iyos moqalaqeobis registraciis organos mier gacemuli cnoba, sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba an sxva oficialuri cnoba. 3. kanonieri warmomadgenlebi sargebloben farTo saproceso uflebebiT. kanonieri warmomadgenloba avtomaturad (specialuri uflebamosilebis gareSe), aniWebs maT uflebas Seasrulon yvela saproceso moqmedeba, romelTa Sesrulebis ufleba aqvT warmomdgenT, maT Soris isargeblon ganmkargulebiTi uflebebiT, rogoricaa sarCelis cnoba, sarCelze uarisTqma, saqmis morigebiT damTavreba, gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba da sxva. amasTan erTad, kanoni Seicavs SezRudvebsac. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 129-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe meurves ufleba ar aqvs sameurveo piris saxeliT dados garigeba, xolo mzrunvels – samzrunvelo piris saxeliT daTanxmdes garigebis dadebaze, romelic Seexeba qonebis gasxvisebas, dagiravebas, Txovebas, sameurveo da samzrunvelo piris kuTvnil uflebaze uaris Tqmas da a.S. am TvalsazrisiT, rig SezRudvebs Seicavs sk 1296-e – 1297-e muxlebi. aq miTiTebuli muxlebis analizidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos meurvisa da mzrunvelis mier sarCelze uarisTqma, sarCelis cnoba, Tu saqmis morigebiT damTavreba, Tu ar aris 129

amis Sesaxeb meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebis winaswari Tanxmoba, gamoxatuli werilobiTi formiT. kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli SezRudvebis farglebs gareT, rac qmeduunaro da SezRuduli qmedunariani pirebis interesebis dacvisaTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli, kanonier warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT Seasrulon yvela saproceso moqmedeba, romelTa Sesrulebis ufleba aqvT maT warmomdgenT. 4.kanonier warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi miandon advokats, rac ar arTmevs maT uflebas TviTonac miiRon monawileoba saqmis ganxilvaSi, ssk 101-e muxlis me-5 nawilSi marTalia miTiTebulia advokatze, magram am muxlis danawesi unda gavigoT farTod da avRniSnoT, rom maT SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba miandon aramarto advokats, aramed nebismier pirs, romelic SeiZleba gamovides procesSi warmomadgenlad (ssk 94-e muxli).

$7. saproceso warmomadgeneli (mzrunveli) I. saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna qmeduunaro mopasuxisaTvis. saproceso warmomadgeneli (mzrunveli) saqarTvelos saproceso samarTlis sruliad axali institutia. misi SemoRebis mizania iseTi qmeduunaro mxaris uflebebisa da interesebis saTanadod dacvis uzrunvelyofa, romelsac ama Tu im mizeziT ar yavs kanonieri warmomadgeneli. saproceso warmomadgenlis (mzrunvelis) daniSvnasa da misi procesSi monawileobis wess iTvaliswinebs ssk 82-e muxli, romelic ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. ssk 82-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu sarCeli Setanilia qmeduunaro mxaris winaaRmdeg, romelsac ar yavs kanonieri warmomadgeneli, sasamarTolo mosarCelis gancxadebis safuZvelze dauniSnavs mas saproceso warmomadgenels da ganixilavs saqmes, Tu misi ganuxilveloba zianiT emuqreba mosarCeles. amrigad, imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom dauniSnos qmeduunaro mxares saproceso warmomadgeneli (saproceso mzrunveli) da ganixilos saqme, saWiroa sami pirobis erTdroulad arseboba. erTi piroba – piri unda iyos qmeduunaro. qmeduunarod iTvleba piri 7-dan 18 wlamde asakisa, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebisa, agreTve qmeduunarod sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT aRiarebuli sruwlovani piri. meore piroba – unda iyos mosarCelis Suamdgomloba mopasuxisaTvis saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvnis Sesaxeb, radgan mas ar yavs kanonieri warmomadgeneli. mesame piroba – am saqmis ganuxilvelobam SeiZleba ziani miayenos mosarCeles. Tu yvela es piroba arsebobs, sasamarTlo dauniSnavs qmeduunaro mopasuxes saproceso warmomadgenels (mzrunvels), raTa daculi iqnes misi uflebebi da kanonieri interesebi. 130

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi imis eSsaxeb, SeiZleba Tu ara saproceso warmomadgeneli daeniSnos iseT pirs, romelic srulwlovania, araa aRiarebuli sasamarTlos mier, rogorc qmeduunaro, e.i. iuridiulad qmedunariania, magram aSkarad ver uwevs angariSs Tavis moqmedebas fsiqikuri mdgomareobis an Wkuasustobis gamo, e.i. faqtiurad qmeduunaroa. aseT pirs SeiZleba daeniSnos saproceso warmomadgeneli misi mSoblis, srulwlovani Svilis, meuRlis saxiT an Tu aseTi ar yavs sxva iseTi piris saxiT, romelsac SeuZlia daicvas am faqtiurad qmeduunaro piris interesebi sasamarTloSi. rac Seexeba arasrulwlovans, mis kanonier warmomadgenlad iTvleba misi mSobeli. saproceso warmomadgeneli mas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba daeniSnos, roca ar yavs mSobeli. mopasuxisaTvis saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvnis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs motivirebuli ganCineba, romelzec ar SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. Tu saproceso warmomadgenelis daniSvnis pirobebi ar arsebobs, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas mis daniSvnaze uarisTqmisa da sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb ssk 275-e muxlis analogiiT, romelzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. II. saproceso mosarCelisaTvis

warmomadgenlis

daniSvna

qmeduunaro

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT sasamarTlom araqmedunariani mxarisagan saerTod ar unda miiRos sarCeli (sssk 186-e muxlis „v“ punqtze). magram, Tu aseTi piris mier Semotanili sarCeli miiRo sasamarTlom, mas SeuZlia datovos igi ganuxilvelad, Tu sasamarTlos mizanSewonilad ar miaCnia dauniSnos mas saproceso warmomadgeneli (sssk 275-e muxlis „a“ punqti). amrigad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos qmeduunaro piris mier aRZruli sarCeli Tu arsebobs zemod aRniSnuli pirobebi da sasamarTlos mizanSewonilad miaCnia am pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganixilos sarCeli. magaliTad, pirma, romelmac aRZra sarCeli samkvidro qonebidan konkretuli wilis gamoyofis Sesaxeb ar aRmoCnda srulwlovani da maSasadame, qmedunariani. kanonieri warmomadgeneli mas ar gaaCnia, xolo sarCelis ganuxilvelad datoveba zianiT emuqreba aramarto am arasrulwlovan mosarCeles, aramed, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, mopasuxesac. aseT da sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba mizanSewonili iyos saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna. arasrulwlovani mosarCelis mimarT sakiTxi SedarebiT ufro martivad SeiZleba gadawydes, magram rogor unda moiqces sasamarTlo, rodesac mosarCele srulwlovania, araa aRiarebuli sasamarTlos mier arc qmeduunarod da arc SezRudul qmedunarianad, e.i. iuridiulad qmedunariania, magram faqtiurad aSkarad ver uwevs angariSs Tavis moqmedebas, anu faqtiurad qmeduunaroa. aseT pirs SeiZleba daeniSnos saproceso warmomadgeneli misi mSoblis, srulwlovani Svilis, meuRlis saxiT, an Tu aseTi ar yavs nebismieri sxva piris saxiT, romelsac SeuZlia daicvas am faqtiurad qmeduunaro piris interesebi. saproceso warmomadgenels, ise rogorc kanonier warmomadgenels, SeuZlia saqme awarmoos sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlis (advokatis) meSveobiT. 131

mosarCelisaTvis saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvnis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelzec ar SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana; mosarCelisaTvis saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvnaze uarisTqmis SemTxvevaSic sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb sssk 275-e muxlis „a“ punqtis Sesabamisad, romelzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana ( ssk 276-e muxli). III. saproceso warmomadgenlis uflebebi da movaleobebi saproceso warmomadgenels (mzrunvels) aqvs igive uflebebi, rac meurveebsa da mzrunvelebs saerTod, magram erTi aucilebeli pirobis aRniSvniT: maTi ganmkargulebeli moqmedebebi, rogoricaa sarCelis cnoba, sarCelis aRiareba, saqmis morigebiT damTavreba TviTon sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos xom ar arRvevs kanons an qmeduunaro piris interesebs da mxolod amis Semdeg miiRos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba (ganCineba).

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T a v i VII vadebi samoqalaqo procesSi $1.saproceso vadebis mniSvneloba da saxeebi 1. mniSvneloba. drois faqtori yovelTvis asrulebda erT-erT mTavar rols pirTa Soris urTierTobis samarTlebriv mowesrigebaSi. samarTliT mowesrigebuli urTierTobebidan warmoSobili uflebebi da movaleobebi yovelTvis arseboben droSi. ufro metic, drois gasvlas kanoni zogjer ukavSirebs uflebis warmoSobas, xolo zogjer ki piriqiT – uflebebisa da movaleobebis Sewyvetas. magaliTad, sk 403-e muxlis Tanaxmad „movale, romelic fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadas gadaacilebs, valdebulia gadacilebuli droisaTvis gadaixados kanoniT gansazRvruli procenti“. amave kodeqsis 394-e muxlis Tanaxmad movalis mier vadis gadacilebisas kreditors SeuZlia dauniSnos movales valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli dro. Tu movale am droSic ar Seasrulebs valdebulebas, maSin kreditors ufleba aqvs valdebulebis Sesrulebis nacvlad moiaTxovos zianis anazRaureba. drois faqtori did rols asrulebs darRveulia Tu sadavo uflebis dacvis SesaZleblobis daSvebis TvalsazrisiTac. sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT xandazmulobis instituti samoqalaqo materialur samarTalSi, romelic cnobilia sasarCelo xandazmulobis an moTxovnis xandazmulobis saxelwodebiT. am xandazmulobis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moTxovnis warmoSobis momentidan garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg piri kargavs am moTxovnis iZulebiT sasamarTlo wesiT realizaciis uflebas (sk 128-129-e muxlebi). drois faqtori did rols asrulebs samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi: saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebeli saproceso moqmedebebi SeiZleba Seasrulos mxareebma mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul vadebSi. ra aris saproceso vada? saproceso vada aris drois garkveuli monakveTi, romlis ganmavlobaSi unda Sesruldes esa Tu is saproceso moqmedeba. vadebis mniSvneloba samoqalaqo procesSi uSualod ukavSirdeba samoqalaqo saqmeTa sasamarTlo warmoebis (samarTalwarmoebis) miznebsa da amocanebs. samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis mizania aramarto im pirTa uflebebis dacva, romlebic mimarTaven sasamarTlos sarCeliT (gancxadebiT), aramed am uflebebis droulad da gonivrul vadebSi dacva. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia am „gonivruli“ vadis farglebi. ssk 59-e muxlis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saqmeebs sasamarTloebi ganixilaven gancxadebis miRebis dRidan araugvianes ori Tvisa, xolo 133

rTuli kategoriis saqmeebze es vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes araumetes 5 Tvisa. es muxli iTvaliswinebs zogierTi kategoriis saqmeebis mimarT kidev ufro mokle vadebs. saproceso vadis erT-erTi da mTavari daniSnuleba imaSi mdgomareobs rom misi meSveobiT sasamarTlom zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mxareebze, raTa maT daniSnul vadaSi Seasrulon saproceso moqmedeba. magaliTad, ssk 185-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu mosarCele daniSnul vadaSi ar Seavsebs sarCelis xarvezs „sasamarTlo sarCels umoZraod datovebs da mosarCeles daubrunebs“. ufro metic, rom ar iyos vadebi SeuZlebeli iqneboda sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba. swored am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda kanonmdebeli, roca SemoiRo gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis vada. am vadis gasvlis Semdeg gadawyvetileba Sedis kanonier ZalaSi da mogebul mxares SeuZlia moiTxovos misi iZulebiT aRsruleba. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: rom ar iyos gansazRvruli dro, romlis ganmavlobaSiac modave mxareebma unda Seasrulon esa Tu is saproceso moqmedeba – samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilva saerTod verasdros ver damTavrdeboda, uflebis dacva saerTod ver ganxorcieldeboda, samarTalwarmoebaSi damkvidrdeboda qaosi da TviTneboba, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba mTlianad iqneboda damokidebuli im mxaris neba-survilze, romlis interesebSi ar Sedis saqmis droulad ganxilva. 2. saxeebi. imis mixedviT, Tu procesis romeli subieqtisTvisaa saproceso vada gaTvaliswinebuli, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben: a) saproceso vadebs, romlebic sasamarTlos saqmianobisaTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli, e.i. vadebs, romelTa ganmavlobaSi sasamarTlom unda Seasrulos esa Tu is moqmedeba, magaliTad, samoqalaqo saqme sasamarTlom unda ganixilos 2 TveSi, xolo gansakuTrebiT rTuli saqmeebi – 5 TveSi (sssk 59-e muxli), mosamarTle valdebulia sarCelis Cabarebidan 5 dReSi gamoitanos ganCineba am sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb (sssk 183-e muxli), dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotana sasamarTlos SeuZlia 14 dRis ganmavlobaSi im dRidan, roca damTavrda saqmis ganxilva (ssk 257-e muxli) da a.S. b) saproceso vadebi, romlebic mxareebisTvis, saqmeSi monawile sxva pirebisTvis, xolo zogjer saqmeSi ar monawile pirebisTvisacaa gaTvaliswinebuli; magaliTad, ssk 155-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos mier gamoTxovili nivTieri mtkicebulebebi fizikurma da iuridiulma pirebma, romlebiTanac aseTi mtkicebulebebi inaxeba, unda warudginon sasamarTlos daniSnul vadaSi. igive movaleobas iTvaliswinebs agreTve ssk 136-e muxli werilobiTi mtkicebulebebis gamoTxovis SemTxvevaSi da sxv. aRniSnuli fizikuri Tu iuridiuli pirebi, marTalia ar arian procesis monawileebi, magram isini valdebulia Seasrulon sasamarTlos moTxovna amave sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi. imis mixedviT, Tu vis mieraa gansazRvruli saproceso moqmedebis vada, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben kanonier da sasamarTlosmier vadebs. a) kanonismieri vadebi kanoniTaa gansazRvruli da saproceso moqmedeba am vadaSi unda Sesruldes. magaliTad, kerZo saCivris Setana, ssk 416-e muxlis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba ganCinebis gadacemis momentidan 12 dRis ganmavlobaSi. kanoniT zogjer gaTvaliswinebulia kerZo saCivris Setanis Semcirebuli vadac. magaliTad, ssk 194-e muxlis me-3 nawilis 134

Tanaxmad sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo ganCinebis gasaCivrebis vada Seadgens xuT dRes. kanoniT gansazvrulia saapelacio da sakasacio saCivris Setanis vadebi (sssk 369-e da 397-e muxlebi) da a.S. kanonismieri vadebis kategorias ganekuTvneba vadebi, romlebic ganisazRvreba ara raime TariRze miTiTebiT, aramed im garemoebaze miTiTebiT, romlis dadgomamde an dadgomis Semdegac unda Sesruldes moqmedeba. magaliTad, mopasuxes ufleba aqvs aRZras Segebebuli sarCeli saqmis winaswari momzadebis damTavrebamde (sssk 188-e muxli). „am vadis gaSvebis Semdeg mopasuxes SeuZlia aRZras Segebebuli sarCeli, sasamarTlo paeqrobis damTavrebamde, Tu sasamarTlo sapatiod miiCnevs vadis gaSvebas“ (ssk 188-e muxlis me-2 naw.) eqspertizis daniSvnis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia SeaCeros saqmiswarmoeba „eqspertizis damTavrebamde“ (sssk 281-e muxlis „b“ punqti) da a.S. b) sasamarTlosmieri vadebi – esaa vadebi, romlebic sasamarTlos mieraa gansazRvruli. sasamarTlos SeuZlia gansazRvros ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis vada, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi vada araa dadgenili kanoniT. magaliTad, ssk 201-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo gadaugzavnis mopasuxes sarCelisa da sxva sabuTebis aslebs, dauniSnavs mas vadas werilobiT Seadginos Tavisi pasuxi sarCelisa da masSi dasmul sakiTxebze da warudginos isini sasamarTlos. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Semotanili sarCeli xarveziania, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas am xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb, risTvisac dauniSnavs mosarCeles vadas (ssk 185-e muxli). ssk 216-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilvis gadadebisas daniSnavs dRes axali sasamarTlo sxdomisaTvis“. amave muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis SemTxvevaSi „sasamarTlo daavalebs mxareebs daniSnul vadaSi warmoadginon werilobiTi da nivTieri mtkicebulebebi“ da a.S. $2. saproceso vadis gamoTvla da damTavreba 1. saproceso vadis gamoTvla. saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis vada SeiZleba ganisazRvros: a) zusti kalendaruli TariRiT. magaliTad, Tu sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba gadaudos mxares sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxda, maSin sasamarTlom Tavis ganCinebaSi unda miuTiTos zusti kalendaruli TariRi (magaliTad, 2004 wlis 5 seqtembramde), rodemdec mas gadaedo am xarjebis gadaxda. b) im garemoebaze miTiTebiT, romelic unda dadges. magaliTad, Tu saqmis warmoeba SeCerebulia imis gamo, rom jer unda gadawydes sxva saqme, romelic sxva sasamarTloSi ganixileba, maSin am saqmis warmoeba SeiZleba ganaxldes mxolod mas Semdeg, roca kanonier valaSi Seva am sxva sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba. g) drois monakveTiT. magaliTad, gancxadebis Setana axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb dauSvebelia gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan 5 wlis gasvlis Semdeg. ssk me-60 muxli gansazRvravs, Tu saidan, anu ra droidan unda daiwyos saproceso vadis gamoTvla, rasac didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba 135

aqvs. magaliTad, kerZo saCivris Setanis vada, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebisa aris 12 dRe. magram saidan daiwyeba am 12 dRiani vadis gamoTvla? am 12 dRiani vadis dasawyisia ganCinebis gadacemis momenti, xolo Tu am ganCinebis gamocxadebas eswreboda kerZo saCivris Setanis uflebis mqone piri, maSin vadis dasawyisia misi gamocxadebis momenti (416-e muxli). am muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad kerZo saCivris Setanis 12 dRiani vadis gamoTvla unda daiwyos Sesabamisad ganCinebis gadacemis meore (Semdgomi) dRidan, an am ganCinebis gamocxadebis meore dRidan. e.i. Tu ganCineba gadaeca mxares 10 noembers, am ganCinebis gasaCivrebis vadis dena daaiwyeba 11 noembridan da damTavrdeba 22 noembers. am wesiT unda moxdes vadebis gamoTvla, roca es vadebi ganisazRvreba wlebiT, TveebiT an dReebiT. 2. saproceso vadis damTavreba. ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Seusrulebloba kanoniT an sasamarTlos mier gansazRvrul vadaSi, iwvevs am moqmedebis mogvianebiT Sesrulebaze uflebis dakargvas. amitom, Zalian didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs imis zustad codnas, Tu saidan iwyeba vadis aTvla da misi damTavreba. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs wlebiT da TveebiT gamosaTvleli vadis damTavrebis erTian wess. kerZod, wlebiT gamosaTvleli vada mTavrdeba vadis ukanaskneli wlis Sesabamis Tvesa da ricxvSi. magaliTad, ssk 426-e muxlis Tanaxmad gancxadeba gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobisa da axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb Setanil unda iqnes gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan 5 wlis gasvlis Semdeg. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu gadawyvetileba Sevida kanonier ZalaSi 2000 wlis 1 seqtembers, maSin xuTwliani vadis aTvla, ssk me-60 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, daiwyeba 2 seqtembridan da damTavrdeba 2005 wlis 2 seqtembers. igive wesi moqmedebs TveebiT gamosaTvleli vadis mimarTac, kerZod, TveebiT gamosaTvleli vada gasulad CaiTvleba vadis ukanaskneli Tvis Sesabamis Tvesa da ricxvSi, xolo Tu TveebiT gamosaTvleli vadis ukanasknel Tves saTanado ricxvi ar aqvs maSin vada damTavrebulad CaiTvleba am Tvis ukanasknel dRes. magaliTad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebis vada aris erTi Tve. am vadis aTvla iwyeba mxarisaTvis gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentidan. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu mxares gadawyvetileba gadaeca 10 maiss, maSin misi gasaCivrebis erTTviani vada mTavrdeba 11 ivniss, radgan ssk me-60 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad TveebiT gamosaTvleli vada iwyeba im kalendaruli TariRis (am SemTxvevaSi 10 maisi) Semdgomi dRidan, romliTac gansazRvrulia misi dasawyisi“. dasawyisi, rogorc avRniSneT gansazRvrulia gadawyvetilebis mxarisaTvis gadacemis momentidan, erTTviani vadis aTvla ki daiwyeba Semdgomi anu am dasawyisi TariRis meore dRidan. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac TveobiT gamosaTvleli vadis ukanasknel Tves saTanado ricxvi ar aqvs maSin vada gasulad CaiTvleba am Tvis ukanasknel dRes. 136

magaliTad,

gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis gamo saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Setanis erTTviani vada iwyeba am gadawyvetilebis mxarisTvis gadacemis momentidan. Tu vadis aTvla daiwyo 30 ianvars, maSin vada gasulad CaiTvleba 28 Tebervals, radgan am Tves Sesabamisi ricxvi ar aqvs. vadis ukanaskneli dRe gasulad CaiTvleba am bolo dRis 24 saaTis Semdeg. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu saproceso moqmedeba Sesrulda saproceso vadis ukanaskneli dRis 24 saaTamde, saproceso moqmedeba vadaSi Sesrulebulad iTvleba. magaliTad, saapelacio saCivari Cabarda fostas vadis ukanaskneli dRis 24 saaTze. saCivari iTvleba vadaSi Setanilad. saproceso vadis dena ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs. es imas niSnavs, rom arasamuSao dReebisa Tu dResaswaulebis gamokleba ar xdeba. garda amisa, Tu vada iwyeba arasamuSao dRes, vadis denac am dRidan iwyeba, magram, Tu vada gadis arasamuSao dRes, maSin vadis damTavrebis dRed iTvleba am arasamuSao, Tu sadResaswaulo dRis Semdgomi momdevno samuSao dRe. magaliTad, Tu saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis vadis damTavrebis dRe gadis 2005 wlis 28 noembers, romelic aris arasamuSao dRe-kvira, maSin vadis damTavrebis dRed CaiTvleba ara 28 noemberi, aramed misi momdevno samuSao dRe – 29 noembers (orSabaTi). $3 saproceso vadis SeCereba, gagrZeleba da aRdgena 1.saproceso vadis SeCereba. saproceso vadis SeCereba uSualodaa dakavSirebuli da mTlianad damokidebulia saqmis warmoebis SeCerebasTan. Tu SeCerdeba saqmis warmoeba, SeCerdeba saproceso vadis denac. saqmis warmoebis SeCereba dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvlebiT. magaliTad, ssk 279-e muxlis „g“ punqtis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo SeaCerebs saqmis warmoebas. Tu am muxlis safuZvelze sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb, maSin SeCerdeba daumTavrebeli saproceso vadis denac, magram am vadis dena SeCerdeba ara im dRidan, roca sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb, aramed im dRidan, roca warmoiSva warmoebis SeCerebis safuZveli. rodis ganaxldeba saproceso vadis dena? saproceso vadis dena kvlav daiwyeba mxolod mas Semdeg, roca warmoiSoba (aRdgeba, Seicvleba) garemoeba, romelic safuZvlad daedo warmoebis SeCerebas. magaliTad, sasamarTlom SeaCera saqmis warmoeba imis gamo, rom mxare imyofeba xangrZliv samsaxurebriv mivlinebaSi. rogorc ki es mxare dabrundeba mivlinebidan, saproceso vadis dena daiwyeba, magram sasamarTlom unda miiRos ganCineba SeCerebuli saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. aseve, Tu saqmis warmoeba SeCerebuli iyo imis gamo, rom dainiSna eqspertiza an mxare imyofeba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis moqmed nawilSi, maSin saproceso vadis dena daiwyeba rogorc ki miRebuli iqneba eqspertis daskvna an mopasuxe dabrundeba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis moqmed nawilidan. magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom 137

unda gamoitanos ganCineba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. swored am ganCinebis gamotanis dRidan ganaxldeba saproceso vadis denac. amrigad, saproceso vadis dena SeCerda im droidan, roca warmoiSva saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis safuZveli da ara saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos ganCinebis miRebidan, xolo saproceso vadis dena ganaxldeba ara im droidan, roca ukve aRar arsebobs safuZveli, ris gamoc SeCerda warmoeba, aramed im droidan, roca sasamarTlom miiRo ganCineba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxebb 2. saproceso vadis gagrZeleba da aRdgena. kanoniT dadgenili, an sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis ufleba ispoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom mxares an saqmis monawile sxva pirs aRar SeuZlia saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba. amasTan erTad, kanoni uSvebs sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli vadis gagrZelebis, xolo kanoniT gansazRvruli saproceso vadis aRdgenis SesaZleblobas. sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli vadis gagrZeleba dasaSvebia rogorc dainteresebuli mxaris TxovniT, ise sasamarTlos iniciativiTac. mxaris Suamdgomloba saproceso vadis aRdgenis Sesaxeb dasabuTebuli unda iyos, kerZod miTiTebuli unda iyos mizezi, ris gamoc, saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba ver xerxdeba daniSnul vadaSi. saproceso vadis gagrZelebis an aseT gagrZelebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba. Tu aseTi ganCineba ar arsebobs vada ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos gagrZelebulad. sasamarTlo ganCinebaze saproceso vadis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb, an aseT gagrZelebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba. rogorc aRvniSneT, Tu saproceso vada kanoniTaa dadgenili, maSin dasaSvebia am vadis aRdgena, garda kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli akrZalvebisa. kanoniT dadgenili saproceso vadis aRdgena dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlo cnobs, rom saproceso moqmedebis Seusrulebloba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT (ssk 65-e muxli).62 kanonismieri saproceso vadis aRdgena sasamarTlos iniciativiT dauSvebelia. kanonismieri vadis aRdgenis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos SeiZleba mimarTon mxareebma. gancxadeba saproceso vadis aRdgenis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos waredgineba werilobiTi formiT, romelSic miTiTebuli unda iyos mizezebi, romlebmac ganapirobes saproceso moqmedebis vadaze Seusrulebloba, agreTve maTi damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi. magaliTad, Tu mxare miuTiTebs iseT mizezze, rogoricaa avadmyofoba an mivlineba, man unda warmoadginos amis damadasturebeli Sesabamisi cnobebi. saproceso vadis gaSvebis sapatio mizezis damtkicebis tvirTi (movaleoba) mTlianad ekisreba ganmcxadebels, e.i. pirs, romelmac moiTxova kanonismieri vadis aRdgena. kanonismieri vadis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ar niSnavs axal vadas saproceso moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis. swored amitom 62

sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli vadebis mimarT ssk iyenebs termins „vadis gagrZeleba“, xolo kanonismieri saproceso vadebis mimarT – „vadis aRdgena“. marTalia, vadis gagrZelebis, Tu vadis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi vaRwevT erTsa da igive Sedegs – saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis vadis gadawevas ufro Sors, magram aseT terminologiur gansxvavebas aqvs garkveuli safuZveli: sasamarTlo araa kanonmdebeli da igi ver Secvlis kanonmdeblis mier daniSnul vadas, mas SeuZlia mxolod aRadginos es vada.

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kanonismieri vadis aRdgenis Sesaxeb gancxadebasTan erTad, roca es vada gaSvebulia, mxares evaleba Seasrulos es saproceso moqmedeba. es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo ver ganixilavs gancxadebas kanonismieri vadis aRdgenis Sesaxeb, Tu am gancxadebasTan erTad ar sruldeba Sesabamisi saproceso moqmedeba. gadacilebuli saproceso vadis aRdgenaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. $4.saproceso vadis gasvlis Sedegebi saproceso vadebis arsebobas SeiZleba qondes azri da mniSvneloba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am vadebis gasvlas moyveba garkveuli Sedegi. aseT Sedegs iTvaliswinebs ssk 63-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis ufleba gaqarwyldeba kanoniT dadgenili an sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg. saCivari an sabuTebi, romlebic Setanilia saproceso vadis gasvlis Semdeg, ganuxilvelad darCeba, aseTia Sedegi, romelsac kanoni ukavSirebs vadis gaSvebas. amasTan erTad, saproceso vadis gaSvebis Sedegebis ganxilvisas ar SeiZleba mxedvelobidan gauSvaT Semdegi: vadebi dadgenilia aramarto mxareebisaTvis, aramed sasamarTlosaTvisac. vadebi SeiZleba daudginos sasamarTlom saqmeSi ar monawile sxva pirebsac. magaliTad, werilobiTi an nivTieri mtkicebulebebi SeiZleba inaxebodes iseT fizikur Tu iuridiul pirebTan, romlebic ar monawileoben saqmis ganxilvaSi. sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoiTxovos isini am pirebisagan, risTvisac dauniSnavs maT vadas. saproceso vadis gaSvebis Sedegebi sxvadasxvanairia imis mixedviT, Tu vin gauSva es vada. magaliTad, Tu sasamarTlom gauSva samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvis vada, igi mainc valdebulia ganixilos saqme, Tu sasamarTlom misTvis sarCelis gadacemidan 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi ar gamoitans ganCinebas sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb, igi iTvleba miRebulad da unda ganixilos man. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlos mier ama Tu im moqmedebis kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi an, saerTod, gonivrul vadaSi, Seusrulebloba ganixileba rogorc samsaxurebrivi movaleobis darRveva, romelic SeuZlia gaasaCivros mxarem da romelsac SeiZleba mohyves disciplinuri devnis aRZvra. Tu pirma, visTanac inaxeba werilobiTi Tu nivTieri mtkicebuleba, sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi ar warmoadgina isini, es piri mainc valdebulia warmoadginos es mtkicebulebebi (ssk 136-e da 156-e muxlebi). rac Seexeba mxareebs, Tu isini dadgenil vadaSi ar Seasruleben saproceso moqmedebas, maSin kargaven am moqmedebis Sesrulebis uflebas. cxadia, mxedvelobaSia iseTi viTareba, roca sasamarTlom ar gaagrZela (aRadgina) gasuli saproceso vada kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.

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T a v i VIII procesis xarjebi $1.procesis xarjebis cneba da Sinaarsi samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilva sasamarTloSi dakavSirebulia garkveul xarjebTan. am xarjebis udides nawils TviTon saxelmwifo kisrulobs: dawyebuli mosamarTleTa da sasamarTlos sxva muSakTa xelfasebiTa da damTavrebuli maTi sxva saxis materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofiT. ufro metic, zogierT iseT xarjs, rac dakavSirebulia uSualod konkretuli saqmis ganxilvasTan, saxelmwifo kisrulobs magaliTad, „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo enaze. pirs, romelmac ar icis saxelmwifo ena mieCineba Tarjimani. „Tarjimnis 140

momsaxureba anazRaurdeba saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze“. ssk 47-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu mxares ar SeuZlia advokatis xarjebis anazRaureba, sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs moiwvios advokati saxelmwifos xarjze da a.S. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sasamarTlos moqalaqis qonebrivi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlia gaaTavisuflos igi sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis aseTi pozicia pirdapir gamomdinareobs adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-6 muxliT damkvidrebuli principebidan. zemoaRniSnuls isic unda daumatoT, rom TviTon sasamarTlo xarjebis mcire moculobisaa da mxareebs ar unda warmoeSvaT ramdenadme seriozuli siZnele misi gadaxdis dros. aseTi viTareba kidev ufro ganamtkicebs saerTaSoriso paqtebiTa da konvenciebiT ganmtkicebul princips, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTloSi mimarTva xelmisawvdomi unda iyos yvela pirisaTvis.63 procesis xarjebi ori saxisaa: a)sasamarTlo xarjebi da b)sasamarTlos gareSe xarjebi. sasamarTlo xarjebis wre amomwuravadaa gansazRvruli kanoniT da aseT xarjebs miekuTvneba: saxelmwifo baJi, mowmeebis, eqspertebis, specialistebisaTvis misacemi xarjebi, Tarjimnad mowveuli pirisaTvis misacemi Tanxebi, adgilobriv daTvalierebaze gaweuli xarjebi, mopasuxis moZebnis xarjebi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, advokatisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan gadaxdili Tanxebi (ssk 37-e muxlis me-2 naw.). rac Seexeba sasamarTlos gareSe xarjebs, aseTi xarjebis wre araa gansazRvruli amomwuravad. kanoni Seicavs mxolod sanimuSo CamonaTvals, rogoricaa advokatisaTvis gaweuli xarjebi, dakarguli xelfasi (ganacduri), mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelsayofad gaweuli xarjebi da sxva. saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi – esaa xarjebi, romlebic gadaxdili unda iqnes calkeuli saproceso moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis, agreTve im pirebisaTvis, romlebic exmarebian sasamarTlos marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi (mowmeebi, eqsperti, specialisti). gansxvaveba saxelmwifo baJisa da saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs Soris, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saxelmwifo baJi – esaa savaldebulo gadasaxadi sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisaTvis, rac winaswaraa gansazRvruli kanoniT, xolo saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi – esaa xarjebi, romlebic unda aunazRauron im pirebs, romlebic daxmarebas uweven sasamarTlos. rac Seexeba sasamarTlosgareSe xarjebs, maTi odenoba ganisazRvreba faqtiurad gaweuli danaxarjebiT. amitom, dainteresebulma mxarem sasamarTlos unda warudginos faqtiurad gaweuli xarjebis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ver SeZlebs daakisros Sesabamis mxares am xarjebis anazRaurebis movaleoba. $2. saxelmwifo baJi 63

adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-6 muxliT damkvidrebuli debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad yvela pirs aqvs damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlos mier misi saqmis ganxilvis ufleba, anu „sasamarTlos ufleba“, moicavs mis uflebas sasamarTlos xelmisawvdomobazec.

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saxelmwifo baJis cnebis zogad ganmartebas Seicavs „saxelmwifo baJis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxli, romlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo baJi – esaa saqarTvelos biujetSi savaldebulo Senatani, romelsac ixdian fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi saxelmwifos mier maTi interesebis Sesabamisi iuridiuli moqmedebebis SesrulebisaTvis da saTanado sabuTebis gacemisaTvis. saxelmwifo baJis am zogadi ganmartebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo baJi sasamarTloSi SeiZleba Semdegnairad ganvmartoT: saxelmwifo baJi sasamarTloSi – esaa mxareebis mesame pirebis (damoukidebeli moTxovniT), ganmcxadeblebis Senatanebi, rasac isini ixdian sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisaTvis kanoniT gansazRvruli odenobiT da wesiT. 1. saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdevinebis safuZvlebi. ssk 38-e muxli Seicavs im moqmedebaTa amomwurav CamonaTvals, romlebisTvisac gadaixdevineba saxelmwifo baJi, kerZod, saxelmwifo baJi gadaixdevineba: a)sarCelebze, agreTve gancxadebaze gamartivebuli wesiT gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb; b)Segebebul sarCelze; g) mesame piris sarCelze, romelic damoukidebel moTxovnas acxadebs davis saganze; d)gancxadebaze udavo warmoebis wesiT saqmeTa aRZvris Sesaxeb; e)sarCelze saxelmwifo samarTlebrivi da administraciul samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan warmoSobili davebis Sesaxeb; v)saapelacio saCivarze; z)sakasacio saCivarze; T)kerZo saCivarze. saxelmwifo baJi winaswar Seaqvs mosarCeles (momCivans), sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs ganixilos sarCeli, (saCivris) Tu baJi ar aris gadaxdili (sssk 185-e, 368-e muxlebi). sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos saqme baJis winaswari gadaxdis gareSe, Tu is gaanTavisuflebs mxares baJis gadaxdisagan an gadaudebs (gaunawilvadebs) mas baJis gadaxdas. 2. saxelmwifo baJis odenoba. arsebobs saxelmwifo baJis odenobis gansazRvris ori meTodi: martivi da proporciuli. martivi meTodis gamoyenebis dros kanonmdebeli winaswar gansazRvravs mis odenobas larebiT an TeTriT. proporciuli meTodis gamoyenebis dros kanonmdebeli saxelmwifo baJis odenobas gansazRvravs im Tanxebis moculobis procentulad, romelsac Seadgens sarCelis, gancxadebis Tu saCivris fasi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba, rogorc wesi, mimarTavs proporciul meTods da adgens Semdegs: sarCelebze da gancxadebebze, garda gancxadebisa gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb, sadavo sagnis Rirebulebis 2,5 procents, xolo gancxadebaze davalianebis amoRebis Sesaxeb brZanebis miRebis Taobaze – 1,5 procents, saapelacio saCivrisaTvis sadavo sagnis Rirebulebis 3 procents, sakasacio saCivrisaTvis sadavo sagnis Rirebulebis 4 procents, xolo kerZo saCivrisaTvis – davis sagnis Rirebulebis 1,5 procents. 3. davis sagnis Rirebulebis gansazRvris wesi. davis sagnis (sarCelis sagnis) Rirebulebis gansazRvris movaleoba ekisreba mosarCeles. es imas niSnavs, rom mosarCelem Tavis sarCelSi unda miuTiTos davis sagnis fasze. es pirdapiraa gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT (ssk me-40 muxli) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosarCvele ar Seasrulebs am 142

movaleobas. e.i. ar miuTiTebs davis sagnis fasze, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia datovos sarCeli umoZraod (185-e muxli). mosamarTles, romelmac unda gadawyvitos sakiTxi sarCelis miRebis Sesaxeb, ufleba aqvs Seamowmos Seesabameba Tu ara mosarCelis mier miTiTebuli sarCelis fasi mis namdvil Rirebulebas. Tu mosamarTle miva im daskvnamde rom mosarCelis mier miTiTebuli fasi ar Seesabameba sadavo qonebis namdvil Rirebulebas, maSin es fasi TviTon mosamarTlem unda gansazRvros. Tu davis sagnis (sadavo qonebis) namdvili Rirebulebis gansazRvra mosamarTlisTvisac Znelia, mas SeuZlia moiwvios specialisti (ssk 204-e muxli). samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi uSvebs erT sarCelSi ramdenime sxvadasxva moTxovnis gaerTianebas (ssk 82-e muxli). es sxvadasxva moTxovnebi cal-calke ki ar unda Sefasdes, aramed unda ganisazRvros gaerTianebuli moTxovnebis fasi, Sejamebuli moTxovnebis fasi, ris Sedegad miviRebT am moTxovnebis saerTo fass. es wesi ar gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTloSi Semosulia ramdenime erTgvarovani saqme da sasamarTlom mizanSewonilad cno maTi gaerTianeba erT warmoebad (ssk 182-e muxlis me-4 nawili). aseT SemTxvevaSi gaerTianebuli sarCelebis Sefaseba cal-calke unda moxdes. gacilebiT ufro rTulia araqonebrivi davebis sagnis Rirebulebis gansazRvra. aseTi sirTule gamowveulia zogadi xasiaTis kriteriumebiT, romlebiTac unda ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom. pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli saqmis moculoba, Sesamowmebel da Sesafasebel mtkicebulebaTa raodenoba, Sesasrulebel saproceso moqmedebaTa xasiaTi da Sinaarsi, saqmeSi monawile pirTa raodenoba (simravle) da a.S. sarCeli SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos rogorc araqonebrivi, ise misgan warmoSobili qonebrivi uflebebis dacvisaken. aseT SemTxvevaSi unda ganisazRvros araqonebrivi davaTa Rirebuleba da qonebrivi davis Rirebuleba. sabolood ki davis sagnis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba maT Soris ufro maRali sagnis RirebulebiT, e.i. Sejameba araqonebrivi davisa da qonebrivi davebis sagnis Rirebulebisa ar xdeba. magaliTad, pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli cnobebis uaryofis Sesaxeb araqonebrivi davis sagani, imis gamo, rom dakavSirebulia mraval werilobiT Tu nivTier mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevasTan mowmeTa dakiTxvebTan, specialistis miwvevasTan da a.S. sasamarTlom Seafasa 10 000 lariT, xolo am araqonebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili qonebrivi dava TviTon mosarCelem gansazRvra 5 000 lariT. davis sagnis Rirebuleba unda ganisazRvros 10 000 lariT, radgan araqonebrivi davis sagnis Rirebuleba ufro maRalia, vidre qonebrivisa. $3. saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs ganekuTvneba mowmeebis, eqspertebis, specialistebisaTvis misacemi Tanxebi, Tarjimnad mowveuli pirebisaTvis misacemi Tanxebi, adgilobriv daTvalierebaze gaweuli xarjebi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi da advokatisaTvis saxelmwifo salarodan gadaxdili Tanxebi. 143

saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, saxelmwifo baJTan erTad Seadgens maT erTobliobaSi sasamarTlo xarjebs. xarjebi, romlebic unda mieceT mowmeebs, eqspertebs, specialistebs da Tarjimnebs, gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT. yvela am pirs, romlebic mowodebulni arian daexmaron sasamarTlos marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi, ekuTvniT anazRaureba mgzavrobisaTvis, sacxovrebeli sadgomis daqiravebisaTvis da kvebisaTvis (dRiuri Tanxa), im odenobiT, rac gansazRvrulia am miznebisaTvis Sesabamisi tarifebiT qveynis SigniT mivlinebisaTvis. garda amisa, eqspertebi, Tarjimnebi da specialistebi damatebiT iReben gasamrjelos sasamarTlos davalebiT Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis im odenobiT, rac gansazRvrulia maTsa da sasamarTlos Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebiT, oRond erTi pirobiT, Tu am samuSaos Sesruleba ar Sedis maT samsaxurebriv movaleobaSi, risTvisac isini iReben xelfass (magaliTad, sasamarTlo saeqsperto dawesebulebebis TanamSromlebi). 45-e muxlis me-2 nawili Seicavs zogad kriteriums, romlis safuZvelze sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros im gasamrjelos odenoba, romelic unda mieces eqsperts, specialists Tu Tarjimans. faqtiurad es kriteriumebi moiTxovs Sesasrulebeli samuSaos xasiaTisa da sirTulis gaTvaliswinebas, masalebi, romlebic unda gaanalizos eqspertma an Targmnos Tarjimanma, saboloo angariSSi ki dro, romelic maT dasWirdebaT davalebis Sesasruleblad. cxadia, rom Tu eqsperti, specialisti an Tarjimani Tavisi samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamo valdebulni arian Seasrulon samuSao, romelsac maT avalebs sasamarTlo, maSin isini ver miiReben gasamrjelos Sesasrulebeli samuSaosaTvis, magram SeunarCundebaT saSualo xelfasi sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis mTeli drois manZilze. mowmeebad gamosaZaxebel pirebs unarCundebaT saSualo xelfasi samuSao adgilze, magram Tu isini ar arian SromiT urTierTobaSi, anu umuSevrebia, maSin maT eZlevaT gasamrjelo faqtobrivad daxarjuli droisa da Sromis anazRaurebis im minimaluri odenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac dadgenilia oficialurad mTeli qveynis masStabiT. rac Seexeba adgilze daTvalierebas, sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros am xarjebis odenoba da daakisros misi gadaxda erT-erT an orive mxares, imis mixedviT Tu visi iniciativiT warmoebs daTvaliereba (sssk 126-e muxli). rogorc avRniSneT, mopasuxis moZebnis xarjebi ganekuTvneba saqmis ganxilvisaTvis dakavSirebuli xarjebis kategorias. mopasuxis Zieba Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis meSveobiT, dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. erTad-erTi aseTi kanoni, - esaa „saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“ kanoni. am kanonis 30-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqmeebze alimentis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb, sxeulis dasaxiCrebiT an sxvagvari dazianebiT, agreTve marCenalis sikvdiliT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, rodesac movalis adgilsamyofeli ucnobia, mosamarTles gamoaqvs ganCineba policiis organoebis meSveobiT movalis Zebnis Sesaxeb. aseTi ganCinebis gamotana dasaSvebia mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba zemoaRniSnul saqmeebze sarCelis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb da es gadawyvetileba Sevida kanonier ZalaSi, an sasamarTlom daadgina misi dauyovnebliv aRsruleba. 144

movalis Zebnis xarjebi Tavdapirvelad biujetis saxsrebidan anazRaurdeba, magram SemdgomSi am xarjebis anazRaureba daekisreba TviTon mxareebs. xarjebis odenobis gansazRvrisaTvis sasamarTlom unda moiTxovos Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis angariSi am danaxarjebis Sesaxeb. gadawyvetilebaTa aRsrulebac dakavSirebulia garkveul xarjebTan, es xarjebi gaTvaliswinebulia „saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis 39-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad, aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs miekuTvneba 1. im pirebisaTvis asanazRaurebeli Tanxebi, romelTa mowvevac aucilebeli iyo karebis an sacavis gaxsnisaTvis (aq mxeldvelobaSia specialistis mowveva); 2. nivTebis Sesanaxad gadasaxdeli Tanxebi; 3. xarjebi, romlebic warmoiSva sajaro vaWrobis gamocxadebisas; 4. xarjebi, romlebic warmoiSva movalis dakavebiT; 5. auqcionis Catarebis xarjebi. aRsrulebis xarjebi ekisreba movales. isini amoRebuli unda iqnen aRsasrulebel pretenziasTan erTad. $4. sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan ganTavisufleba sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan mxareTa ganTavisufleba SeiZleba moxdes kanonis ZaliT da sasamarTlos mier. magram arc kanons da arc sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia mxare gaanTavisuflos iseTi sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan, romelic meore mxares unda aunazRaurdes. gadaxdisagan ganTavisufleba SeiZleba mxolod saxelmwifo biujetis sasargeblod gadasaxdeli Tanxebisagan. aseTi Tanxebis kategorias, rogorc wesi, ganekuTvneba saxelmwifo baJi. ssk 46-e muxlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo biujetis sasargeblod sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan Tavisufldebian mosarCeleebi alimentis gadaxdevinebis sarCelebze, danaSauliT miyenebuli materialuri zianis anazRaurebis sarCelebze, marCenalis sikvdiliT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis sarCelebze da a.S. ssk 46-e muxlis CamonaTvali araa amomwuravi; sasamarTlo xarjebisagan ganTavisuflebis sxva SemTxvevebs iTvaliswinebs „saxelmwifo baJis Sesaxeb“ kanonis me5 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdisagan Tavisufldebian mosarCeleebi sarCelebze saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb, socialuri dazRvevis organoebi regresul sarCelebze, sabiujeto dawesebulebebi sarCelebze biujetSi Tanxebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos erovnuli banki – yvela sarCelze da a.S. rogorc ukve avRniSneT mxareebi ganTavisuflebulebi arian sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan saxelmwifo biujetSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom isini ar arian ganTavisuflebuli iseTi xarjebisagan, romlebic maT unda gadaixadon erT-erTi mxaris sasargeblod. 2. sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan ganTavisufleba sasamarTlos mier. garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa, sasamarTlo xarjebisagan ganTavisufleba SeiZleba moxdes sasamarTlos mierac (ssk 47-e muxli). sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan sasamarTlom SeiZleba gaanTavisuflos mxolod fizikuri da ara iuridiuli piri. iuridiuli piris mimarT dasaSvebia mxolod sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdis gadadeba, ganawilvadeba, maTi odenobis Semcireba (sssk 47-e muxlis pirveli nawili). fizikuri piris sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan 145

ganTavisuflebis gawyvetisas sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos ori garemoeba. pirveli – moqalaqis qonebrivi mdgomareoba, ris gamoc mas ar aqvs saSualeba gadaixados sasamarTlos xarjebi. am garemoebis dadasturebis tvirTi ekisreba TviTon am fizikur pirs da meore – ganTavisufleba SeiZleba mxolod iseTi sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan, romlebic saxelmwifo biujetSi unda Cairicxos. amitom, mxare ar SeiZleba ganTavisufldes iseTi sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan, romlebic man erT-erTi mxaris sasargeblod unda gadaixados. sasamarTlos mier erT-erTi mxaris ganTavisufleba sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan, ar anTavisuflebs meore mxares aseTi xarjebis gadaxdisagan. es meore mxare valdebulia gaiRos yvela is xarji, rasac is gaiRebda, rom erT-erTi mxare ar yofiliyo ganTavisuflebuli xarjebis gadaxdisagan. magaliTad, sasamarTlom gaanTavisufla mosarCele baJis gadaxdisagan, magram mosarCelem moigo procesi da is kidec rom ar yofiliyo ganTavisuflebuli baJis gadaxdisagan da gadaexada es baJi, sasamarTlos aramarto am baJis, aramed procesis mTeli xarjebis gadaxda unda daekisrebia mopasuxisaTvis, radgan sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxda sabolao angariSSi unda daekisros wagebul mxares. aseT SemTxvevaSi mosarCeles ubrundeba mis mier gadaxdili baJic da mis mier gaweuli sxva xarjebic, Tu amas hqonda adgili, magram, Tu igi ganTavisuflebuli iyo baJis gadaxdisagan da gadawyvetileba mis sasargeblod iqna gamotanili am baJis gadaxda daekisreba mopasuxes sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT.

$5. sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdis gadadeba, ganawilvadeba da maTi odenobis Semcireba sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan ganTavisuflebis gverdiT, samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdis gadadebas, ganawilvadebas, e.i. am xarjebis etapobrivad (nawil-nawil) gadaxdas da Semcirebas. TavisTavad cxadia, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia erTdroulad Seamciros xarjebis odenoba da gadaudos kidec an gaunawilvados am Semcirebuli xarjebis gadaxda. TiToeuli am sakiTxis gadawyvetisas sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobs erTi kriteriumiT – mxareTa qonebrivi mdgomareobiT. sasamarTlo xarjebis odenobis Semcireba yovelTvis araa damokidebuli sasamarTlos mixedulebaze. arsebobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli konkretuli safuZvlebi, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo valdebulia Seamciros sasamarTlo xarjebis odenoba. kerZod, ssk 49-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo xarjebis odenoba ganaxevrdeba, Tu mosarCelem uari Tqva sarCelze, mopasuxem cno sarCeli, mxareebi morigdnen, gamotanilia dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. 146

$6. sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawileba mxareTa Soris samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba amkvidrebs princips, romlis Tanaxmad im mxaris mier gaRebuli xarjebis gadaxda, romlis sasargeblodac iqna gamotanili gadawyvetileba, ekisreba meore mxares, Tundac es mxare ganTavisuflebuli iyos saxelmwifo biujetSi sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu mosarCelem moigo procesi saxelmwifo baJis (agreTve sxva xarjebis) gadaxda daekisreba mopasuxes, Tumca mosarCeles baJi ar gadauxdia, radgan igi ganTavisuflebuli iyo misi gadaxdisagan. magram Tu mosarCeles uari eTqva sarCelis dakmayofilebaze, e.i. mopasuxem moigo procesi, maSin mopasuxes ver daekisreba baJis gadaxda. misi gadaxda verc mosarCeles daekisreba, radgan igi ganTavisuflebuli iyo baJis gadaxdisagan. rac Seexeba sxva xarjebs, romlebic mopasuxis sasargeblod unda iqnes gadaxdili, maTi gadaxda mosarCeles daekisreba. cxadia, rom mxareTa Soris xarjebis ganawileba, erTi mxaris mier gaweuli xarjebis meore mxareze gadakisreba unda moxdes sarCelis im moTxovnis proporciulad, romelic daakmayofila an uari uTxra sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT. garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawileba mosarCelis mier sarCelze uaris Tqmisa da mxareTa morigebis SemTxvevaSi. sarCelze uarisTqma SeiZleba sxvadasxva motiviT iyos ganpirobebuli. yvela SemTxvevaSi aseTi uaris Sedegad mopasuxes ar ekisreba im xarjebis anazRaureba, romelic mosarCelem gaswia. erTaderTi SemTxveva, rodesac mopasuxes SeiZleba daekisros mosarCelis mier gaweuli xarjebis anazRaureba – esaa mosarCelis mier sarCelze uarisTqma im motiviT, rom mopasuxem nebayoflobiT daakmayofila igi sarCelis aRZvris Semdeg. magram aq aucilebelia erTi piroba; mosarCelis Txovna, rom es xarjebi da advokatis daxmarebis gamo gaweuli xarjebis anazRaureba daekisros mopasuxes. Tu aseTi Txovna ar arsebobs, sasamarTlo Tavisi iniciativiT amas ver gaakeTebs. mxareTa morigebis SemTxvevaSi, maT SeuZliaT erTmaneTSi SeTanxmdnen sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawilebis wesze, rac savaldebuloa sasamarTlosaTvis. Tu mxareebi ar SeTanxmebulan, maSin sasamarTlom TviTon Tavisi iniciativiT unda gaanawilos mxareTa Soris sasamarTlo xarjebi. sarCelze uarisTqmisa Tu mxareTa morigebis gamo sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba (272-e da 273-e muxlebi), romelSiac unda Caiweros, Tu romel mxares ra xarjebi da ra odenobiT unda daekisros. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mxarem mimarTos sasamarTlos xarjebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb mas Semdeg, roca sasamarTlom ukve gamoitana ganCineba, romelSic araferia naTqvami xarjebis ganawilebis Taobaze. maSin sxva gza araa, sasamarTlom ssk 261-e muxlisa analogiiT unda gamoitanos damatebiTi ganCineba da gansazRvros Tu romelma mxarem ra xarjebi unda gaswios. ssk 53-e muxli gansazRvravs warmomadgenlis daxmarebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebas, roca gadawyvetileba gamotanilia im mxaris sasargeblod, romelmac aseTi xarjebi gaswia. am SemTxvevaSiac 147

moqmedebs wesi, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu sarCeli mTlianad ki ara nawilobriv iqna dakmayofilebuli, maSin warmomadgenlis daxmarebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebi daekisreba meore mxares im moTxovnis proporciulad, rac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT iqna dakmayofilebuli. warmomadgenelSi igulisxmeba ara marto advokatebi, aramed pirebi, romlebic Sesabamisi mindobilobis safuZvelze (94-e muxli) axorcieleben warmomadgenlobas. aq uwinares yovlisa, mxedvelobaSia, saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli iuridiuli firmebis TanamSromlebi, agreTve pirebi, romlebic aseT firmebSi ar iricxebian, magram mindobilobiT da garkveuli sazRauriT warmomadgenlad gamodian sasamarTloSi. kanoni gansazRvravs mxaris mier warmomadgenlis daxmarebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis im odenobis maqsimums, romelic SeiZleba daekisros meore mxares: davis sagnis Rirebulebis 4% (ssk 47 muxlis me-2 nawili). am maqsimumis farglebSi sasamarTlos TviTon SeuZlia Tavisi mixedulebiT-gonivrul farglebSi, gansazRvros daxmarebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis odenoba, romelic meore mxares unda daekisros. warmomadgenlis daxmarebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis odenobis gansazRvris aseTi wesi qmnis am odenobis xelovnurad gazrdis dabrkolebas, rac saboloo angariSSi icavs im mxaris interesebs, romelsac am xarjebis anazRaureba unda daekisros. nebismieri ganCineba, gamotanili sasamarTlo xarjebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze, garda iseTi sakiTxebisa, romlebic procesis bolos – sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT unda gadawydes, SeiZleba gasaCivrdes kerZo saCivriT. Tu xarjebis ganawileba gadawyvetilebiTaa gansazRvruli, maSin mxareebs SeuZliaT es gaasaCivron am gadawyvetilebasTan erTad.

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T a v i IX I.sasamarTlo mtkicebulebaTa ZiriTadi sakiTxebi $1. faqtebis damtkicebis aucilebloba. sasamarTlo mtkicebis cneba.64 yoveli konkretuli samoqalaqo saqmis gadawyveta sasamarTloSi dakavSirebulia garkveuli faqtebis dadgenasTan. faqtebis dadgenis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sasamarTlo ixilavs da wyvets mxareTa Soris warmoSobil davebs, romlebic samarTlis regulirebuli urTierTobebidan warmoiSvebian. samarTlebrivi urTierToba ki, rogorc es cnobilia, SeiZleba aRmocendes, ganviTardes an Sewydes mxolod iuridiuli faqtebis safuZvelze. e.i. iseTi faqtebis safuZvelze, romlebsac samarTlis norma ukavSirebs garkveul iuridiul Sedegs. magaliTad, aRZrulia sarCeli xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. cxadia, unda damtkicdes xelSekrulebis dadebis faqti, am xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, konkretuli valdebulis Sinaarsi (xasiaTi), valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis dadgoma da misi nebayoflobiT Seusrulebloba. Tu sarCeli aRZrulia zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, saWiroa dadgindes zianis miyenebis faqti, zianis odenoba, zianis mimyeneblis vinaoba, anu mizezobrivi kavSiri zianis mimyeneblis moqmedebasa da damdgar zians Soris, zianis mimyeneblis brali. amrigad, sasamarTlo ver gadawyvets vercerT samoqalaqo saqmes, Tu man winaswar ar daadgina garkveuli faqtebi. am faqtebis dadgena xorcieldeba umTavresad damtkicebis gziT, Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebiT. am TvalsazrisiT sasamarTlo mtkiceba Semecnebis erT-erTi saxesxvaobaa, radgan igi xorcieldeba saerTo gnoseologiur kanonzomierebaTa Sesabamisad. kerZod, saproceso kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTloSi saqmeTa 64

qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi da, maT Soris samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi, mtkicebulebaTa Teoriiis da praqtikis sakiTxebis gaSuqebis dros farTod gamoiyeneba terminebi da cnebebi, romlebic jer kidev romis samarTlidan momdinareoben, romlebic aseTive saxiT SenarCunebulia Tanamedrove evropul da, maT Soris qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi da praqtikaSi. es terminebia: mtkicebuleba (доказательства, Beweis); mtkiceba anu sasamarTlo mtkiceba (доказывание,BBeweisfűrung); mtkicebis sagani anu damtkicebis sagani (предемет доказывания, Beweisgegenstasnd): mtkicebis saSualeba (средство доказывания, beweismittel): miTiTebis tvirTi (бремя утверждения Behaupt - ungslast), zogjer am cnebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben laTinur termins; Ovus profereveli; mtkicebis (damtkicebis) tvirTi (бремя доказывания bewaslast), zogjer am cnebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben laTinur termins: Onus probandi. am terminebiT visargeblebT Cvenc mtkicebulebis Teoriisa da praqtikis sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas. ix. iuridiuli telminologia (rusul-qarTuli nawili). Semdgenelebi g. Jvania, d. furcelaZe, p. qavTaraZe, T. wereTeli. mTavari redaqtori T. wereTeli. Tbilisi, 1963 weli.

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ganxilvisas unda iqnes dadgenili faqtiuri garemoebebi, emyareba im debulebas, rom adamianis cnobierebas sinamdvilis Secnobis unari gaaCnia. faqtebis damtkicebis procesi sakmaod detalurad regulirdeba samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT. kanonmdeblobiT kerZod, gansazRvrulia mtkicebis saSualebaTa (mtkicebulebaTa) wre, romlebic SeiZleba gamoiyenos sasamarTlom faqtobrivi garemoebebis dasadgenad, am mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba da gankuTvnadoba, mtkicebis tvirTis (movaleobis) ganawileba mxareTa Soris, anu romelma mxarem ra garemoeba unda daamtkicos, mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis wesi, mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis zogadi wesebi da a.S. rogorc vxedavT, sasamarTlo mtkicebis procesi – esaa saqmianoba, romelsac axorcieleben mxareebi da sasamarTlo im farglebSi da wesiT, romlebic gansazRvrulia kanoniT. magaliTad, mxareebi warudgenen sasamarTlos mtkicebulebebs im faqtebis dadasturebis mizniT, romlebzec isini amyareben TavianT moTxovnebs da Sesagebels. sasamarTlo mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobisa da gankuTvnadobis principebis moTxovnaTa dacviT iRebs am mtkicebulebebs da afasebs mas Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlo mtkicebis procesis sxvadasxva monawile sxvadaxsva funqcias asrulebs, magram yvela maTganis saqmianoba mimarTulia erTi miznisaken – gairkves simarTle, dadgindes saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebi. amasTan erTad, faqtebis dadgena, maTi Semecneba, rogorc sworad miuTiTebs k. baqraZe, SeiZleba orgvari iyos: uSualo da SualobiTi. uSualo codna dakavSirebulia SegrZnebasTan, aRqmebTan, imasTan, rasac Cven vxedavT, vismenT, vynosavT, SevexebiT da a.S. aseTia Cveni codna, magaliTad, imis Sesaxeb, rom „dRes kargi daria“, „haerSi agdebuli qva Camovarda“, „petre pavles gverdiT zis“ da sxv. uSualo codna eyrdnoba cocxal ganWvretas, romelic gvaZlevs codnas sinamdvilis movlenebis garegani, zedapiruli Tvisebis Sesexeb.65 magram, roca ama Tu im movlenis, faqtis, garemoebis dadgena uSualo Semecnebis gziT SeuZlebelia, maSin mimarTaven e.w. SualobiT Semecnebas, romlis dros jer winaswar vadgenT garkveul garemoebebs, xolo Semdeg maTi meSveobiT CvenTvis saintereso sxva garemoebebs. sasamarTlo Semecnebis formebis TvalsazrisiT saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: a) garemoebebi, romlebic ganagrZoben arsebobas sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvis dros (e.w. awmyos faqtebi) da amitom SesaZlebelia maTi grZnobadi aRqmis gziT dadgena da b) garemoebani, romlebsac adgili hqondaT warsulSi da amitom maTi dadgena uSualo Semecnebis gziT SeuZlebelia. aseTi faqtebi SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod gaSualebuli gziT, mtkicebulebis gamoyenebiT. procesualuri kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs am garemoebaTa dadgenis wess. amasTan, kanonmdebeli mTel rig samarTlebriv principebTan erTad, mxedvelobaSi iRebs TviT dasadgeni garemoebis xasiaTs da misi Semecnebis formebis Taviseburebas. magaliTad, Tu dasadgen garemoebas adgili aqvs amJamad, anu sasamarTloSi saqmis 65

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ganxilvis momentSi da, amasTan erTad, misi grZnobadi aRqma SesaZlebelia, procesualuri kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs faqtis aseTi gziT dadgenis SesaZleblobas da wess. kerZod, ssk 120-e muxli iTvaliswinebs adgilze daTvalierebas, romelsac awarmoebs saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo. adgilze daTvalierebis Sedegebi Seitaneba oqmSi, romelsac SeiZleba daerTos daTvalierebis dros Sedgenili an damowmebuli gegmebi, naxazebi, suraTebi da sxva. sasamarTlos mier saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis grZnobadi aRqmis gziT dadgenis dasaSveboba SeiZleba imiT dasabuTdes, rom aseTi aRqmisas saWiro ar aris logikuri, azrobrivi procesebis Careva, radgan empiriul safexurze xdeba. faqtis mxolod konstatacia. es faqti erTnairad aRiqmeba rogorc sasamarTlos mier, ise adgilze daTvalierebaSi monawile pirebis mier, ris gamoc maT ar SeiZleba daebadoT eWvi aRqmis adekvaturobaSi aRsaqmel saganTan. rogorc sworad miuTiTebs d. uznaZe, arasdros adamianis fsiqika ise axlos ar dgas sinamdvilesTan, rogorc aRqmis SemTxvevaSi, aq sinamdvile pirdapir moqmedebs Cveenze da aRqmam misi maqsimalurad uSvalo asaxva unda mogvces.66 amasTan erTad, cnobilia isic, rom grZnobadi aRqmis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia, romelic ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia TviT grZnobis organoebis bunebrivi SesaZleblobebiT. magaliTad, Cven ar SegviZlia gavigonolT Zlieri magram Cvengan garkveuli manZiliT daSorebuli xma. SezRudulia agreTve mxedvelobiTi aRqma da a.S. adamiani, marTalia SezRudulia Tavisi grZnobis organoebis fiziologiuri sazRvrebiT – wers k. megreliZe – magram amis gamo savsebiT ar aris SezRuduli Tavis SemecnebaSi. teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT is afarTovebs Tavis aRqmas da Semecnebas dausruleblad, bunebrivi SesaZleblobebis farglebs iqiT.67 SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos gamoiyenos uSualo aRqmis dros teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi (mowyobilobebi)? am sakiTxze saubari gveqneba qvemoT. aq ki saWirod migvaCnia avRniSnoT, rom swored uSualo aRqmis SesaZleblobebis SezRudalobis gamo Semecnebis mTavari gza azrovnebaa, rac sinamdvilis gaSualebul asaxvas warmoadgens. sasamarTlo mtkiceba, saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis dadgenis procesi, swored gaSualebuli asaxvaa sinamdvilisa. sasamarTlo warmoebaSi ara marto uSualo Semecneba, aramed mtkicebis procesi rogorc gaSualebuli Semecneba sakmao sisruliTaa mowesrigebuli kanoniT. magaliTad, ssk 102-e muxlis Tanaxmad „TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzec igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels“. rogorc vxedavT, kanoni gansazRvravs Tu romelma mxarem romeli faqtobrivi garemoebebi unda daamtkicos. kanoni gansazRvravs agreTve Tu romel mxares ekisreba mtkicebulebaTa wardgena sasamarTloSi, romeli faqtebi ar saWiroeben damtkicebas, mtkicebis ra saSualebebi daiSveba da ra ar daiSveba, rogor da ra wesiT xdeba mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba, Semowmeba da Sefaseba da a.S.

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d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. Tb. 1940. gv. 463. k. megreliZe. azrovnebis sociologiis ZiriTadi problemebi. Tb. 1965 w. gv. 218

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zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: sasamarTlo (saproceso) mtkiceba warmoadgens mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebis, Semowmebisa da SefasebisaTvis sasamarTlosa da mxareebis samarTliT, mowesrigebul saqmianobas, romlis mizania saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis (faqtebis) dadgena. am ganmartebidan naTlad Cans, Tu vin aris sasamarTlo mtkicebis subieqti. sasamarTlo mtkicebis subieqtebad samoqalaqo procesSi gvevlinebian mxareebi, anu mosarCele, mopasuxe, mesame piri damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT, mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, Tanamonawileebi, anu TanamosarCeleebi da Tanamopasuxeebi. am ganmartebidan naTlad Cans agreTve, Tu ra Sinaarsisaa sasamarTlo mtkiceba. misi Sinaarsi mTlianad amoiwureba saqmianobiT, romlis mizania mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba, sasamarTloSi wardgena, Semowmeba (gamokvleva) da Sefaseba. mtkicebulebaTa sasamarTloSi wardgena evaleba mxareebs, isini, kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da wesiT SeiZleba gamoiTxovos sasamarTlomac, magram mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba maTi utyuarobisa da sarwmunoobis TvalsazrisiT SeuZlia mxolod saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlo mtkicebis subieqti mowodebulia Seasrulos funqcia, romelic misTvisaa gansazRvruli kanoniT. bolos, zemoT moyvanili ganmartebidan naTlad Cans, rom mtkicebis mizniT Sesrulebuli saqmianoba mowesrigebulia samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT: mtkicebulebaTa warmodgena, Segroveba da Semowmeba, xorcieldeba kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT. kanoni gansazRvravs agreTve mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis mxolod zogad wess radgan Sefaseba efuZneba azrovnebis obieqtur kanonebs, romlebsac swavlobs logika da romlebic ar saWiroeben samarTlebriv regulirebas.68 $2. mtkicebis sagani I. mtkicebis sagnis cneba da gansazRvris kriteriumi sasamarTlo mtkiceba, rogorc avRniSneT, warmoadgens sasamarTlosa da mxareTa saqmianobas, romlis mizania saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis (faqtebis) dadgena. maSasadame, imisaTvis, rom ganaxorcielo mtkicebulebiTi saqmianoba winaswar unda icode romeli faqtebis dadgena – damtkicebis mizniT anxorcieleb am saqmianobas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, SeuZlebelia daamtkico Tu ar ici ra unda daamtkico. is, risi damtkiceba – dadasturebis mizniTac xorcieldeba mtkicebiTi saqmianoba aris mtkicebis sagani. 68 azrovnebis obieqturi kanonebi, ise rogorc yovelgvari sxva obieqturi kanoni saerTod, ar aris damokidebuli adamianis nebaze da Segnebaze. iuridiuli kanoni ki piriqiT gamoxatavs sazogadoebis inetersebs da mTlianad damokidebulia adamianis nebaze da Segnebaze. amasTan erTad, samarTals SeuZlia zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mxolod adamianis nebaze da Segnebaze, magram mas ar SeuZlia Secvalos, gardaqmnas gaauqmos obieqturi kanonebi. piriqiT, samarTali unda SemuSavdes am obieqturi ekonomikuri Tu sxva kanonebis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. dawvrilebiT ix. T. liluaSvili. socialisturi kanonierebis arsi da mniSvneloba.

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am sakiTxis kidev ufro naTelsayofad SeiZleba SedarebisaTvis mivmarToT formaluri logikis analogiur instituts, romelsac dasabuTebis (mtkicebis) Tezis uwodeben. dasabuTebis cnebis cnebis arsebidan Cans, rom dasabuTeba gulisxmobs garkveul msjelobas, romlis gamarTleba aris saWiro, SeuZlebelia dasabuTebis warmoeba, Tu winaswar ar viciT is msjeloba, romlis dasabuTeba gvinda. ai es dasasabuTebuli debuleba aris dasabuTebis Tezisi, romlis gamarTleba aris saWiro. am Tezisis WeSmaritobis Tu mcdarobis gamokvleva warmoadgens yoveli dasabuTebis mizans.69 konkretuli samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilva da gadawyveta yovelTvis dakavSirebulia iseTi faqtebis dadgenis aucileblobasTan, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian rogorc TavianTi xasiaTiTa da SinaarsiT, ise im SedegebiT, romlebsac maT ukavSirebs kanoni. magaliTad, jer kidev sarCelis miRebis dros sasamarTlom unda daadginos iseTi garemoebebis arseboba an ararseboba, romlebsac ukavSirdeba mxolod samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlebrivi Sedegi, rogorcaa magaliTad sarCelis umoZraod datoveba, sarCelis miReba gansaxilvelad (dasaSveboba), sarCelis ganuxilvelad datoveba da a.S. aseTi faqtebis dadgenaze araa damokidebuli saqmis arsebiTad sworad ganxilva da sworad gadawyveta. isini mxolod samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvis, samoqalaqo procesis aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis winapirobebia, romlebsac sarCelis uflebis winapirobebsac uwodeben. magaliTad, sasamarTlom jer kidev sasarCelo gancxadebis miRebis dros unda daadginos eqvemdebareba Tu ara saqme sasamarTlo organoebis ganxilvas (saqveuwyeboba), xom ar yofila igive sarCeli ganxiluli da gadawyvetili adre, aris Tu ara es sarCeli am sasamarTlos gansjadi, qmedunariania Tu ara gancxadebis Semomtani piri. ssk 180-e muxlis Tanaxmad, aRiarebiTi sarCeli SeiZleba miiRos sasamarTlom gansaxilvelad, Tu mosarCeles aqvs iuridiuli interesi da a.S.. zemoT CamoTvlil garemoebebs kanoni ukavSirebs mxolod procesualur samarTlebriv Sedegs, kerZod sarCelis miRebas gansaxilvelad, Tu arsebobs amisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela piroba, an sarCelis miRebaze uarisTqmas, Tu aseTi pirobebi ar arsebobs. mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac dadebiTad iqneba gadawyvetili sarCelis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi da igi miRebuli iqneba warmoebaSi sasamarTlos mier, wamoiWreba meore sakiTxi – romeli faqtebi unda iqnes dadgenili imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom SeZlos arsebiTad sworad gadawyvitos saqme, gamoitanos swori gadawyvetileba. es faqtebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, sxva sibrtyeze mdebare faqtebia, romlebsac ukavSirdeba sxva xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis Sedegebi; esenia materialur samarTlebrivi faqtebi, radgan maT ukavSirdeba materialursamarlebrivi Sedegebi, kerZod, mosarCelis materialur-samarTlebrivi moTxovnis, an mopasuxis materialur-samarTlebrivi Sesageblis dasabuTebulad cnoba da dakmayofileba, an aseT dasabuTebulobaze da dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqma, imis mixedviT damtkicda Tu ara am moTxovnis (Sesageblis) safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi.70 69

k. baqraZe. logika, Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 447-448. mopasuxis Sesagebeli SeiZleba iyos procesualur samarTlebrivi xasiaTis, romelic mimarTuli iqneba iqiTken, rom ar aRmocendes da ar ganviTardes procesi. Cven aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs 70

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garda zemoaRniSnuli faqtebisa, samoqalaqo procesSi saWiroa dadgindes da dadasturdes agreTve mtkicebulebiTi faqtebi, romelTa meSveobiT xorcieldeba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis, anu mTavari, saZiebeli faqtebis arseboba – ararsebobis damtkiceba. am faqtebs sxvanairad mtkicebulebiT faqtebs (mtkicebulebebs) uwodeben. magaliTad, mowme adasturebs, rom igi eswreboda mopasuxis mier sesxis xelSekrulebaze xelmoweras, rom mosarCelem misi TandaswrebiT miuTvala da gadasca mopasuxes 1000 lari, rom man dainaxa Tu rogor daejaxa mopasuxis avtomanqana quCaSi dayenebul mosarCelis manqanas da daamsxvria igi da a.S. yvela am da sxvagvar faqtebs aqvT mtkicebulebiTi mniSvneloba, romlebic adastureben gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebs, rogoricaa sesxis xelSekrulebis dadebis faqti, sesxis saxiT garkveuli odenobis Tanxis gadacemis faqti, zianis miyenebis faqti da a.S. magram, sanam mtkicebulebiTi mniSvnelobis faqtebi iqnebodes gamoyenebuli mTavari (saZiebeli) faqtebis dasadgenad, isini jer TviTon unda iqnan dadgenili mtkicebis saSualebebiT, rogoricaa mowmis Cveneba, werilobiTi mtkicebuleba, eqspertis daskvna da a.S. amrigad, samoqalaqo procesSi dadgenili unda iqnan sami sxvadasxva xasiaTis, Sinaarsisa da Sedegebis mixedviT faqtebi, rogoricaa: 1. faqtebi, romlebsac ukavSirdeba mxolod procesualur samarTlebrivi Sedegi (sarCelis miReba warmoebaSi, an aseT miRebaze uarisTqma); 2. faqtebi, romlebsac ukavSirdeba materialur samarTlebrivi Sedegi, anu mTavari saZiebeli faqtebi (sarCelis dakmayofileba, an mis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqma); 3. mtkicebulebiTi faqtebi, romelTa meSveobiT xorcieldeba mTavari, anu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebis damtkiceba – dadastureba. pirveli, romelzec unda iqnes gamaxvilebuli yuradReba, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am sruliad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis faqtebis erTmaneTSi areva, rasac samwuxarod adgili aqvs aramarto sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, aramed saqarTvelos samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili samecniero-saswavlo literaturaSi, yovlad dauSvebelia da SeiZleba mZime praqtikuli Secdomebis sababi gaxdes. ar SeiZleba magaliTad mtkicebulebebi an mtkicebiTi faqtebi vuwodoT faqtebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sasarCelo moTxovnas, anu sarCelis safuZvlis faqtebs, agreTve, Sesageblis dasabuTebis mizniT miTiTebul faqtebs. saqme isaa, rom mtkicebulebiT faqtebs, mtkicebulebebs, sasamarTlo afasebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT maTi utyuarobis (sarwmunobis) TvalsazrisiT. rac Seexeba sarCelis (Sesageblis) safuZvlis faqtebs, anu mTavar saZiebel faqtebs, maT sasamarTlo afasebs ara Sinagani rwmeniT, aramed kanonis (materialur samarTlebrivi normis) safuZvelze. am mTavari faqtebis aseTnair Sefasebas samarTlebriv Sefasebasac uwodeben. maTi Sefaseba mosamarTlis Sinagani rwmeniT ueWvelad gadaaqcevda mosamarTles aramarto materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli, romelic mimarTulia mosarCelis materialuri moTxovnis gaqarwylebisaken (dawvrilebiT ix. gv. . .)

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samarTalSemafasebel, aramed samarTalSemoqmed pirad, rac Cveni kanonmdeblobiT da misi gamoyenebis praqtikiT yovlad dauSvebelia. meore – rasac agreTve unda mieqces yuradReba, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am sxvadasxva xasiaTis faqtebis gaerTianeba erTi saproceso kategoriis qveS, romelsac mtkicebis sagani ewodeba – praqtikulad mizanSeuwonelia, saqme isaa, rom Tu mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvrisas gadamwvet mniSvnelobas mivaniWebT imas, rac unda gairkves da dadasturdes procesSi saerTod, maSin cxadia mtkicebis saganSi Seva yvela is faqtobrivi monacemi, romelTa dadgenisa da gamokvlevis aucileblobac warmoiSveba saqmeTa ganxilvis dros. aseT viTarebaSi mtkicebis sagnis winaswar zustad gansazRvra SeuZlebeli iqneba, radgan aravin ar SeiZleba icodes romeli mtkicebulebiTi faqtis dadasturebis, an romeli procesualur samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis faqtis garkvevis aucilebloba warmoeSveba saqmis ganxilvis ama Tu im stadiaze. aseT viTarebaSi mtkicebis sagani, rogorc procesis damoukidebeli instituti, kargavs yovelgvar praqtikul mniSvnelobas: igi veRar Seasrulebs misTvis Cveul orientiris rols, romelic mimarTulebas aZlevs sasamarTlos, Tu saiT unda warmarTos Tavisi gamokvleva. amrigad, samoqalaqo procesSi mtkicebis sagania materialur samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis faqtebi, romlebzec miuTiTeben mxareebi TavianTi moTxovnebis (Sesageblis) dasabuTeba-gamarTlebis mizniT. ibadeba praqtikuli kiTxva: ra kriteriumiT unda ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvrisas? sarCelis aRZvriT mosarCeles surs garkveuli Sedegis, dadgoma (nivTis mikuTvneba, valis dabruneba, zianis anazRaureba, xelSekrulebis moSla da a.S.), misi es survili aisaxeba sarCelis im elementSi, romelsac sarCelis sagani ewodeba. amrigad, sarCelis sagans qmnis mosarCelis moTxovnis Sinaarsi. magram, mosarCelisaTvis sasurveli Sedegis dadgoma, misi sasarCelo moTxovnis dakmayofileba SesaZlebelia mxolod garkveuli faqtebis safuZvelze, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs mosarCelis materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovnis dakmayofilebas. zustad igive unda iTqvas mopasuxis materialur samarTlebriv Sesagebelze. vin unda gansazRvros im faqtebis wre, romlebsac ukavSirdeba mxareTa moTxovnis (Sesageblis) faqtobrivi dasabuTebuloba? am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba momdevno paragrafSi, romelic exeba faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTs. aq mxolod avRniSnavT, rom miuTiTon faqtebze, romlebic asabuTeben mxareTa moTxovnebs da Sesagebels, aris TviTon mxareTa movaleoba. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mxareebs aqvT sruli ufleba miuTiTon nebismier faqtebze, romlebic maTi azriT asabuTeben moTxovnas (Sesagebels). am TvalsazrisiT isini arafriT SezRudulni ar arian. amasTan dakavSirebiT ibadeba kiTxva: Sedis Tu ara mxareTa mier dasaxelebuli yvela faqti mtkicebis saganSi da maSasadame, sasamarTlom unda miiRos, Seamowmos da Seafasos yvela am faqtis damtkicebis mizniT warmodgenili mtkicebuleba? am kiTxvaze uaryofiTad unda vupasuxoT. mxareTa Tavisufleba TviTon gansazRvron, Tu romeli faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs, ar zRudavs da verc SezRudavs sasamarTlos ar Seitanos 155

mtkicebis saganSi iseTi faqtebi, romlebzec marTalia miuTiTeben mxareebi, magram sinamdvileSi aranairi mniSvneloba moTxovnis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebisaTvis ar aqvs. ufro metic, mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebis uflebamosileba mxolod sasamarTlos aqvs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlo aramarto uflebamosilia, aramed movalecaa mxareTa mier miTiTebul faqtebs misces samarTlebrivi Sefaseba (kvalifikacia) im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ramdenad SeuZliaT am faqtebs mxareTa moTxovnis (Sesageblis) dasabuTeba iuridiulad. amrigad, araa gamoricxuli mxareebma TavianTi moTxovnebis Tu Sesageblis dasabuTebisaTvis miuTiTon iseT faqtebze da garemoebebze, romlebsac sinamdvileSi aranairi mniSvneloba maTi dasabuTebisaTvis ar gaaCniaT. magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT da moiTxova mopasuxe b-anisagan sexis saxiT micemuli Tanxis – 10,000 laris ukan dabruneba. am moTxovnas a-ni asabuTebs imiT, rom asesxa b-anis aRniSnuli Tanxa garkveuli droiT, ukve dadga es dro, magram miuxedavad araerTgzis gafrTxilebisa mopasuxe ar asrulebs Tavis valdebulebas – ar abrunebs sesxs ukan. amasTan erTad, a-nim miuTiTa, rom igi Cavardnilia mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi, ris dasadasturebladac Suamdgomlobs sasamarTlos winaSe gamouZaxos da dakiTxos mis mier dasaxelebuli mowmeebi. cxadia, sasamarTlom ar unda Seitanos mtkicebis saganSi da maSasadame, ar unda gamouZaxos da dakiTxos mowmeebs im faqtis dasadastureblad rom mosarCele a-ni marTla imyofeba mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi. saqme isaa, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba araa damokidebuli kreditoris ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. valdebuleba unda Sesruldes Tu igi namdvilad arsebobs, miuxedavad kreditoris ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa. amitom, am faqtis dadgenas ar aqvs mniSvneloba am saqmeze swori gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: sasamarTlom konkretul saqmeze mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvris dros unda ixelmZRvanelos mxareTa mier sarCelisa da Sesageblis dasabuTebisaTvis miTiTebuli faqtebiT, magram Tu am faqtebs Soris arian iseTebic, romlebsac kanonis Tanaxmad ar aqvT mniSvneloba am mxareTa moTxovnebis Tu Sesageblis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebisaTvis, e.i. Tu es faqtebi iuridiulad ver amarTleben am moTxovnebs –sasamarTlom ar unda Seitanos es faqtebi mtkicebis saganSi da unda miiRos mtkicebulebebi maT dasadastureblad. rogorc vxedavT, mxareTa mier daSvebuli Secdoma faqtebis miTiTebis dros, rac konkretulad imaSi gamoixata rom miuTiTes iseT faqtebze, romlebic ver daasabuTeben iuridiulad moTxovnas (Sesagebels), SeuZlia da unda gamoasworos sasamarTlom: mtkicebis saganSi man unda Seitanos mxareTa mier miTiTebuli mxolod iseTi faqtebi, romlebic samarTlebrivad asabuTeben mxareTa moTxovnebs (Sesagebels). 156

cxadia, rom Tu sasamarTlom mxareTa mier miTiTebul faqtebs ver misca swori iuridiuli Sefaseba, amas SeiZleba mohyves arsebiTad araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana. marTlac, sasamarTlos mier faqtis araswori iuridiuli Sefaseba, SeiZleba gamoixatos imiT, rom sasamarTlom samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba mianiWa faqts, romelsac sinamdvileSi ar aqvs saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba (samarTlebrivad umniSvnelo faqti). an kidev, sasamarTlom samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba ar mianiWa mxareTa mier wamoyenebul iseT faqts, romelsac sinamdvileSi aqvs mniSvneloba gadawyvetilebisaTvis. orive saxis Secdomis SemTxvevaSi mosalodnelia mxolod araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana. magram, Tu gadawyvetileba mainc aRmoCnda swori, es SeiZleba bednier SemTxvevas mivaweroT: arc iuridiuli mecniereba da arc iuridiuli praqtika ar SeiZleba iyos SemTxveviTobis momxre.71 meore xasiaTis Secdoma, romelic SeiZleba dauSvan mxareebma SeiZleba gamoixatos imiT, rom maT ar miuTiTes yvela im faqtiur garemoebaze, romelsac aqvs mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis, swori gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis. mxareTa mier daSvebul am Secdomas sasamarTlo ver gamoasworebs: sasamarTlo ver „gaamdidrebs“, ver Seavsebs mxareTa mier miTiTebul faqtebs, radgan mxolod mxareebs SeuZliaT gansazRvron Tu romeli faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlad maT moaTxovnebs (ssk me-4 muxli). PzemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvris kriteriumis Sesaxeb: mtkicebis saganSi Sedian mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebi, romlebic sasamarTlos SexedulebiT samarTlebrivad asabuTeben (amarTleben) maT moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels. kriteriumi, romliTac unda ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom imisaTvis, rom sworad gansazRvros mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebidan, Tu romeli amarTlebs samarTlebrivad mxareTa moTxovnebs (Sesagebels) da romeli araa, - esaa sarCelis sagani (mosarCelis moTxovnis Sinaarsi), mopasuxis Sesagebeli da materialur samarTlebrivi norma, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu miTiTebuli faqtebidan romels SeuZlia daasabuTos es moTxovnebi da Sesagebeli. II. faqtebi, romlebic ar saWiroeben damtkicebas. mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebidan, sasamarTlom am faqtebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebis Sedegad unda gamoyos iseTi faqtebi, romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis. rogorc avRniSneT, mxolod aseTi faqtebi Sedian mtkicebis saganSi da, maSasadame mxolod maT mimarT unda Segrovdes mtkicebulebebi. magram, mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvris mimarT sasamarTlos saqmianoba amiT ar mTavrdeba. man 71

aRniSnuli Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas bevrad Seuwyobs xels rCevebi da rekomendaciebi, romlebic Camoyalibebulia h.boelingisa da l. Wanturias zemoT dasaxelebul wignSi. es wigni gvTavazobs naTlad da gasagebad Camoyalibebul meTodebs, Tu rogor unda dalagdes da damuSavdes mxareebis mier miTiTebuli faqtebi, ra moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes mxareTa mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi, raTa miiRos, Seamowmos da Seafasos isini sasamarTlom, rogor da ra wesiT unda Seafasos sasamarTlom faqtebi, Seadginos samarTlebrivi daskvna da Camoayalibos gadawyvetilebis proeqti da a.S. h. boulingi, l. Wanturia, dasax. wigni, gv. 3-84.

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samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani da mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtebidan unda gamijnos iseTebi, romlebic kanonis Tanaxmad ar saWiroeben damtkicebas. aseTi faqtebis kategorias miekuTvneba sayovelTaod cnobili faqtebi da preidiciulad dadgenili faqtebi (sssk 106-e muxli). a)sayovelTaod cnobili faqtebi – es iseTi faqtebia, romlebsac sasamarTlo aseTad miiCnevs (sssk 106-e muxlis „a“ punqti). imisaTvis, rom faqti sayovelTaod cnobilad iqnes miCneuli araa aucilebeli, rom am faqtis Sesaxeb mTelma kacobriobam icodes. faqtis Sesaxeb SeiZleba cnobil iyos respublikis an qalaqis Tu raionis masStabiT. mTavaria, rom am faqtis Sesaxeb icodes aramarto saqmis ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom, aramed adamianTa farTo wrem; Tu faqtis Sesaxeb cnobilia mxolod raionis (qalaqis) masStabiT sasamarTlom unda miuTiTos amis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaSi, raTa zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTlom SeZlos faqtis sayovelTaod cnobilad aRiarebis sisworis Semowmeba. b) preidicialurad dadgenilia faqtebi – es iseTi faqtebia, romlebic dadgenilia sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT, Tu am saqmeSi igive mxareebi monawileoben.72 preidicialurad dadgenili faqtebi ukavSirdeba rogorc samoqalaqo saqmeze gamotanil gadawyvetilebas, ise sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gamotanil gadawyvetilebas, oRond preidiciulobis farglebi gansxvavebulia. kerZod, faqtebi, romlebic dadgenilia erT samoqalaqo saqmeze sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT aRar saWiroeben damtkicebas Tu sxva samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvisas igive mxareebi monawileobenb magram rac Seexeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gamotanil ganaCens, misi preidiciuloba mTlianad amoiwureba ori faqtiT: hqonda Tu ara moqmedebas adgili (magaliTad, zianis miyenebas) da Caidina Tu ara es moqmedeba pirma, romlis moqmedebis samoqalaqo samarTlebriv Sedegebis Sesaxeb saqmes ixilavs sasamarTlo (magaliTad, am piris mier zianis anazRaurebas). rogorc ukve avRniSneT, saqarTvelos ssk-si mxolod am ori faqtis mimarT Seicavs miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom isini ar saWiroeben damtkicebas. rac Seexeba udavo faqtebs da prezumfciebs, am faqtebis mimarT kodeqsi ar Seicavs aseTive miTiTebas. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli faqtebi saWiroeben damtkicebas. g) udavo faqtebi. iuridiul literaturaSi farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad mtkicebis saganSi Sedian mxolod sadavo faqtebi, anu faqtebi, romlebzec mxareebi davoben.73 udavo faqtebi – es iseTi faqtebia, romelTa Sesaxeb mxareebi ar davoben. magram Tu mxare ar davobs mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier miTiTebuli faqtis arseboba – ararsebobis Sesaxeb, maSasadame igi aRiarebs am faqts (magaliTad, xelSekrulebis dadebis faqts). saqarTvelos ssk-si efuZneba koncevfias, romlis Tanaxmad faqtis aRiareba aris erT-erTi mtkicebuleba, ris gamoc igi moTavsebulia sskis im karSi, romelic eZRvneba „sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebs“. faqtis preiudicia (preiudicium ) laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs winaswar gadawyvetas. W. Lüke. Zivilpozessrecht. Münchem, 1999. s 209 Х.. Шак. Международное гражданское процессуальное право. Перевод с немецкого. М. 2001, стр. 324. 72 73

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aRiareba rogorc mtkicebuleba, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sarCelis aRiarebisagan (ssk me-3 muxli). sarCelis aRiareba dispoziciurobis principis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa, romelic Tavis mxriv materialuri samarTlis fundamenturi pricipis – piradi avtonomiis anareklia, misi msgavsi rolis Semsrulebelia procesSi: mxareebi ToTnve gankargaven TavianT uflebebs, TviTon iwyeben saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi, TviTon gansazRvraven davis sagans, TviTonve SeuZliaT morigdnen, uari Tqvan sarCelze, cnon sarCeli da a.S. (ssk me-3 muxli). rac Seexeba faqtis aRiarebas, is ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc uflebis Tavisuflad gankargvis aqti. faqtis aRiareba SeiZleba emyarebodes mxaris rwmenas am faqtis arsebobis Sesaxeb. amiT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli ssk 133-e muxlis danawesi imis Sesaxeb, rom mxares SeuZlia gaaqarwylos (ukuagdos) Tavisi aRiareba, Tu daamtkicebs, rom es aRiareba iyo Secdomis Sedegi da ganpirobebuli iyo iseTi garemoebiT, romelic cnobili gaxda misTvis aRiarebis Semdeg. magram mTavari aq isicaa, rom mxarem SeiZleba aRiaros faqti (magaliTad, xelSekrulebis dadebis faqti), magram ar aRiaros sarCeli. amrigad, udavo faqtebi – eseni faqtis (da ara sarCelis) aRiarebis erT-erTi saxesxvaobaa. udavo faqtebs ukavSirdeba absoluturad iseTive Sedegebi, rogoric mxaris mier faqtis aRiarebas. isini mxolod imiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rom erT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs zepir an werilobiT gamoTqmul aRiarebasTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi dumiliT gamoTqmul aRiarebasTan („dumili Tanxmobis niSania“). Tumca aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom praqtikaSi TiTqmis ver SevxvdebiT SemTxvevas, roca mxare mxolod dumiliT Semoifarglos da zepirad ar ganacxados, rom igi ar uaryofs ama Tu im faqts (magaliTad, xelSekrulebis dadebas, zianis miyenebas, nivTis miRebas da a.S.), magram sxva faqtobrivi garemoebebis gamo ar cnobs sasarCelo moTxovnas. amrigad, saqarTvelos ssk-is Sesabamisadac ar unda Segrovdes mtkicebulebebi udavo faqtebis mimarT, radgan isini, ise rogorc zepirad Tu werilobiT gancxadebuli aRiareba, iTvlebian dadgenilad (damtkicebulad) da swored amis gamo aRar saWiroeben damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis Segrovebas. d) prezumfciebi. iuridiul literaturaSi farTodaa agreTve gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom damtkicebas ar saWiroeben e.w. preziumirebuli, anu navaraudevi faqtebi. prezumfciebis arsisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba qvemoT. aq mizanSewonilad migvaCnia avRniSnoT Semdegi: a)prezumfcia warmoadgens varauds ama Tu im faqtis arsebobis Sesaxeb. aseTi varaudi ki, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod garkveuli faqtebis safuZvelze, romlebic winaswar cnobilia an unda dadgindes. magaliTad, moZrav nivTze faqtobrivi batonobis faqti warmoSobs sakuTrebis varauds, sxv sityvebiT rom vTqvaT mflobeli ivaraudeba mesakuTred. sajaro reestrSi registraciis faqti, Tu ra Tqma unda aseTi registracia dadasturdeba, warmoSobs sakuTrebis varauds. aseve Tu dadasturdeba, rom mosarCelis qoneba daaziana mopasuxem, warmoiSoba am faqtis safuZvelze varaudi, rom mopasuxes miuZRvis brali zianis miyenebaSi da a.S. am varaudebis gasaqarwyleblad mowinaaRmdege mxarem unda daamtkicos, rom sadavo nivTis mesakure aris 159

ara is piri,vis sasaargebloTac moqmedebs varaudi,aramed TviTon, rom mas ar miuZRvis brali zianis miyenebaSi da a.S. absoluturad igive wesebs emorCileba mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawileba, romlis mixedviT saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis nawili ivaraudeba mopasuxis sasargeblod da amitom isini unda daamtkicos mosarCelem, xolo Tu mosarCele daamtkicebs am faqtebs,maSin warmoiSoba gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone sxva faqtebis arsebobis varaudi mis sasargeblod da, amitom maT gasaqarwyleblad mopasuxem unda daamtkicos garkveuli faqtebi. yovelive es mxolod imaze SeiZleba miuTiTebdes, rom prezumfciebis meSveobiT kanonmdebeli anawilebs mtkicebis tvirTs mxareTa Soris da igi aris mtkicebis tvirTis gamoxatvis erT-erTi yvelaze srulyofili da yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli forma. magaliTad, ssk 158-e muxlis Tanaxmad „ivaraudeba, rom nivTis mflobeli aris misi mesakuTre“. sakuTrebis am prezumfciidan gamomdinare, Tu vinme aRZravs sarCels sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb (sk 172-e muxli), maSin mosarCelem unda daamtkicos, rom igi aris am sadavo nivTis mesakuTre, radgan mopasuxe, e.i. piri, romelic faqtiurad flobs nivTs, am faqtiuri mflobelobis safuZvelze ivaraudeba, rom aris sadavo nivTis mesakuTre da mas ar sWirdeba, amitom, daamtkicos, rom namdvilad aris mesakuTre. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosarCele daamtkicebs rom igi aris sadavo nivTis mesakuTre, maSin mopasuxes (faqtiur mflobels) SeuZlia, imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicdinos misTvis araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotana, daamtkicos, rom am sadavo nivTs flobs marTlzomierad (ssk 162-e muxli). amrigad, prezumfciebis anu preziumirebuli (navaraudevi) faqtebis mikuTvneba iseTi faqtebisaTvis, romlebic ar saWiroeben damtkicebas – arasworia (ix. $ ). $3. faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi (onus proferendi) am sakiTxs nawilobriv ukve SevexeT, rodesac vixilavdiT mtkicebis sagnis sakiTxs. aq Cven mizanSewonilad migvaCnia ganvixiloT Semdegi sakiTxebi: 1. aris Tu ara faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi movaleoba, Tu es aris mxolod ufleba, romelic mxares SeuZlia ar Seasrulos: 2. vis ekisreba faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi, anu procesis romeli monawilea faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTis subieqtebi 3. ra iuridiuli Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves faqtebze miTiTebis tvirTis Seusruleblobas? 1. aris Tu ara faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi movaleoba. am sakiTxis gasarkvevad mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokled SevexoT saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT damkvidrebul zogierT debulebas: am kodeqsis 134-e muxlis Tanaxmad mosarCelem Tavis sasarCelo gancxadebaSi unda miuTiTos garemoebani, romlebzec igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnas, agreTve mtkicebulebani, romlebic adastureben am garemoebebs. am muxlis analizi savsebiT sakrisia imisaTvis, rom gavakeToT daskvna: faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi, romelic mxareebs ekisrebodaT, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo saqarTvelos 1964 wlis kodeqsiTac. 160

amasTan erTad, 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo movalea ar dasjerdes warmodgenil masalebsa da axsna-ganmartebebs da miiRos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela zoma, raTa yovelmxriv, srulad da obieqturad gamoarkvios saqmis namdvili garemoebani da mxareTa ufleba-movaleobani. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlom Tavisi iniciativiT unda Seitanos mtkicebis saganSi iseTi garemoebebic, romlebzec mxareebi ratomRac ar miuTiTeben, magram asabuTeben (amarTleben) mxareTa moTxovnebs da Sesagebels da amitom, aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis arsebiTad sworad gadawyvetisaTvis. sasamarTlo praqtika mtkiced da ganuxrelad atarebda am moTxovnebs. aseT pirobebSi, cxadia, savsebiT swori iyo Cvens mier Camoyalibebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi, rogorc movaleoba, romlis Seusruleblobas SeiZleba mohyves mxarisaTvis araxelsayreli Sedegi, sabWoTa samoqalaqo procesSi ar arsebobda.74 saqarTvelos 1997 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, agebulia SejibrebiTobis principze. am principis Sesabamisad „mxareebi TviTonve gansazRvraven, Tu romeli faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs an romeli mtkicebulebebiT unda iqnes dadasturebuli es faqtebi“ (ssk me-4 muxli). savsebiT cxadia, rom mxareebma TviTonve unda miuTiTon, Tu romeli faqtebis safuZvelze ayeneben TavianT moTxovnebs, Tu Sesagebels. es wesi SejibrebiTobis principis erT-erTi konkretuli gamovlinebaa. magram SeiZleb Tu ara faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi ganvixiloT rogorc movaleoba? qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi gulisxmobs, rom mxare uflebamosilia gamoxatos Tavisi mosazreba gansazRvrul faqtebTan dakavSirebiT, Tu mas surs Tavisi uflebebis dacva. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mis mimarT iZuleba ar gamoiyeneba, Tumca igi wamgebian mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. am movaleobebs, romelTa Sesruleba iZulebiT ar xdeba, e.i. savaldebulo ar aris, magram maTi ugulebelyofa xSirad movaleobis subieqts araxelsayrel pirobebSi ayenebs, uwodeben fakultatur movaleobebs. saproceso samarTalSi amgvar fakultatur movaleobebs ganekuTvneba miTiTebis tvirTi.75 savsebiT sworad miuTiTeben avtorebi, rom kanonmdebloba marTlac ar iTvaliswinebs iseT RonisZiebebs Tu saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiT SeiZleboda gveiZulebina mxare mieTiTebina faqtebze Tavis moTxovnis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebis mizniT. aseTi iZuleba gamoricxulia, magram ar aris gamoricxuli da, piriqiT, igulisxmeba, rom Tu mxare ar iaqtiurebs da ar miuTiTebs faqtebze Tavisi moTxovnis (Sesageblis) dasabuTebis mizniT, man SeiZleba waagos procesi. procesis wagebis saSiSroeba, misTvis araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis saSiSroeba ubiZgebs mxares, aiZulebs mas iyos aqtiuri, miuTiTos yvela im faqtiur garemoebaze romlebic faqtobrivad da iuridiulad gaamarTleben mis moTxovnas (Sesagebels). 74

T. liluaSvili, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. Tb. 1992 w. gv. 126.

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hain boelingi, lado Wanturia. samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis meTodika. Tb. 2003 w. gv. 30-31

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amrigad, iuridiuli valdebuleba am cnebis klasikuri da tradiciuli gagebiT, aq namdvilad ar gvaqvs, magram movaleoba, romlis Seusruleblobas SeiZleba moyves araxelsayreli Sedegi am movale subieqtisaTvis, aq namdvilad gvaqvs. mtkicebis sagani ama Tu im konkretul saqmeze ganisazRvreba im faqtebiT, romlebzec miuTiTeben mxareebi. Tu romeli faqtebi daudon safuZvlad TavianT moTxovnebs – gansazRvraven TviTon mxareebi. magram, niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom yvela im faqtis mimarT, romlebzec miuTiTeben mxareebi, gamoTxovili unda iqnes mtkicebuleba, anu yvela am faqtis mimarT wardgenili mtkicebuleba unda miiRos Tu ara sasamarTlom da Seafasos igi? mxareebi, ssk me-4 muxlis Tanaxmad sruliad Tavisufalni arian miuTiTon nebismier faqtze. es maTi uflebaa, magram maT mier miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, e.i. imis dadgena da garkveva, Tu ramdenad asabuTeben es faqtebi iuridiulad mxareTa moTxovnebs da Sesagebels – es ukve sasamarTlos prerogativaa. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu mxaris mier miTiTebuli faqti an faqtebi ver amarTleben, an ver asabuTeben iuridiulad moTxovnas (Sesagebels), sasamarTlom arc unda Seitanos aseTi faqti mtkicebis saganSi da arc unda miiRos am faqtis dasadastureblad mtkicebuleba. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi Sesrulebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod im pirobiT, Tu mxareebi TavianTi moTxovnis (Sesageblis) dasabuTebis mizniT uTiTeben samarTlebrivi mniSvnelovan faqtebze. aris Tu ara mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebi samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani, Tu umniSvnelo, wyvets sasamarTlo. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT (gv. 170) mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebis araswor iuridiul Sefasebas SeiZleba mZime Secdoma moyves. faqtis araswori iuridiuli Sefaseba SeiZleba SemdegSi gamoixatos: sasamarTlom samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba mianiWa faqts, romelsac sinamdvileSi ar aqvs am saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba, an kidev, sasamarTlom samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba ar mianiWa mxareTa mier miTiTebul iseT faqts, romelsac sinamdvileSi aqvs mniSvneloba am saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis. $II. faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi (onus probandi) 1. damtkicebis tvirTis cneba. mtkicebis sagans mWidrod ukavSirdeba meore mniSvnelovani instituti – damtkicebis tvirTi. es gasagebicaa: mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom gansazRvra saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani faqtebis wre, gamoyo am wridan faqtebi, romlebzec ar davoben (aRiareben) mxareebi, sayovelTaod cnobili faqtebi da preidiciulad dadgenili faqtebi, e.i. mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom gansazRvra dasamtkicebel garemoebaTa wre anu mtkicebis sagani mis winaSe wamoiWreba sxva sakiTxebi, kerZod: ra wesiT unda damtkicdes mtkicebis saganSi Semavali sadao faqtebi? romel mxares ekisreba maTi damtkicebis tvirTi ? ra moqmedeba unda Seasrulos mxarem damtkicebis tvirTis (movaleobis) gansaxorcieleblad? da a.S. 162

pirvel rigSi unda aRvniSnoT, rom is rac iTqva zemoT faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTze rogorc fakultatur movaleobaze – mTlianad exeba da ganekuTvneba damtkicebis tvirTsac, anu damtkicebis tvirTic aris mxaris movaleoba Seasrulos garkveuli moqmedeba. sanqcia am movaleobis SeusruleblobisaTvis mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mxares, romelmac es movaleoba ar Seasrula, daekisre faqtis daumtkiceblobis materialur samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT araxelsayreli Sedegi: uaris Tqma sarCelis dakmayofilebaze, Tu mosarCelem ver daamtkica gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqti, an sarCelis dakmayofileba, Tu mopasuxem ver daamtkica sarCelis winaaRmdeg mis mier miTiTebuli Sesageblis safuZveli. magram, konkretulad ra moqmedeba unda Seasrulos damtkicebis tvirTis (movaleobis) subieqtma, raTa mas ar daekisros faqtis daumtkiceblobis araxelsayreli Sedegi? pirveli, rac unda gaakeTos mxarem damtkicebis movaleobis Sesasruleblad – esaa mtkicebulebaTa warmodgena sasamarTloSi im faqtis dadgenis mizniT, romlis damtkicebis movaleobac mas ekisreba. magram, mtkicebulebis warmodgena jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom mxarem ukve Seasrula Tavisi movaleoba da mas aRar emuqreba faqtis daumtkiceblobis araxelsayreli Sedegebi. saqme isaa, rom mxaris mier warmodgenili mtkicebuleba jer erTi unda pasuxobdes mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobisa da dasaSvebobis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli principebis moTxovnebs. Tu am moTxovnebs pasuxobs sasamarTlo miiRebs am mtkicebulebebs. meorec, warmodgenili mtkicebuleba iseT kavSirSi unda iyos dasadgen garemoebasTan, rom SeiZlebodes am garemoebis arseboba – ararsebobis Sesaxeb utyuari daskvnis gakeTeba. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb Seasrula Tu ara mxarem masze dakisrebuli damtkicebis movaleoba sabolood unda gadawydes sasamarTlos mier, radgan sasamarTlo afasebs mtkicebulebebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT, aqedan gamomdinare, faqti damtkicebulad (dadgenilad) CaiTvleba, Tu sasamarTlo CaTvlis mas aseTad, Tu sasamarTlo darwmundeba am faqtis arsebobaSi. sasamarTlosaTvis aseTi rwmenis Seqmna im pirTa movaleobaa, romlebsac damtkicebis movaleoba ekisrebaT. gamodis, rom mxareTa mtkicebiTi saqmianobis saboloo mizani – esaa sasamarTlos darwmuneba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebis arsebobaSi. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: damtkicebis tvirTi – esaa samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebis damtkicebis movaleobis dakisreba mxareebze, romlis Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia materialur samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT im mxaris mimarT, romelmac es movaleoba ar (ver) Seasrula.76 76

germanul samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben obieqtur da subieqtur damtkicebis tvirTs. obieqturi damtkicebis tvirTi gansazRvravs, Tu romel mxares ekisreba es tvirTi da, maSasadame, romel mxares daekisreba araxelsayreli Sedegi, Tu ver damtkicdeba gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqti, subieqturi damtkicebis tvirTi ki gansazRvravs romel mxares ekisreba mtkicebulebis wardgenis movaleoba. L. Rosenberg, s schwab /Gotbwald/, dasax. naSromi, gv. 670. Хаймо щак dasax. naSromi, gv. 329-332 Cveni azriT, obieqturi da subieqturi damtkicebis tvirTis gamijvnisaTvis ar arsebobs sakmao safuZveli. mtkicebuleba faqtis dasadastureblad unda warmoadginos im mxarem, romelsac ekisreba am faqtis damtkicebis tvirTi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es faqti SeiZleba dadasturdes mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebiTac. sasamarTlo cxadia, gamoiyenebs nebismier

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$5. damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis mniSvneloba 1. damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebi. samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileoben mosamarTleebi, mxareebi, mesame pirebi, Tanamonawileebi (TanamosarCeleebi, Tanamopasuxeebi). warmoadgenen Tu ara isini damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebs, anu ekisrebaT Tu ara maT mtkicebis saganSi Semavali sadavo faqtebis damtkicebis movaleoba? sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) Sesaxeb Cven ukve avRniSneT, rom igi movalea samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesis dacviT miiRos mxaris mier warmodgenili mtkicebuleba, Seamowmos da Seafasos igi. mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba, Semowmeba da Sefaseba warmoadgens mtkicebulebiT saqmianobas da Sedian sasamarTlo mtkicebis cnebis SinaarsSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo aris mtkicebis, rogorc saproceso saqmianobis subieqti. magram sasamarTlo ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos damtkicebis tvirTis (movaleobis) subieqti. sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala, cxadia, ar vrceldeba TviTon sasamarTloze. maSasadame, sasamarTloze ar SeiZleba gavrceldes faqtis daumtkiceblobis araxelsayreli materialur samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. sasamarTlos winaSe faqtis damtkicebis arc aucilebloba da arc am aucileblobiT ganpirobebuli movaleoba ar arsebobs.77 damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebi SeiZleba iyvnen saqmeSi monawile is pirebi, romlebzec SeiZleba gavrceldes faqtis daumtkiceblobis araxelsayreli Sedegebi, anu gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala. aseTi pirebia uwinares yovlisa, mxareebi da Tanamonawileebi, kerZod, mosarCele, mopasuxe, TanamosarCele, Tanamopasuxe. damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebia agreTve mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT, agreTve mesame piri damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe, radgan, Tu igi ver daexmareba mxares moigos procesi, SemdgomSi mis winaaRmdeg aRZrul regresuli sarCelis ganxilvis dros mas ufleba aRar eqneba daamtkicos faqtebi, romelTa daumtkiceblobis gamo im mxarem, romlis mxardasaWeradac monawileobda mesame piri procesSi, waago es procesi. rac Seexeba kanonier warmomadgenlebs, rogoricaa mSoblebi, mSvileblebi, meurveebi, mzrunvelebi, isini mowodebulni arian daicvan sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod an SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebuli pirebis, agreTve mcirewlovnebisa da arasrulwlovnebis uflebebi. amitom, isini warmoadgenen damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebs. igive unda iTqvas im pirze, romelsac samarTavad gadaeca ugzo-ukvlod dakarguli piris qoneba, agreTve samkvidro qonebis dacvisa da marTvisaTvis daniSnuli piri, roca memkvidreoba ar miuRia gardacvlili an gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli piris memkvidres (ssk 101-e muxli). rac Seexeba nebayoflobiT warmomadgenlebs, isini asruleben saproceso moqmedebas marwmuneblis saxeliTa da interesebisaTvis. mtkicebulebas, romlebic warmodgenilia sasamarTloSi. magram, es ar cvlis damtkicebis tvirTis iuridiul bunebas. 77 samZebro principze agebuli samoqalaqo procesSi sasamarTlos zogjer ganixilavdnen rogorc damtkicebis tvirTis subieqts.

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damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebi swored es marwmuneblebia warmomadgenlebi.

da ara maTi

II. mniSvneloba samoqalaqo samarTlis procesSi ar aris winaswari mokvlevisa da gamoZiebis organoebi. amitom, damtkicebis tvirTis dakisreba saqmeSi monawile erT romelime pirze ar iqneboda mizanSewonili arc faqtis dadgenisa da arc samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT. verc mosarCele, verc mopasuxe da verc TviT sasamarTloc ki, calke aRebuli ver SeZlebs yvela im garemoebis damtkicebas, romelTa gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba samoqalaqo saqmis sworad gadawyveta. swored am mosazrebidan gamomdinare samoqalaqo samarTlis procesSi odiTganve warmoebs damtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa Soris ganawileba. am mosazrebas efuZneba ssk 102-e muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis Tanaxmad „TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels“. rogorc vxedavT, samoqalaqo procesSi, mtkicebis saganSi Semavali garemoebebidan erTi nawili unda daamtkicos mosarCelem, xolo meore nawili – mopasuxem. amasTan erTad, damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis ZaliT erTi mxare, romelmac sruliad garkveuli faqtebi unda daamtkicos Tavisufldeba im faqtebis dadgenisagan, romelic meore mxarem unda daamtkicos. es imas niSnavs, rom mosarCele Tavisufldeba im faqtebis dadgenisagan, romelic mopasuxem unda daamtkicos da piriqiT, mopasuxe Tavisufldeba im faqtebis dadgenisagan, romlebic mosarCelem unda daamtkicos. amrigad mtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa Soris ganawilebis instituti miuTiTebs aramarto imaze, Tu romelma mxarem ra faqtebi unda daadginos, aramed imazec, Tu romeli faqtebis dadgenis movaleobisagan Tavisufldeba esa Tu is mxare. aqedan gamomdinare, mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawileba mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis principis konkretuli gamovlinebaa samoqalaqo procesSi. iuridiul literaturaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad damtkicebis tvirTi mniSvnelobas iZens iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver xerxdeba gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis dadgena-damtkiceba. mniSvneloba ar aqvs imas, Tu romeli mxaris mier warmodgenil mtkicebulebis safuZvelze sasamarTlom CaTvala faqti damtkicebulad. magram, rodesac faqti ver iqna damtkicebuli, maSin sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros, Tu romel mxares ekisreboda am faqtis damtkicebis tvirTi da ise gamoitanos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba.78 aq Camoyalibebul mosazrebaSi araferi araa mcdari, magram, araa srulad gansazRvruli damtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa Soris ganawilebis mniSvneloba, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT gvqonda saubari da aq saWirod migvaCnia kidev erTxel gavimeroT: mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis instituti stimuls aZlevs mxareTa aqtiurobas moiZion da warudginon sasamarTlos mtkicebulebebi im faqtebis dasamtkiceblad 78

h. boelingi, l. Wanturia. dasax. naSromi, gv 63.

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(dasadgenad) romelTa damtkicebis movaleoba maTi ekisreba. aseTia mtkicebulebis tvirTis ganawilebis saproceso samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba. amasTani erTad, mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis instituts aqvs aramarto saproceso samarTlebrivi, aramed materialur samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobac, rac mdgomareobs imaSi, rom faqtis daumtkiceblobas araxelsayreli Sedegebi unda daekisros im mxares, romelsac am faqtis damtkiceba evaleboda. araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis muqara warmoadgens faqtors, romelic uzrunvelyofs mxareTa aqtiurobas warmoudginon sasamarTlos Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi, daamtkicon Sesabamisi faqtebi. $6. damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis safuZvlebi prezumfciis mniSvneloba samoqalaqo procesSi damtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa Soris ganawilebis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare savsebiT cxadia, rom Secdomas am tvirTis ganawilebaSi, anu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis damtkicebis tvirTis dakisrebas im mxareze, romelsac sinamdvileSi ar ekisreba misi damtkiceba, SeiZleba moyves araswori da usamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotana. damtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa Soris sworad ganawilebis aseTi mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba aixsnas naSromebis simravle, romlebic am problemas eZRvneba. wamoyenebuli iqna mravali Teoria, safuZvlebi, kriteriumi, romelTa momarjvebiT, rogorc amas maTi avtorebi gvTavazoben, SeiZleboda damtkicebis tvirTis sworad ganawileba mxareTa Soris.79 damtkicebis tvirTis problema araa mxolod samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis problema. es problema dgas, magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis procesSic. kerZod, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-40 muxlis Tanaxmad „adamiani udanaSaulod iTvleba, vidre misi damnaSaveoba ar damtkicdeba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT“. rogorc vxedavT, am muxliT damkvidrebulia udanaSaulobis prezumfcia. am prezumfciidan gamomdinare „arvin ar aris valdebuli amtkicos Tavisi udanaSauloba. braldebis mtkicebis movaleoba ekisreba bralmdebels“ (me-40 muxlis me-2 nawili). amrigad, udanaSaulobis prezumfciis procesualuri mniSvneloba mTlianad amoiwureba damtkicebis tvirTis dakisrebiT: raxan yoveli adamiani igulisxmeba udanaSaulod, maSin is, vinc mas debs brals danaSaulis CadenaSi, movalea daamtkicos es braleuloba. es savsebiT gasagebi da cxadia: piri, romelsac deben brals danaSaulis CadenaSi, isedac igulisxmeba rogorc arabraleuli da udanaSaulo, mas ar sWirdeba amtkicos is, rac isedac, e.i. damtkicebis gareSe, igulisxmeba (iTvleba, ivaraudeba). prezumfciebi samoqalaqo samarTalSiac moqmedeben, magram aq ar gvaqvs winaswari gamoZiebis organoebi da ar gvyavs bralmdebeli da 79

ix. T. liluaSvili. mtkicebis sagani da tvirTi sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTlis procesSi (rusul enaze). Tb. 1957 weli

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braldebuli. aseTma mdgomareobam ganapiroba prezumfciebis gamoyenebis Taviseburebani samoqalaqo procesSi. ise rogorc sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, samoqalaqo procesSic, prezumfciebis procesualuri mniSvneloba mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebiT amoiwureba. Tavisebureba sisxlis samarTlis procesTan SedarebiT ganpirobebulia imiT, rom samoqalaqo procesSi aris ori Tavisi interesebiT erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebuli mxare – mosarCele da mopasuxe da ar aris arc bralmdebeli da arc braldebuli, agreTve winaswari gamoZiebis organoebi. amitom, bunebrivia, nawili mtkicebis saganSi Semavali sadavo faqtebisa ivaraudeba mosarCelis sasargeblod, nawili ki mopasuxis sasargeblod. faqtebi, romlebic ivaraudeba mopasuxis sasargeblod, unda daamtkicos mosarCelem (rac imasac niSnavs, rom mopasuxe Tavisufalia am faqtebis damtkicebisagan), xolo faqtebi, romlebic ivaraudeba mosarCelis sasargeblod, unda daamtkicos mopasuxem (rac imasac niSnavs, rom mosarCele Tavisufalia am faqtebis damtkicebisagan). absoluturad imave wesebs emorCileba mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawileba. am SemTxvevaSiac gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis nawili ivaraudeba mopasuxis sasargeblod da, amitom, isini unda daamtkicos mosarCelem, xolo Tu mosarCele daamtkicebs am faqtebs, maSin warmoiSoba gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone sxva faqtebis arsebobis varaudi mis sasargeblod da amitom, maT gasaqarwyleblad (uarsayofad) mopasuxem unda daamtkicos garkveuli faqtebi. es imas niSnavs, rom prezumfciebi samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi damtkicebisagan ki ar aTavisuflebs mxares, aramed warmoadgens dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis wess. ama Tu im faqtis damtkicebis tvirTisagan ganTavisufleba warmoadgens ara mizezs, aramed am tvirTis ganawilebis Sedegs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, prezumfciebis meSveobiT kanonmdebeli anawilebs damtkicebis tvirTs mxareTa Soris da mtkicebis tvirTis gamoxatvis sxva formebs Soris, romlebsac icnobs materialuri samarTali, prezumfciebi yvelaze srulyofili da praqtikulad xelmisawvdomi formaa.80 zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, cxadia isic, rom prezumfciebi ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc gamonaklisi damtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa Soris ganawilebis saerTo wesidan, rogorc amas gvTavazobs farTod gavrcelebuli da gabatonebuli Sexeduleba. aseTi Sexeduleba aramarto usworoa, aramed did uxerxulobasac qmnis: gamodis, rom samoqalaqo materialuri samarTali da saerTod kerZo samarTali, mxolod imiTaa dainteresebuli, rom Camoayalibos gamonaklisebi damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saerTo wesidan. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom samoqalaqo samarTalma ar icis prezumfciebis, anu mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis 80 samoqalaqo samarTlis kanonmdebloba icnobs damtkicebis tvirTis gamoxatvis sxva formebsac, magaliTad, sk 1012-e muxlis Tanaxmad, „uxarisxo produqciiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisas mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba dazaralebuls“. ibadeba kiTxva: romeli faqtebi unda daamtkicos dazaralebulma? faqtebi, romlebic iwveven produqciis mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobas, Tu faqtebi, romlebic ar aTavisufleben mas aseTi pasuxismgeblobisagan? (sk 1009-e muxli). am sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis saWiroa sk 1009-e da 1011-e muxlebis analizi. prezumfciebis dros aseTi rTuli analizi saWiro araa.

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dasrulebuli sistema. rig SemTxvevaSi kanoni ar Seicavs pirdapir miTiTebas imaze Tu romeli faqtebis arsebobis safuZvelze, an romeli faqtebis damtkicebis safuZvelze warmoiSoba varaudi (prezumfcia) gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone sxva faqtebis arseboba – ararsebobis Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, zogjer kanoni ar Seicavs pirdapir miTiTebas imis Taobaze, Tu romelma mxarem konkretulad ra faqtebi unda daadginos. aseTi viTareba gvikarnaxebs gavarkvioT Tu ra mosazrebiT SeiZleboda exelmZRvanela kanonmdebels im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ayalibebda prezumfciebs, anu gansazRvravda romelma mxarem gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romeli faqti unda daamtkicos. im normebis analizi, romlebic Seicaven prezumfciebs, anu mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis wesebs, safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom kanonmdebeli calkeul SemTxvevebSi sxvadasxva mosazrebebiT xelmZRvanelobs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli xelmZRvanelobs im mosazrebiT, Tu romeli mxarisaTvis ufro advili da mosaxerxebeli iqneba ama Tu im faqtis damtkiceba-dadastureba da romeli mxarisaTvis misi damtkiceba saerTod SeuZlebeli iqneba. aqedan gamomdinare, mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenis movaleobas mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtis dasadgenad, kanonmdebeli akisrebs im mxares, romlisTvisac es ufro advili da mosaxerxebelia. magaliTad, daamtkicos xelSekrulebiTi urTierTobis warmoSobis faqti (vTqvaT, sesxis micemis faqti), gacilebiT ufro advilia mosarCelisaTvis (gamsesxeblisaTvis), vidre mopasuxisaTvis daamtkicos, rom xelSekrulebiTi urTierTobis warmoSobis faqts adgili ar hqonia. magram imis damtkiceba, rom xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebuleba mopasuxem Seasrula (vTqvaT, daabruna sesxi), gacilebiT ufro advilia TviT mopasuxisaTvis, vidre mosarCelisaTvis imis damtkiceba, rom mopasuxes ar Seusrulebia xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebuleba (magaliTad ar daubrunebia vali). xelSekrulebiT urTierTobebidan warmoSobili valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT gamowveul sarCelebSi mosarCelem unda daamtkicos, anu mas ekisreba damtkicebis tvirTi im faqtebisa, rom aseTi urTierToba arsebobs, dadga am xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebis Sesrulebis dro, xolo Tu mopasuxe ar cnobs aseTi urTierTobis warmoSobas, man unda daamtkicos faqtebi, romlebic kanonis Tanaxmad abrkoleben urTierTobis warmoSobas (magaliTad, garigeba ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro wesrigs an zneobis normebs (sk 54-e muxli) an kidev, igi dadebulia nebarTvis gareSe, roca kanoni aseT nebarTvs moiTxovs (sk 59-e muxli da a.S.). SeiZleba mopasuxem ar uaryos da ar gailaSqros xelSekrulebiTi urTierTobis warmoSobis winaaRmdeg, magram wamoayenos Sesagebeli, rom mosarCelis mier misTvis gadacemuli nivTi ar aris nivTobrivad unaklo (sk 487-e muxli). nivTis nivTobrivad naklovanebis faqtis damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba mopasuxes. sxva SemTxvevebSi kanonmdebeli xelmZRvanelobs sazogadoebis realuri sinamdvilisa da realuri urTierTobis ganzogadebuli daskvnebiT, sinamdvilis mudmivad ganmeorebadi faqtebiT. Sesabamisad kanonmdebeli TviTon gansazRvravs Tu romeli faqtebis arsebobisas 168

SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna sxva faqtebis arseboba-ararasebobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, sk 1007-e muxlis Tanaxmad samedicino dawesebulebaSi mkurnalobisas piris janmrTelobisaTvis miyenebuli ziani unda anazRaurdes saerTo safuZvlebiT. „zianis mimyenebeli Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu daamtkicebs, rom zianis dadgomaSi mas brali ar miuZRvis“. rogorc vxedavT, pirma, romelic mimarTavs sasamarTlos janmrTelobis dazianebiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, unda daamtkicos misi janmrTelobis dazianebis faqti, mizezobrivi kavSiri ziansa da samedicino dawesebulebis moqmedebas Soris da zianis odenoba. es piri, e.i. mosarCele, araa valdebuli daamtkicos, rom samedicino dawesebulebas miuZRvis brali zianis miyenebaSi, radgan misi brali ivaraudeba, magram kanoni uSvebs SesaZleblobas am varaudis gaqarwylebisaTvis da aZlevs SesaZleblobas samedicino dawesebulebas (mopasuxes) daamtkicos Tavisi arabraleuloba. Tu mopasuxe daamtkicebs Tavis arabraleulobas, igi ganTavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan, magram Tu mopasuxe – samedicino dawesebuleba, ver daamtkicebs Tavis arabraleulobas, maSin amoqmeddeba bralis prezumfcia (varaudi) da samedicino dawesebulebas daekisreba zianis anazRaureba. amrigad, mosarCele movalea daamtkicos faqtebi, romelTa safuZvelze SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone sxva faqtebis arsebobis varaudis Sesaxeb, xolo im faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi, romlebic aseT varauds gaaqarwyleben – dakisrebuli aqvs mopasuxes. saboloo angariSSi ki aseTi mdgomareoba iqmneba: mtkicebis sagnis, anu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebis wridan erTi nawili unda daamtkicos mosarCelem, xolo meore nawili – mopasuxem. magram aseT mdgomareobas viRebT saboloo angariSSi. ise ki faqtebis damtkicebas iwyebs mosarCele, romelmac unda daamtkicos mis mier mopasuxisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnis faqtobrivi safuZveli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mosarCele daamtkicebs am faqtebs, mopasuxeze gadadis damtkicebis tvirTi. magaliTad vindikaciuri sarCelis ganxilvis dros, e.i. rodesac aRZrulia sarCeli sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, mopasuxes winaswar arafris damtkitceba ar sWirdeba, piriqiT, mosarCelem unda daamtkicos, rom igi aris sadavo nivTis mesakuTre, radgan „ivaraudeba, rom nivTis mflobeli (mopasuxe – T.l.) aris misi mesakuTre“ (ssk 158-e muxli). mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosarCele – vindikatori daamtkicebs, rom igi aris sadavo nivTis mesakuTre da amiT gaaqarwylebs zemod dasaxelebul varauds, maSin mopasuxeze gadadis misi Sesageblis faqtobrivi safuZvlis damtkicebis tvirTi. kerZod, Tu mas surs, rom Tavidan aicilos nivTis ukan dabruneba, unda daamtkicos, rom mas aqvs am nivTis flobis kanonieri ufleba. rogorc vxedavT, mopasuxis sasargeblod varaudi warmoiSva faqtebis yovelgvari winaswari damtkicebis gareSe, ris gamoc mosarCelem unda daamtkicos garkveuli faqtebi, xolo Tu mosarCele daamtkicebs am faqtebs, maSin warmoiSoba varaudi sxva faqtis (faqtebis) arsebobis (ararsebobis) Sesaxeb da maTi damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba mopasuxes. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli mxarisaTvis ufro advilia daamtkicos esa Tu is faqti, agreTve, romeli faqtebis damtkicebis 169

safuZvelze warmoiSoba varaudi (prezumfcia) gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone sxva faqtebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, gansazRvrulia kanoniT, xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo praqtikiT. yovelive es uzrunvelyofs konkretuli samoqalaqo saqmis gadawyvetisas mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis zust, Seucdomel da erTgvarovan ganawilebas, iZleva imis mtkice garantias, rom Tavidan aviciloT araerTgvarovneba damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis dros. kidev erTxel xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, faqtis dadgenis mizniT sasamarTlosTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu romelma mxarem warmoadgina es mtkicebuleba, magram es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos yovelTvis, roca mtkicebulebas warmoudgens sasamarTlos ara is mxare, romelsac misi warmodgena ar evaleboda, damtkicebis tvirTi am mxareze gadadis. ra Tqma unda ara. sasamarTlos mier mtkicebulebis gamoTxova an misi miReba iseTi mxarisaTvis, romelsac aseTi faqtis damtkicebis movaleoba ar ekisreba, ar anTavisuflebs Sesabamis mxares movaleobisagan daamtkicos faqti. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxova an maTi sasamarTloSi wardgena ara im mxarisgan, visac maTi warmodgena ar ekisreba, mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebaSi arafers ar cvlis, faqtis damtkicebis movaleoba mainc ekisreba im mxares, visac kanonis Tanaxmad ekisreba es. erTad-erT gamonaklis am TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgens ssk 136-e muxlis me-5 nawili da 157-e muxli, romelTa Tanaxmad Tu werilobiTi an nivTieri mtkicebulebis wardgenaze uars ambobs erT-erTi mxare, romelic ar uaryofs rom mtkicebuleba mis xelTaa, an Tu am mtkicebulebaTa wardgenaze uars sasamarTlo arasapatiod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia aRniSnul mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxovaze Suamdgomlobis aRmZvreli piri gaanTavisuflos im faqtis damtkicebis movaleobisagan, romelic am mtkicebulebiT unda daedasturebina da aseTi movaleoba gadaakisros mxares, romelic uars ambobs mis xelT arsebuli mtkicebulebis wardgenaze. aq miTiTebul SemTxvevaSi faqtis damtkicebis tvirTi gadadis im mxaridan, romelsac evaleboda misi damtkiceba, meore mxareze. aqedan gamomdinare, am faqtis daumtkiceblobis araxelsayreli Sedegebi daekisreba ara im mxares, romelsac ekisreboda misi damtkicebis movaleoba, aramed mowinaaRmdege mxares. damtkicebis tvirTis aseTi gadasvlis mizania mtkicebulebaTa wardgenis uzrunvelyofa im mxarisagan, romelTanac inaxeba werilobiTi Tu nivTieri mtkicebuleba, magram misTvis araa xelsayreli maTi sasamarTloSi wardgena, radgan faqti, romelsac es mtkicebulebebi adastureben mowinaaRmdege mxarisaTvis aris sargeblobis momtani. $7. mtkicebulebis cneba samoqalaqo procesSi rogorc avRniSneT, konkretuli saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis sasamarTlom winaswar unda daadginos mtkicebis sagnis anu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebi. es faqtebi, warsulis faqtebia, e.i. iseTi faqtebia, romlebsac adgili hqondaT warsulSi da amitom uSualo aRqmis gziT maTi dadgena SeuZlebelia, garda zogierTi iSviaTi gamonaklisisa. radgan saqme gvaqvs iseT faqtTan, romelsac adgili hqonda warsulSi, SeiZleba aseT faqtebs istoriuli faqtebi 170

vuwodoT, maTi dadgena ise, rogorc adgili hqondaT warsulSi, SesaZlebelia mxolod mtkicebulebebis meSveobiT, mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebiT. ufro naTeli warmodgena rom Segveqmnas mizanSewonilad migvaCnia gavavloT zogierTi paraleli, kerZod, sasamarTlo ar aris erTad-erTi organo, sadac mtkicebulebebs iyeneben. mtkicebulebebs iyeneben yvelgan, sadac saWiroa warsulis raime faqtis dadgena, maT Soris mecnieruli kvlevis dros da, agreTve, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom jer erTi, miznebia sxvadasxva. mecnierebi faqts adgenen raime Teoriis Sesamowmeblad an raime kanonzomierebis gasarkvevad da SesamuSaveblad. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi faqts vadgenT raime cxovrebiseuli sakiTxis gadasawyvetad da a.S. sasamarTlo ki faqts adgens marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis miznebisaTvis, konkretuli saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis. meorec, gansxvaveba isicaa, rom sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebs ayenebs kanoniT zustad gansazRvruli wesiT, maSin, rodesac mecnieri TviTon irCevs faqtis dadgenis meTods, xolo yofacxovrebaSi TviTon moqalaqe gansazRvravs misTvis saintereso faqtebis dadgenis wesebsac da gzebsac. mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebis, Semowmebis, gamokvlevisa da Sefasebis saproceso forma anu saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli wesi, rogorc Cans ganapirobebs imas, rom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis miznebisaTvis gamoyenebul mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebs uwodeben. ra aris sasamarTlo mtkicebuleba? saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 51-e muxli Seicavda mtkicebulebaTa legalur ganmartebas. am muxlis Tanaxmad mtkicebulebebia yovelgvari faqtobrivi monacemi, romelTa safuZvelze sasamarTlo daadgens saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebs. es monacemebi dadgindeba mxareTa axsna-ganmartebiT, mowmeTa CvenebiT, eqspertis daskvniT, werilobiTi da nivTieri mtkicebulebebiT, romlebsac kanoni uwodebs ara mtkicebulebebs, aramed mtkicebis saSualebebs. amrigad, 1964 wlis ssk 51-e muxli mtkicebulebebs uwodebda faqtiur monacemebs, xolo riTac am monacemebis dadgena SeiZleboda – mtkicebis saSualebebs. miuxedavad, mtkicebulebaTa legaluri anu kanonismieri ganmartebisa, iuridiul literaturaSi TiTqmis yvela avtori, romelic am problemas exeboda, cdilobda Tavisi origanaluri, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi raRaciT sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli ganmarteba SemoeTavazebina. amasTan erTad, kanonmdeblis msgavsad yvela avtori erTmaneTisgan mijnavda faqtobriv monacemebs da mtkicebis saSualebebs. Cven migvaCnda, rom aseTi gamijvna dauSvebelia, an yovel SemTxvevaSi es mxolod garkveuli pirobiT SeiZleba. saqme isaa, rom faqtobrivi monacemebi (cnobebi, informaciebi), mtkicebulebad SeiZleba iwodebodnen mxolod imitom, rom maTi meSveobiT SeiZleba CvenTvis saintereso sxva faqtis dadgena. am TvalsazrisiT isini mtkicebis saSualebebia. meores mxriv, is rac mtkicebis saSualebad iwodeba (magaliTad, mowmis Cveneba, eqspertis daskvna da a.S.). sinamdvileSi sxva araferia Tu ara mtkicebuleba. aqedan gamomdinare, vakeTebdiT daskvnas, rom marTalia kanoni (1964 wlis ssk 171

51-e muxli) mxareTa axsna-ganmartebas, mowmis Cvenebas, eqspertis daskvnas da a.S. uwodebs ara mtkicebulebas, aramed mtkicebis saSualebas, magram eseni sxva araferia Tu ara mtkicebulebebi. gana SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom mtkicebulebebi araa mtkicebis saSualebebi, xolo mtkicebis saSualebebi araa mtkicebulebebi? aqedan gamomdinare, vakeTebdiT daskvnas, rom mtkicebulebebi da mtkicebis saSualebebi identuri cnebebia da erTmaneTisagan maTi gamijvnas SeiZleba seriozuli gaugebroba mohyves.81 saqarTvelos 1997 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi aRar mijnavs erTmaneTisagan faqtobriv monacemebs, rogorc mtkicebulebebs da mtkicebis saSualebebs, rogoricaa mxareTa axsna-ganmarteba, mowmis Cveneba da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: samoqalaqo procesSi mtkicebulebebia kanoniT gansaRzvruli mtkicebis saSualebebi, romelTa gamoyenebiT sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtiuri garemoebebi. kanoni amomwuravad gansazRvravs mtkicebulebaTa anu mtkicebis saSualebaTa saxeebs, esenia: mxareTa (mesame pirTa) axsna-ganmarteba, mowmeTa Cveneba, werilobiTi mtkicebuleba, nivTieri mtkicebuleba, eqspertis daskvna (ssk 102-e muxlis me-3 nawili. mxareebs SeuZliaT warudginon sasamarTlos mxolod aq CamoTvlili mtkicebuleba, xolo sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia gamoiTxovos, miiRos an Seamowmos da Seafasos sxva saxis mtkicebuleba. ufro metic, zogjer kanonma SeiZleba ar dauSvas aq CamoTvlili romelime mtkicebuleba ama Tu im faqtis dadgenis mizniT. $9. mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba da gankuTvnoba. 1. dasaSveboba. samoqalaqao saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri mtkicebuleba dasaSvebia da mxares SeuZlia warudginos sasamarTlos isini Tavisi moTxovnis (Sesageblis) faqtobrivi safuZvlis arsebobis damtkicebis mizniT. aseTia dasaSvebobis procesualuri principi, azri da Sinaarsi. magram am zogadi wesidan arsebobs gamonaklisi, romlis Tanaxmad saqmis garemoebani, anu faqtebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs mxareTa moTxovnas (Sesagebels) da „romlebic kanonis Tanaxmad unda dadasturdes garkveuli saxis mtkicebulebebiT, ar SeiZleba dadasturdes sxva mtkicebulebebiT“. magaliTad, sk 183-e muxlis Tanaxmad uZravi nivTis SesaZenad aucilebelia sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli sabuTi da SemZenis registracia sajaro reestrSi. aqedan gamomdinare, uZravi nivTis SeZenis faqtis dadasturebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod werilobiTi mtkicebuleba. amave kodeqsis 593-e muxlis Tanaxmad, miwis ijaris xelSekruleba unda daidos werilobiTi formiT. „Tu es forma ar aris daculi, maSin ivaraudeba, rom xelSekruleba dadebulia ganusazRvreli vadiT“. aqedan gamomdinare, mxare, romelic miuTiTebs, rom xelSekruleba dadebulia garkveuli vadiT, man unda warudginos Cveni moxseneba dabeWdilia: „Новое в гражданском и в гражданско – процесуалъном законодателъстве......“ Труды научной сессии ВИЮН. москва 1962 г. стр. 190-192. ix. agreTve: saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. Tb. 1992 w. gv. 137-138 81

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sasamarTlos werilobiTi xelSekruleba. sxva saxis mtkicebulebebiT am faqtis dadastureba dauSvebelia. 2. gankuTvnadoba. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT es umniSvnelovanesi principi mowodebulia Tavidan agvacilos saqmeebis gadatvirTva iseTi masalebiT, romlebsac araviTari mniSvneloba am saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis ar aqvT. saqmeSi iseTi mtkicebulebebis Tu sxva masalebis Setana, romlebsac araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvT, iqneboda aramarto drois unayofo xarjva, aramed gadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTebulobis Semowmebas zemdgomi sasamarTloebis mier. mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobis principi damkvidrebulia ssk 104-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo ar miiRebs, ar gamoiTxovs an saqmidan amoiRebs mtkicebulebebs, romlebsac saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvT. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom unda miiRos mxolod iseTi mtkicebuleba, romelic exeba saqmes, romelsac SeuZlia daadasturos saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romelime garemoeba. mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobis principis konkretuli gamovlinebaa wesi, romlis Tanaxmad werilobiTi sabuTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb Suamdgomlobis aRmZvreli piri valdebulia miuTiTos Tu romeli garemoebis dadgena SeiZleba am mtkicebulebiT (134-e muxlis me-3 nawili), igive wesia Camoyalibebuli sxva saxis mtkicebulebaTa mimarT (140-e muxlis me-3 nawili). erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadoba da mtkicebulebaTa utyuaroba (sarwmunoba). mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadoba uzrunvelyofs saWiro da saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone mtkicebulebebis Segrovebas, zedmeti da gamousadegari mtkicebulebebis Segrovebaze da Semowmebaze drois fuWad xarjvis Tavidan acilebas: gankuTvnadia mxolod iseTi mtkicebuleba, romelic mimarTulia saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone ama Tu im garemoebis dadasturebisaken. sxva sakiTxia, rom gankuTvnadi da sworad miRebuli mtkicebuleba SemdgomSi Semowmebisa da Sefasebis Sedegad ar aRmoCnda utyuari da sarwmuno. aseT mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlo ver daeyrdnoba ara imitom, rom isini araa gankuTvnadi, aramed imitom, rom isini araa sarwmuno da utyuari. sasamarTlos SeuZlia amoiRos saqmidan SecdomiT miRebuli aragankuTvnadi mtkicebuleba, magram is ver amoiRebs saqmidan iseT mtkicebulebas, romelic gankuTvnadia, magram araa sarwmuno. mtkicebulebaTa, Tu sxva masalaTa miRebaze, gamoTxovaze an SecdomiT miRebuli mtkicebulebebis saqmidan amoRebis Taobaze sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelSic miTiTebuli unda iyos faqtze, romlis dasadasturebladac isini iyo warmodgenili, magram romelic sinamdvileSi ara mimarTuli am faqtis dadasturebisaken. magaliTad, sasamarTlom ar miiRo an saqmidan amoiRo mravalricxovani cnobebi, rekomendaciebi, daxasiaTebebi, romlebic marTalia dadebiTad axasiaTeben mxaris pirovnebas, magram araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvT vTqvaT, im sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis daakisros Tu ara am mxares valis gadaxda, zianis anazRaureba mowinaaRmdege mxaris sasargeblod, ris Sesaxebac mimdinareobs dava sasamarTloSi. $19. mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba 173

mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba sasamarTlos SemecnebiTi saqmianobis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi etapia. mas Semdeg, rac Segrovilia mtkicebulebebi, saWiroa maTi Semowmeba da Sefaseba. vin SeiZleba iyos mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis subieqti, anu vis SeuZlia Seafasos saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebi? mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis aucilebloba wamoiWreba mas Semdeg, rodesac sasamarTlo am mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobisa da dasaSvebobis principebis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT miiRebs (dauSvebs) warmodgenil mtkicebulebas. mtkicebulebaTa daSvebisa da maTi miRebis sakiTxs wyvets mxolod sasamarTlo. mas Semdeg, rodesac sasamarTlom dauSva mtkicebuleba da daurTo igi saqmes, saWiroa am mtkicebulebis Sefaseba. magram, sanam uSualod mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis kriteriumze SevCerdebodeT sagangebod unda SevCerdeT praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT erT metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxze: ssk 105-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlosaTvis araviTar mtkicebulebas ar aqvs winaswar dadgenili Zala“. es imas niSnavs, rom arcerT mtkicebulebas ar gaaCnia erTmaneTis mimarT raime upiratesoba. magaliTad, eqspertis daskvnas ar gaaCnia raime upiratesoba sxva mtkicebulebebTan SedarebiT, magaliTad mowmis CvenebasTan SedarebiT (rasac, samwuxarod praqtikaSi zogjer aqvs adgili), werilobiT mtkicebulebas ar gaaCnia raime upiratesoba nivTier mtkicebulebebTan SedarebiT da a.S.82 saqarTvelos ssk-si agebulia mtkicebulebaTa Tavisufali Sefasebis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principze, romlis Tanaxmad mxareTa mier warmodgenili da sasamarTlos mier Segrovili mtkicebulebebis Zala da utyuaroba ganisazRvreba uSualod sasamarTlos mier. mtkicebulebaTa sarwmunobis, Tu arasarwmunobis, utyuarobis Tu siyalbis Sesaxeb TavianTi mosazreba SeiZleba gamoTqvan mxareebma da procesis sxva monawileebma. maT mosazrebas udavod aqvs mniSvneloba mtkicebulebaTa yovelmxriv da srulyofilad SefasebisaTvis. magram, mtkicebulebebs sabolod afasebs sasamarTlo, rac imas SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom samoqalaqo procesSi mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis erTaderTi subieqti aris sasamarTlo. rogor da ra wesiT afasebs mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlo? saqarTvelos 1964 wlis ssk 53-e muxlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobs ra kanoniTa da socialisturi marTlSegnebiT, afasebs mtkicebulebebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT“. rogorc vxedavT, mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis dros sasamarTlos unda exelmZRvanela kanoniT da sociaplisturi marTlSegnebiT. es aramarto zRudavda mtkicebulebaTa Tavisufali Sefasebis princips, aramed garkveul winaswarSemuSavebul da savaldebulo mimarTulebas aZlevda sasamarTlos, romelsac SeeZlo gavlena moexdina mis Sinagan rwmenaze, kerZod utyuarad da sarwmunod mieCnia mtkicebuleba (gamomdinare socialisturi marTlSegnebidan), romelic sinamdvileSi ar iyo aseTi.

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mtkicebulebaTa formaluri Sefasebis epoqa, roca ama Tu im mtkicebulebis mtkicebiTi Zala da mniSvneloba ganisazRvreboda ara mosamarTlis mier, aramed kanoniT (magaliTad ori da meti mowmis Cveneba ufro sandoa, vidre erTisa, aristokratis Cveneba ufro sandoa, vidre glexisa da a.S.) didi xania warsuls Cabarda.

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amitom, savsebiT samarTlianad kanonmdebelma ar gaiziara mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis aseTi SezRudva da 1997 wlis ssk-i aRar Seicavs am debulebas. ssk 105-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo afasebs mtkicebulebebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. amrigad, Sinagani rwmena, romelic Tavisufalia yovelgvari garegani zemoqmedebisagan, warmoadgens samoqalaqo procesSi mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis erTaderT kriteriums. cxadia, rom Sinagani rwmena ar niSnavs TviTnebobas. TviTneboba da kerZod ki sasamarTlos TviTneboba, warmoadgens obieqtur safuZvels moklebul, dausabuTebel da gaumarTlebel pozicias, romelic TviT sasamarTlos pirad simpaTiebsa da survilebs emyareba. sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmena – es Sefasebis Sinagani, subieqturi kriteriumia, romelic yovelTvis unda emyarebodes garkveul obieqtur monacemebs, yovelTvis unda iyos dasabuTebuli am obieqturi monacemebiT anu imiT, Tu saidan da rogor Camouyalibda sasamarTlos aseTi Sinagani rwmena mtkicebulebis utyuarobis Tu misi siyalbis Sesaxeb. aq SeiZleba saWiro iyos kvlav gavimeoroT, rom mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis procesSi sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmena vllindeba sasamarTlos TavisuflebaSi Seafasos isini raime formaluri niSnebis gareSe da rom mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis dros igi araa SezRuduli raime garegani ZalebiT da kanoniT dawesebuli SezRudvebiT. amasTan erTad, mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba, ise rogorc yovelgvari Sefaseba, warmoadgens azrobriv process da aseTi Sefasebis dros sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos logikis kanonebiT, romelic gvaswavlis sworad azrovnebas. sworad azrovnebis logikuri kanonebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba (regulireba) arc SesaZlebelia da arc dasaSvebi: obieqturi kanonebi imitom arian obieqturi, rom isini yovelgvari subieqturi Carevisa da, miT umetes, samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba-regulirebis gareSe moqmedeben. amasTan erTad, saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis zogad wesebs, romlebsac saproceso wesebi SeiZleba vuwodoT. es wesebi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: 1. mtkicebulebebs afasebs uSualod saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo, romelic ixilavs saqmes, valdebulia uSualod gamoikvlios mtkicebulebebi. Tu saqmis zepiri ganxilvis dros moxda mosamarTlis acileba, ris gamoc saqmis ganxilva gadaido, maSin am saqmis ganxilva Tavidan unda daiwyos (ssk 216-e muxlis pirveli nawili). 2. mxareebs unda mieceT SesaZlebloba gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazreba saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb, xolo Tu aseTi mtkicebuleba warmodgenili iqna mxaris mier da igi miRebuli iqna sasamarTlos mier saqmis zepiri ganxilvis dros, maSin misi Sinaarsi unda gamoqveyndes am sxdomaze, an igi unda waredginos mxareebs gasacnobad (dasaTvaliereblad). 3. mxareebs ufleba avqT SekiTxvebi miscen mowmeebs, eqspertebs, specialistebs, agreTve erTmaneTs. 4. mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlo afasebs maT erTobliobaSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom ar SeiZleba sasamarTlo dakmayofildes mtkicebulebaTa izolirebulad SefasebiT. es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas ar SeuZlia izolirebulad Sefaseba, raTa gaarkvios xom ar aris saWiro damatebiTi 175

mtkicebulebebis warmodgena, magram saboloo Sefasebis dros mtkicebulebebi maT erTobliobaSi unda Sefasdes. 5. Tu mtkicebulebaTa erTobliobaSi Sefasebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom maT Soris arsebobs winaaRmdegoba, sasamarTlo valdebulia axsnas, riTaa ganpirobebuli aseTi winaaRmdegobis arseboba. 6. mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlo afasebs yovelmxriv, srulad da obieqturad. aq uwinares yoflisa igulisxmeba mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba maTi utyuarobis TvalsazrisiT, risTvisac saWiroa am mtkicebulebaTa yovelmxrivi Semowmeba, maTi dapirispireba saqmeSi arsebul sxva mtkicebulebebTan da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sasamarTlos sruli miukerZoebloba mtkicebulebaTa Semowmeba-Sefasebis dros. aseTia mokled mtkicebulebaTa sasamarTlos mier Sefasebis ZiriTadi wesebi, romlebsac SeiZleba vuwodoT mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis saproceso wesebi. bolos unda aRiniSnos, rom mosamarTlis Sinagani rwmeniT mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba ar niSnavs sruliad uangariSgebo daskvnebis uflebas, sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi unda miuTiTos mosazrebebze, ris gamoc, zogierTi mtkicebuleba cno utyuarad, xolo sxvebi arasarwmunod. kanonis aseT danawess aqvs sxvadasxvagvari mniSvneloba, magram erTerTi mTavari mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom zemdgom instanciis sasamarTlos, kerZod saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi dasabuTebuloba, rac SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu gadawyvetilebaSi ar iqneba miTiTebuli ra mosazrebiT gaiziara saqmis pirveli instanciiT ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom esa Tu is mtkicebuleba, an ratom uaryo saqmeSi arsebuli sxva mtkicebuleba. $ 10. mtkicebulebaTa saxeebi I. mxareTa (mesame pirTa) axsna-ganmarteba. faqtis aRiareba. 1. mxaris axsna-ganmarteba rogorc mtkicebuleba. mxare - esaa piri, romelic sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis uSualo monawilea. amitom, man yvelaze kargad unda icodes im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis. am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobs kanonmdebeli, rodesac mxareTa axsna-ganmartebas Tvlis mtkicebulebad, mtkicebis erTerT damoukidebel da mniSvnelovan saSualebad (sssk 102-e muxli). amave dros, mxareebi da mesame pirebi saqmis SedegiT dainteresebulia pirebia. am garemoebam ki SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos maTi axsna-ganmartebis sisworesa da utyuarobaze. magram, aseTi viTareba mxareTa axsna-ganmartebas ki ar arTmevs mtkicebulebiT Zalas da mniSvnelobas, aramed avalebs sasamarTlos gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT Seafasos mxaris Cveneba. mxaris yoveli ganmarteba faqtebis Sesaxeb, romelic gakeTebulia mis sasargeblod, magaliTad, mopasuxis ganmarteba imis Sesaxeb, rom man Seasrula valdebuleba mosarCelis winaSe, marTalia aris mtkicebuleba, magram arasakmarisi mtkicebuleba, romelic moiTxovs dadasturebas sxva mtkicebulebis meSveobiT. erTmaneTisagan unda gavmijnoT mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis is nawili, romelic moTxovnis Camoyalibebas dazustebas, Tu dakonkretebas emsaxureba da axsna-ganmartebis is nawili, romelic saqmis faqtiur 176

garemoebas Seexeba. mtkicebulebas warmoadgens mxaris axsna-ganmartebis mxolod is nawili, romelic saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebis arseboba-ararsebobas adasturebs. imisdamiuxedavad, Tu ra formiTaa warmodgenili mxareTa axsna-ganmarteba –werilobiT Tu zepiri formiT, mtkicebulebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod axsna-ganmartebis im nawils, romelic Seicavs miTiTebas faqtebis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTloebSi farTod gavrcelebuli praqtika, romlis mixedviT axsna-ganmartebas saqmis faqtiuri garemoebebis Sesaxeb aZlevs ara uSualod mxare, romelic eswreba saqmis ganxilvas, aramed misi warmomadgeneli ar Seesabameba kanons. warmomadgenels farTo saproceso uflebebi aqvs. mas SeuZlia gaanalizos saqmis masalebi, gamoTqvas Tavisi mosazrebebi saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebis utyuarobis Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli kanoni unda iqnes gamoyenebuli da rogori gadawyvetileba unda iqnes gamotanili da a.S. magram mas ar SeuZlia SeiTavsos mxaris rogorc mtkicebulebis wyaros funqcia, ise rogorc ar SeuZlia SeiTavsos mowmis an eqspertis funqcia. ufro metic, igi ar SeiZleba daikiTxos rogorc mowme, iseTi garemoebis Sesaxeb, romlebic misTvis cnobili gaxda warmomadgenlis movaleobis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT (ssk 141-e muxli). saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba sakmao sisruliT gansazRvravs mxareebisagan axsna-ganmartebis miRebis wesebs, maT Soris mxaris mier mowinaaRdege mxarisaTvis, agreTve mosamarTlis mier mxarisaTvis SekiTxvebis micemis wesebs (ssk 127-e, 128-e muxlebi). Zalian mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom kanonmdebloba krZalavs axsnaganmartebis miRebas iseTi pirebisagan, romlebsac Tavisi fizikuri an fsiqikuri naklis gamo ar SeuZlia sworad aRiqvas faqtebi, agreTve sasuliero pirisagan iseT garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic mas gaandves aRsarebis dros, agreTve Tanamdebobis pirisagan, iseT garemoebebze, romelTa Sesaxeb saidumloebis dacva mis samsaburebriv movaleobaSi Sedis (ssk 129-e muxli). 2.faqtis aRiareba. faqtis aRiareba-esaa mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis erT-erTi saxesxvaoba, mtkicebuleba, romelsac zogjer mtkicebulebaTa mefesac ki uwodebdnen. aRiarebis, rogorc mtkicebulebis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am mtkicebulebiT xdeba iseTi faqtis dadastureba, romelzec meore mxare amyarebs Tavis moTxovnas an Sesagebels. maSasadame, faqts, romelic unda daedasturebina erT mxares, adasturebs mowinaaRmdege mxare. swored amitom, aRiareba rogorc mtkicebuleba iTvleba utyuar mtkicebulebad, radgan igi gakeTebulia mowinaaRmdege mxaris sasargeblod da amRiareblis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod. am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobs kanonmdebeli, rodesac amkvidrebs wess, romlis Tanaxmad erTi mxaris mier iseTi garemoebis dadastureba, romelzec meore mxare amyarebs Tavis moTxovnas Tu Sesagebels, sasamarTlom SeiZleba sakmaris mtkicebulebad CaTvalos da safuZvlad daudos Tavis gadawyvetilebas (ssk 131-e muxli). sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac mxare Tavis aRiarebas garkveul daTqmas ukeTebs, magaliTad, mxare aRiarebs, rom marTlac isesxa gakveuli Tanxa mosarCelisagan, magram gadauxada kidec 177

es Tanxa. aq mxaris axsna-ganmartebis is nawili, romelic mowinaaRmdege mxaris sasargeblodaa, kerZod rom marTlac aiRo sesxi mosarCelisagan, aris aRiareba, radgan igi gakeTebulia mowinaaRmdege mxaris sasargeblod; rac Seexeba axsna-ganmartebis im nawils, romelic Tavis sasargeblodaa gakeTebuli, kerZod, rom daubruna nasesxebi Tanxa mosarCeles, igi araa aRiareba, radgan gakeTebulia amRiareblis sasargeblod. am faqts sWirdeba dadastureba sxva mtkicebulebebiT.83 samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs aRiarebis formas. aRiareba mxares SeuZlia gaakeTos werilobiTi an zepiri formiT. zepiri formiT mxaris aRiareba SeiZleba gakeTdes mosamzadebel an mTavar sxdomaze, am sxdomis oqmSi aucilebeli SetaniT. mxares, romelmac aRiara saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone esa Tu is faqti (garemoeba), ufleba aqvs Semdgom gaaqarwylos (uaryos) es aRiareba oRond kanoni gansazRvravs amisaTvis aucilebel pirobebs. es pirobebia: a)aRiarebis gaqarwyleba dasaSvebia gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde. gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg sasamarTlo, bunebrivia, veRarc ganixilavs aRiarebis gaqarwylebis sakiTxs da veRarc Secvlis Tavis gadawyvetilebas. es imas niSnavs, rom saapelacio sasamarTloSi aRar SeiZleba aRiarebis gaqarwylebis sakiTxi daisvas. saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos es sakiTxi, Tu saapelacio sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde iqneba dayenebuli mxaris mier da man uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis gamo ar dasva es sakiTxi pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos winaSe. b) mxarem, romelic moiTxovs mis mier gakeTebuli aRiarebis gaqarwylebas, unda daamtkicos (damtkicebis tvirTi) Semdegi faqtebi: 1) aRiareba iyo Secdomis Sedegi; magaliTad, gamnaTxovrebelma aRZra sarCeli mopasuxis mimarT naTxovari nivTis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb. mopasuxem (monaTxovrem) aRiara, rom man marTla inaTxovra sadavo nivTi, magram uvadod da amitom araa valdebuli daubrunos igi mosarCeles. Semdeg mopasuxem daazusta, rom faqtis aseTi aRiareba iyo Secdoma, radgan man nivTi saCuqrad miiRo da ara naTxovrobiT. Secdoma gamowveuli iyo misi iuridiuli gaunaTleblobiT. 2) mas daemuqra mowinaaRmdege mxare samsaxuridan daTxovniT an mis Sesaxeb iseTi cnobebis gavrcelebiT, romelic laxavs mis pativsa da Rirsebas (fsiqikuri zemoqmedeba); 3) an kidev, mas scemes da daemuqrnen fizikuri ganadgurebiT (fizikuri zemoqmedeba). amrigad, faqtis aRiareba unda gamoxatavdes amRiareblis Tavisufal nebas da Tu amRiarebeli daamtkicebs, rom aseTi neba sinamdvileSi gamoricxuli iyo – aRiareba gaqarwyldeba. II. werilobiTi mtkicebuleba SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom werilobiTi mtkicebulebebi, sxva saxis mtkicebulebebs Soris yvelaze frTod gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo procesSi, konkretul saqmeTa ganxilvagadawyvetis dros. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gadawyvetilebisaTvis

83

faqtis aRiareba unda ganvasxvavoT sarCelis aRiarebisagan. sarCelis aRiareba-esaa Tavisi materialur samarTlebrivi uflebis gankargvis aqti. sarCelis aRiarebis dros sasarCelo moTxovnis marTlzomierebas da aseT SemTxvevaSi mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba, Sefaseba aRaraa saWiro. sasamarTlom unda daakmayofilos sarCeli (dawvrilebiT ix. gv. .

mxaris mier mxare cnobs Semowmeba da . . ).

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mniSvnelovani zogierTi faqtis dadgena dasaSvebia mxolod werilobiTi mtkicebulebis gamoyenebiT. ssk 134-e muxlis Tanaxmad werilobiT mtkicebulebas warmoadgens aqtebi, sabuTebi, saqmiani da piradi xasiaTis werilebi, romlebic Seicavs cnobebs saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan garemoebaTa Sesaxebb werilobiTi mtkicebulebis am gansazRvrebaSi sworadaa miTiTebuli imis Sesaxeb, rom igi unda Seicavdes cnobebs saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan garemoebebze. magram, aseTive cnobebs Seicaven sxva mtkicebulebebic, rogoricaa nivTieri mtkicebuleba da eqspertis daskvna. miuxedavad amisa, werilobiTi mtkicebuleba gansxvavdeba nivTieri mtkicebulebisagan imiT, rom werilobiTi mtkicebuleba werilobiTi niSnebis gamoyenebiT Seicavs cnobebs dasamtkicebel anu saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, xolo nivTieri mtkicebuleba aseT cnobebs Seicavs Tavisi TvisebiT an xarisxiT (ix. gv. . .). werilobiTi niSnebis gamoyenebiT Seicavs cnobebs saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis Sesaxeb eqspertis daskvnac. miuxedavad amisa, eqspertis daskvna ar warmoadgens werilobiT mtkicebulebas, radgan igi Sedgenilia sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli da specialuri codniT aRWurvili piris mier. rac Seexeba werilobiT mtkicebulebas igi, rogorc wesi, Sedgenilia sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebis gaxsnamde da, maSasadame, sasamarTlos miTiTebis gareSe, xolo werilobiTi mtkicebulebis avtorTan sasamarTlos saproceso samarTliT mowesrigebuli raime urTierToba ar aqvs. amrigad, werilobiTi mtkicebulebebi iseTi sagnebia, romlebSic werilobiTi Tu sxva amgvari niSnebis saSualebiT Camoyalibebulia azrebi Tu ideebi, romlebic Seicaven cnobebs gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovan garemoebebze. azrebi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos aramarto werilobiTi niSnebiT, aramed cifrebiT, sanoto niSnebiT, SifrebiT, stenografiuli niSnebiT da a.S. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mtkicebuleba rom werilobiTs mivakuTvnoT, jer-erTi, mTavaria Sinaarsobrivi mxare: igi Tavisi SinaarsiT (da ara TvisebiT an xarisxiT) unda gvawvdides saWiro cnobebs da meore, am cnobebs unda viRebdeT wakiTxviT (amokiTxviT). Tavisi Sinaarsis mixedviT werilobiT mtkicebulebebs yofen ganmkargulebel da Sematyobinebel (cnobebis momwodebel) werilobiT mtkicebulebebad. ganmkargulebel werilobiT mtkicebulebad miCneulia iseTi dokumentebi, romlebSiac gamoxatulia nebiTi aqti, mimarTuli iuridiuli urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken (magaliTad, garigeba, administraciis brZaneba da a.S.). Semtyobinebel werilobiT mtkicebulebad miCneulia iseTi dokumentebi, romlebic mxolod adastureben ama Tu im faqts, rogoricaa magaliTad, saqmiani da piradi xasiaTis werilebi. sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT piradi xasiaTis werili, romelic adasturebs gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovan iseT faqts, rogoricaa raime valdebulebis arseboba, magaliTad, sesxis faqts. arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac araregistrirebul qorwinebaSi dabadebuli bavSvis dedas sasamarTloSi miaqvs bavSvis faqtiuri mamis werilebi, romlebSic igi aRiarebs am bavSvis mamobas da a.S. Tavisi formis mixedviT ganasxvaveben ubralo anu martiv da kvalificiur werilobiT mtkicebulebebs. kvalificiuri werilobiTi mtkicebulebebi Seicaven faqtis oficialur dadasturebas. magaliTad, 179

notarialurad gaformebuli werilobiTi xelSekruleba. sk 183-e muxlis Tanaxmad uZravi nivTis SeZena unda moxdes sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli sabuTiT. es imas niSnavs, rom uZravi nivTis SeZenis dasadastureblad SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes sasamarTloSi mxolod notarialurad damowmebuli sabuTi. ubralo (martivi) werilobiTi dokumentebi ar saWiroeben aseT damowmebas. sakmarisia, rom dokumenti an masze xelmowera Sedgenili iyos an xels awerdes mxare. magaliTad, sk 69-e muxlis Tanaxmad martivi werilobiTi formis arsebobisas garigebis namdvilobisaTvis sakmarisia garigebaSi monawile mxareTa xelmowera. warmoSobis xerxis anu wyaros xasiaTis mixedviT ganasxvaveben dedan (original) dokumentebsa da am dokumentebis pirebs anu aslebs. iseT pirobebSi, rodesac teqnikis ganviTarebam miaRwia arnaxul masStabebs da dokumentis gayalbeba TiTqmis araviTar siZneles ar warmoadgens, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens werilobiTi sabuTebis dednis saxiT wardgena sasamarTloSi, rasac moiTxovs ssk 135-e muxli. mxare SeiZleba ganTavisufldes dedani sabuTis wardgenisagan mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daamtkicebs, rom aseTi sabuTis wardgena SeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom igi ganadgurda xanZris gamo an sxva raime stiqiuri ubedurebis Sedegad da sxva. subieqtebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben oficialur da araoficialur werilobiT sabuTebs. oficialuria iseTi sabuTebi, romlebic Sedgenilia saxelmwifo organizaciebis, sajaro iuridiuli pirebis Tu Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis pirebis mier, agreTve kerZo iuridiuli pirebisa da maTi Tanamdebobis pirebis mier. araoficialuria werilobiTi sabuTebi gacemuli fizikuri pirebis mier. werilobiT mtkicebulebas sasamarTlos warudgenen mxareebi. maT SeuZliaT sTxovon sasamarTlos im werilobiTi sabuTebis gamoTxova, romelTa miReba TviTon ver SeZles. iuridiuli pirebi Tu moqalaqeebi valdebulni arian miawodon sasamarTlos gamoTxovili werilobiTi masalebi. am valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis iuridiuli piris Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis piri, visi braliTac ar moxda sasamarTlos mier gamoTxovili werilobiTi sabuTis gadmogzavna, an fizikuri piri, SeiZleba dajarimdes, rac ar aTavisuflebs maT am werilobiTi sabuTebis wardgenisagan (ssk 136-e muxli). dainteresebul mxares SeuZlia ganacxados, rom werilobiTi sabuTi yalbia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mxares, romelmac igi warmoadgina SeuZlia sTxovos sasamarTlos am sadavo sabuTis mtkicebulebebidan amoricxvis Sesaxeb. Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare winaaRmdegia aseTi amoricxvis, maSin sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos sabuTis namdviloba, risTvisac SeuZlia daniSnos eqspertiza. magaliTad, mosarCelem warmoadgina nasyidobis xelSekruleba, magram meore mxarem ganacxada, rom yalbia da misi saxeliT xelmowera am xelSekrulebaze sinamdvileSi ar ekuTvnis mas. am faqtis dasadastureblad sasamarTlos SeuZlia daniSnos eqspertiza. Tu damtkicdeba, rom xelSekruleba yalbia, sasamarTlo amoricxavs mas saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebidan, gamoitans dasabuTebul ganCinebas da am xelSekrulebas eqspertis daskvnasTan erTad gadascems sagamoZiebo organoebs (ssk 137-e muxli). erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT mtkicebulebis saxiT sasamarTloSi warmodgenili dokumentis siyalbis sakiTxis ganxilva, rac mimarTulia am dokumentis mtkicebulebiTi mniSvnelobis 180

gaqarwylebisaken da sarCelebi dokumentis siyalbis dadgenis Sesaxeb, romelTa ganxilvis Sedegad sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ara ganCineba, aramed gadawyvetileba (ssk 180-e muxli). sasamarTloSi wardgenili dedani sabuTebi gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg SeiZleba daubrundes (Tu amas moiTxovs) misi warmdgen pirs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo valdebulia gadaiRos aslebi, daamowmos mosamarTlem da Seinaxos sasamarTloSi. III. mowmis Cveneba. 1. mowmis Cvenebis cneba. mowmis Cveneba erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli mtkicebulebaa samoqalaqo procesSi. mowmis meSveobiT dasturdeba mravali faqti, romlis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda saqmis arsebiTad sworad gadawyveta. kanonmdeblobis analizidan gamomdinare, mowmes Semdegi moTxovnebi waeyeneba: a) mowmed SeiZleba iyos yoveli piri, romlisTvisac cnobilia raime garemoeba saqmis Sesaxeb. amitom, mowmis dabarebis Sesaxeb Suamdgomlobis aRmZvreli piri movalea miuTiTos, saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romeli garemoebis dadastureba SeuZlia mowmes. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom faqtebs, romelTa dadasturebisTvis mxare Suamdgomlobs mowmis gamoZaxebaze, ar aqvT saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari Tqvas mis gamoZaxebaze da dakiTxvaze (ssk 140-e muxli). b) mowmed SeiZleba iyos piri, romelsac Seswevs unari sworad aRiqvas faqtebi da misces maT Sesaxeb swori Cveneba (ssk 141-e muxlis pirveli nawili). g) mowmed SeiZleba iyos piri, romelic ar aris iuridiulad dainteresebuli saqmis SedegiT. aq mxedvelobaSia iuridiuli interesi anu iseTi interesi, romelic gaaCnia mosarCeles da mopasuxes, romlebisTvisac saqmeze gamotanil gadawyvetilebas SeuZlia garkveuli sargeblobis motana. Tu pirs aqvs iuridiuli interesi, is unda Caebas procesSi rogorc erT-erTi mxare (TanamosarCele, Tanamopasuxe) an mesame piri sxva sakiTxia, rodesac mowme dainteresebulia SedegiT mxareebis mimarT megobruli, naTesauri Tu sxva damokidebulebis gamo. aseTi araiuridiuli daintereseba ar arTmevs pirs uflebas dakiTxuli iqnes mowmed. misi aseTi interesi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes misi Cvenebis Sefasebis dros. amrigad, mowme samoqalaqo procesSi sasamarTlos mier saqmis garemoebebis Sesaxeb Cvenebis misaRebad gamoZaxebuli piria, romelsac Seswevs unari sworad aRiqvas faqtebi da misces maT Sesaxeb swori Cveneba. ramdenadac mowme TviTon uSualod aRiqvams faqtebs, igi ar SeiZleba Seicvalos sxva piriT. amasTan erTad, mowmem SeiZleba misces Cveneba iseT faqtobriv garemoebebze, romelTa Sesaxeb uSualod ki ara, aramed sxvebisgan gaigo. aseT SemTxvevaSi mowmem unda miuTiTos Tu visgan miiRo cnobebi. mowmis Cveneba, romlis wyaro cnobili ar aris, mtkicebulebad ver gamodgeba. amrigad, mowmis Cveneba – esaa sasamarTloSi mowmed gamoZaxebuli da kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT dakiTxul iuridiulad dauinteresebeli 181

piris cnobebi saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtobrvi garemoebebis Sesaxeb. 2. Cvenebis micemaze uarisTqmis ufleba. kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs im pirTa wres, romlebic ar SeiZleba dakiTxul iqnen rogorc mowme. cxadia, rom Tu aseTi pirebi gamoZaxebuli iqnebian, maT SeuZliaT uari Tqvan Cvenebis micemaze. aseTi pirebis kategorias ganekuTvnebian: a) piri, romelsac ar SeuZlia sworad aRiqvas faqtebi Tavisi fizikuri an fsiqikuri naklis gamo; aseTi piri rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, saerToT arc SeiZleba gamoZaxebuli iqnes mowmed, magram Tu igi gamoZaxebuli iyo, sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos misgan Cveneba; b) sasuliero piri-im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic mas gaandes aRsarebis dros; rac Seexeba sxva garemoebebs, maT Sesaxeb sasuliero piri SeiZleba daikiTxos; g) warmomadgenlebi samoqalaqo saqmeebze da damcvelebi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze – iseTi garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic maTTvis cnobili gaxda warmomadgenlis an damcvelis movaleobis Sesrulebisas (sssk 141-e muxli). Tu aq CamoTvlili pirebi gamoZaxebuli iqnebia mowmeebad zemoT miTiTebul garemoebebze Cvenebis misacemad, maT SeuZliaT uari Tqvas aseTi Cvenebis micemaze. amasTan erTad, kanoni gansazRvravs im pirTa wres, romlebsac SeuZliaT uari Tqvan Cvenebis micemaze nebismieri faqtis arsebobaararsebobis Sesaxeb. aseT pirTa kategorias ganekuTvnebian: a)mxareTa meuRleebi; b) axlo naTesavebi (Svilebi, SviliSvilebi, Zmebi, debi, mSoblebi, mSvileblebi, Svilobilebi, mzrunvelebi, meurveebi, bebiebi, babuebi); g) pirebi, romlebic TavianTi samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamo valdebuli arian daicvan saidumloeba. es imas niSnavs, rom „g“ punqtSi miTiTebuli pirebi sxva faqtebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba daikiTxon (ssk 142-e muxli). aq CamoTvlil pirebs ufleba aqvT ar miscen Cveneba mxolod im pirobiT, Tu es gamoiwvevs mis an axlo naTesavis mimarT sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvras, an miayenebs maT qonebriv zians. magaliTad, axlo naTesav mowmes ufleba aqvs ar misces Cveneba imis Sesaxeb, rom xanZari gamowveuli iyo misi mSoblis uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT, rasac moyva mosarCelis qonebis ganadgureba. kanoni Seicavs iseTi SemTxvevis amomwurav CamonaTvals, rodesac Tumca arsebobs Cvenebis micmaze uaris Tqmis ufleba, magram piri mainc valdebulia misces Cveneba. aseTi valdebuleba warmoiSoba a) Tu saWiroa dadasturdes garigeba, romlis dadebisas igi miwveuli iyo mowmed. magaliTad, dasamowmebelia aqti, romlis erT-erTi monawile aris yrumunji, brma, wera-kiTxvis armcodne (ix. „sanotaro moqmedebaTa wesis Sesaxeb“ instruqcia, me-20 muxli); b) saWiroa gairkves ojaxis wevris dabadebis, daqorwinebis an gardacvalebis sakiTxebi; g) Tu piri ama Tu im samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobisas moqmedebda rogorc warmomadgeneli. magaliTad, sk 103-e muxlis Tanaxmad garigeba SeiZleba daidos warmomadgenlis meSveobiTac. roca garigebas debs warmomadgeneli davalebis (mindobilobis) safuZvelze, maSin es warmomadgeneli, kidec rom sargeblobdes Cvenebis micemaze uarisTqmis uflebiT, mainc 182

valdebulia misces Cveneba am garigebis dadebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. Cvenebis micemaze uarisTqmis uflebis damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba pirs, romelic aseT uflebaze akeTebs gancxadebas. magaliTad, Tu mowmed dasaxelebuli piri acxadebs, rom igi romelime mxaris axlo naTesavia, unda warudginos sasamarTlos amis damadasturebeli dokumenti da a.S. mowmes, rogorc saproceso urTierTobis monawiles, aqvs uflebebi da movaleobebi. mowmis uflebebia: misces Cveneba mSobliur enaze, miiRos sasamarTloSi gamocxadebisaTvis gaweuli mgzavrobisa da sacxovrebeli sadgomis daqiravebis xarjebi, dRiuri Tanxa, SeunarCundeT saSualo xelfasi, xolo Tu isini ar arian SromiT urTierTobaSi, maSin maT Cveulebrivi saqmianobidan mocdenisaTvis eZlevaT gasamrjelo faqtobrivad daxarjuli droisa da Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri odenobis gaTvaliswinebiT (ssk 45-e muxli). mowmis movaleobebia: a) gamocxaddes sasamarTloSi daniSnul dros da b) misces swori Cveneba. am movaleobaTa Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia aramato samoqalaqo saproceso sanqciiT, rogoricaa dajarimeba 10 lariT an iZulebiT (policiis organoebis meSveobiT) moyvana, aramed sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobiT, cru Cvenebis micemisaTvis an Cvenebis micemaze uarisTqmisaTvis (sisaxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 370-e, 371-e muxlebi). 3. mowmis dakiTxvis wesi. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs mowmeTa dakiTxvis wess, romelic SemuSavebulia fsiqologiuri mecnierebis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es wesi zogadad SemdegSi mdgomareobs: a) yoveli mowme calke unda daikiTxos. mowmeebi, romlebsac jer ar miuciaT Cveneba, ar unda iyvnen sasamarTlo sxdomis darbazSi, xolo dakiTxuli mowmeebi rCebian darbazSi saqmis ganxilvis damTavrebamde (ssk 148-e muxlis pirveli nawili); mowmeTa dakiTxvis aseT wess SeiZleba is mniSvneloba hqondes, rom ar moaxdinon gavlena erTmaneTze Cvenebis micemisas, xolo dakiTxuli mowmis sxdomis darbazSi yofnas SeiZleba is mniSvneloba hqondes, rom SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes misi ganmeorebiT dakiTxva an sxva mowmeebTan dapirispireba (ssk 149-e muxli). b) dakiTxvis dawyebis win sasamarTlom unda gaarkvios mowmis pirovneba. es aucilebelia ara marto imisaTvis, rom icodes sasamarTlom da mxareebma vis dakiTxvas apireben, aramed SeimuSaos am mowmis dakiTxvis taqtika. kerZod, mowmis damokidebulebis garkvevas mxareebTan (megobroba, erToblivad raime saqmianobis warmarTva da a.S.), aqvs mniSvneloba sasamarTlos mier misi Cvenebis Sefasebis dros; g) mowmes unda mieces sruli SesaZlebloba Tavisufali TxrobiT gadmosces yvelaferi, rac man icis saqmis garemoebebis Sesaxeb. mxolod mas Semdeg, roca mowme Tavisufali TxrobiT gadmoscems imas rac icis, amis Semdeg SeiZleba mieces mas SekiTxvebi. SekiTxvebis micemis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom Tavisufali TxorobiT gadmocemuli Cveneba, rogorc wesi, araa yovelTvis sruli. am xarvezis Sevsebas emsaxureba SekiTxvebis micema.84 84

ix. d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia, Tbilisi, 1940, gv. 323-328.

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sasamarTlom ganuxrelad unda daicvas SekiTxvebis micemis kanoniT dadgenili rigiToba, romlis mixedviT pirvelad SekiTxvas aZlevs mxare, romlis iniciativiTac daibares mowme, an am mxaris warmomadgeneli. amis Semdeg sasamarTlos nebarTviT SekiTxva SeiZleba misces saqmis monawile sxva pirebma. SekiTxvebis micemis rigiToba ar vrceldeba sasamarTloze; mosamarTles SeuZlia SekiTxva misces dakiTxvis yvela momentSi. mas SeuZlia agreTve moxsnas nebismieri SekiTxva, romelic ar emsaxureba saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani garemoebis garkvevas, an, Tu SekiTxva STamagonebel zegavlenas axdens mowmeze, rac fsiqologiuri mecnierebis monacemebiT dauSvebelia. e) mowme unda daikiTxos sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze (ssk 147-e muxli). gamonaklisi am wesidan, e.i. mowmis dakiTxva misi adgilsamyofelis mixedviT, dasaSvebia, Tu avadmyofobis, invalidobis an sxva sapatio mizeziT mas ar SeuZlia gamocxaddes sasamarTloSi, an kidev, dasakiTxia mravali mowme, romlebic erT adgilas cxovroben da maTi sasamarTloSi gamocxadeba did xarjebs moiTxovs. mowmis dakiTxva misi adgilsamyofelis mixedviT unda moxdes mxareTa SetyobinebiT da im wesebis dacviT, rac kanoniTaa gansazRvruli. v)mowmis dakiTxva SeiZleba moxdes sasamarTlo davalebis wesiTac (ssk 107-108-e muxlebi). es imas niSnavs, rom mowme, romelic sxva qalaqSi, raionSi an sxva qveyanaSi cxovrobs (muSaobs), SeiZleba sasamarTlos davalebiT daikiTxos im sasamarTlos mier, romlisTvisac teritoriulad es ufro mosaxerxebelia. mowmis dakiTxvis oqmi unda gadaegzavnos im sasamarTlos, romlis davalebiTac daikiTxa mowme.85 T) samoqalaqo saprocso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs erT mniSvnelovan siaxles: mowmis mier ficis dadebas (ssk 153-e muxli). imisaTvis, rom mowmes mieces ficis dadebis SesaZlebloba ori garemoebis erTdroulad arsebobaa aucilebeli: erTi - mowmis Cvenebas unda hqondes gadamwyveti mniSvneloba davis gadawyvetisaTvis. magaliTad, mowmis Cvenebazea damokidebuli sarCelis dakmayofileba, an mis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqma da meore – ficis dadebas sasamarTlo mizanSewonilad CaTvlis. magaliTad, mowmis Cvenebas imis Sesaxeb, rom misi TandaswrebiT mopasuxem miuTvala sesxad aRebuli Tanxa mosarCeles, aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis. amitom, Tu sasamarTlos es mizanSewonilad miaCnia, am mowmes SeiZleba mosTxovos ficis dadeba. fsiqologiis mecnierebis monacemebiT TviTon faqti piris mowmis saxiT sasamarTlSi gamoZaxebisa STamagonebel zegavlenas axdens am pirze. miT umetes aseTi zegavlena Zlierdeba, roca mowmes afrTxileben sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. magram, roca mas RmerTis winaSec aficeben, ar aris gamoricxuli aseTma pirma saerTod ganacxados, rom araferi saqmis garemoebebis Sesaxeb ar icis da amitom verc miscems maT Sesaxeb raime Cvenebas. amitom, ficis dadebis momenti, Tu amas sasamarTlo mizanSewonilad CaTvlis, unda moxdes mxolod Cvenebis micemis Semdeg da im wesiT, rogorc es ssk 153-e muxlis me-5 nawilSia Camoyalibebuli. 85

„saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 62-e muxli. agreTve, minskis konvencia „samoqalaqo, saojaxo da sisxlis saqmeebze samarTlebrivi daxmarebisa da samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb“ (me-6 muxli).

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religiuri, Tu arareligiuri ficis dadeba, an kidev Tavisi rwmenis gamo, ficis dadebaze uarisqma ar aTavisuflebs sasamarTlos Seafasos mowmis Cveneba Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. ficiT dadasturebuli mowmis Cveneba sasamarTlom SeiZleba sarwmunod miiCnios. swored am mosazrebiT SeiZleboda exelmZRvanela kanonmdebels, roca ssk 153-e muxlis me-4 nawiliT miuTiTa imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTlom auxsnas mowmes ficis dadebis win „winaswar ganzraxulad daficebis gziT yalbi Cvenebis micemiT gamowveuli sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb“. amrigad, kanonmdebeli ar gamoricxavs yalbi Cvenebis ficis meSveobiT dadasturebis SesaZleblobas. es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlom unda Seafasos mowmis Cveneba misi utyuarobis TvalsazrisiT yvela SemTxvevaSi, gamonaklisis gareSe. aseTia mowmis dakiTxvisa da misgan Cvenebis miRebis ZiriTadi wesebi. am wesebis dacva aucilebelia, raTa mowmis Cvenebas mieces mtkicebulebiTi mniSvneloba. IV. nivTieri mtkicebuleba 1.cneba. ssk 154-e muxlis pirveli nawili Seicavs nivTieri mtkicebulebebis kanonismier (legalur) ganmartebas: nivTieri mtkicebulebebia nivTebi, romlebic Tavisi xarisxiT, TvisebebiT an arsebobiT warmoadgenen saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis dadgenis saSualebas. am ganmartebiT kidev erTxel gamoikveTa gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs nivTier mtkicebulebasa da werilobiT mtkicebulebas Soris. werilobiTia yoveli sagani, romelic masze gamoxatuli niSnebiT da maTi amokiTxvis saSualebiT Seicavs cnobebs faqtebis Sesaxeb, xolo nivTieria sagnebi, romlebic Tavisi TvisebiT, xarisxiT, mdebareobiT da a.S. gvawvdis aseT cnobebs. magaliTad, romelime werilobiTi dokumenti SeiZleba werilobiTi ki ara, aramed nivTieri mtkicebuleba iyos, Tu gvainteresebs am dokumentis ara Sinaarsi, aramed misi Tviseba, kerZod is, rom igi gayalbebulia (yalbia blanki, Stampi, beWedi masze, amoSlilia (gadafxekilia) xelmowera da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi es dokumenti iqneba nivTieri mtkicebuleba. zogjer nivTieri mtkicebuleba cnobebs gvawvdis Tavisi xarisxiT, magaliTad, rodesac sadavoa Sesyiduli (gadacemuli) nivTis xarisxi (sk 488-e muxli). nivTier mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlos warudgenen mxareebi. mxarem SeiZleba sTxovos sasamarTlos TviTon gamoiTxovos nivTieri mtkicebuleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man uSualod ver SeZlo misi miReba im pirisagan, romelTanac es mtkicebuleba inaxeba. mxare, romelic Txovs sasamarTlos miiRos misgan nivTieri mtkicebuleba an gamoiTxovos igi, valdebulia miuTiTos Tu saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis romeli garemoebis dadastureba SeiZleba am mtkicebulebiT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac garemoebas (faqts), romlis dasadasturebladac mxare Suamdgomlobs nivTieri mtkicebulebis gamoTxovaze an miRebaze, ar aqvs mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis, sasamarTlom uari unda uTxras am mxares mis miRebaze da gamoTxovaze. nebismieri fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piri, nebismieri Tanamdebobis piri valdebulia gadaugzavnos sasamarTlos mis mier gamoTxovili 185

nivTieri mtkicebuleba amave sasamarTlos mier dadgenil vadaSi. am valdebulebis Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia sanqciiT, rogoricaa dajarimeba pirvelad 10 lariT. dajarimeba SeiZleba moqalaqis, an im Tanamdebobis piris, visi braliTac ar gadaigzavna nivTieri mtkicebuleba. Tu nivTieri mtkicebuleba ganmaorebiT dajarimebis Semdegac ar iqneba gadagzavnili, maSin sasamarTlo amoiRebs maT policiis meSveobiT an moaxdens maT daTvalierebas adgilze (ssk 159-e muxli). sul sxva xasiaTis Sedegebs iwvevs sasamarTlos mier gamoTxovili nivTieri mtkicebulebis warudgenloba mxaris mier. Tu nivTieri mtkicebulebis wardgenaze uars ambobs erT-erTi mxare romelic ar uaryofs, rom es mtkicebuleba mis xelTaa, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia nivTieri mtkicebulebis gamoTxovaze Suamdgomlobis aRmZvreli piri gaaTavisuflos im faqtis damtkicebis tvirTisagan, romelic am mtkicebulebiT unda daedasturebina da aseTi tvirTi gadaakisros mxares, romelic uars ambobs mis xelT arsebuli nivTieri mtkicebulebis wardgenaze. nivTier mtkicebulebebs, ise rogorc nebismier sxva mtkicebulebas, sasamarTlo afasebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. amisaTvis, uwinares yovlisa, saWiroa, rom man daaTvalieros es mtkicebulebebi. Tu isini, maTi moculobis gamo ver iqnebian warmodgenili sasamarTloSi, maSin sasamarTlom isini unda daaTvalieros adgilze. adgilze daTvalierebas sasamarTlo awarmoebs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT (ix. gv. . . . ). cxadia, rom mxareebs SeuZliaT aramarto daaTvalieron warmodgenili nivTieri mtkicebulebebi, aramed gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazrebebi maT Sesaxeb, rac daexmareba sasamarTlos am mtkicebulebebis SefasebaSi. mxareebs SeuZliaT sTxovon sasamarTlos nivTier mtkicebulebaTa Semowmebis mizniT daniSnos eqspertiza. eqspertizis daniSvna am mizniT SeuZlia sasamarTlosac Tavisi iniciativiT. nivTieri mtkicebuleba inaxeba saqmeSi an sasamarTlos Sesanax kameraSi, xolo Tu maTi sasamarTloSi mitana SeuZlebelia, maSin isini inaxeba adgilze. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini dawvrilebiT unda aRiweros da miRebuli iqnes zomebi maTi ucvlelad SenaxvisaTvis. Tu Senaxva SeuZlebelia sasamarTlo moaxdens maT realizacias da Semosul Tanxas Caricxavs sasamarTlos sadepozito angariSze. nivTebi, romlebic warmodgenili iyo rogorc mtkicebululebebi, daubrundeba mis warmomdgen pirs, an im mxares, romelsac sasamarTlom miakuTvna ufleba am nivTze. rogorc wesi, nivTieri mtkicebulebebis dabruneba xdeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac gadawyvetileba Seva kanonier ZalaSi. cxadia, mxedvelobaSia iseTi nivTebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyos moqalaqeTa mflobelobaSi. Tu iseTi nivTebia, romlebic ar SeiZleba iyos maT mflobelobaSi, an SeiZleba, magram amisaTvis specialuri nebarTvaa saWiro, maSin es nivTebi gadaecema Sesabamis organoebs. magaliTad, Tu nivTieri mtkicebulebebis saxiT warmodgenili iyo sanadiro Tofi, romlis specialuri nebarTva mxares ar gaaCnda, igi gadaecema policiis organoebs. rogorc gamonaklisi, nivTebi SeiZleba daubrundes mis warmomdgen pirs gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde ori pirobis erTdroulad arsebobisas: erTi – Tu aris nivTieri mtkicebulebebis mflobelis an warmomadgenlis Suamdgomloba da meore – Tu 186

sasamarTlos azriT nivTebis dabruneba ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqmis ganxilvis interesebs. xels ar SeuSlis saqmis sworad gadawyvetas. V. eqspertis daskvna 1. specialuri codnis raoba. sasamarTlo Semecnebis procesSi, kerZod, saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis dadgenis dros SeiZleba Segvxvdes iseTi faqtebi, romelTa damtkiceba da dadastureba Cveulebrivi meTodebiTa da cnobili saSualebebiT SeuZlebelia. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlosaTvis didi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia mecnierul-teqnikur progress. mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi mravalmxriv zegavlenas axdens sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sxvadasxva sferoze. am zegavlenis gareSe ar darCenila sasamarTlo Semecnebac. mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis zegavlena sasamarTlo Semecnebaze sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT vlindeba. erT-erTi aseTi mimarTulebaa mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebis danergva sasamarTlo praqtikaSi saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtiuri garemoebebis dadgenisa da mtkicebulebaTa dafiqsirebis mizniT. arsebobs mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebis marTlmsajulebis miznebisaTvis gamoyenebis sxvadasxva formebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs sasamarTlo eqspertizas. ssk 162-e muxlis Tanaxmad Tu saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWra iseTi sakiTxi, romlis ganmarteba specialur codnas moiTxovs, sasamarTlos, mxareTa TxovniT an Tavisi iniciativiT SeuZlia daniSnos eqspertiza. ra aris specialuri codna? kanoni, romelic uSvebs specialuri codnis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, ar gansazRvravs am cnebis Sinaarss. uwinares yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom yovelgvari codna, romelic samarTlebriv sferos ganekuTvneba, ar SeiZleba specialur codnas mivakuTvnoT. amave dros, ara yoveli codna, romelic samarTlebrivs ar ganekuTvneba, aris specialuri codna. saqme isaa, rom ama Tu im sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, an ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebisas sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs isargeblos ara marto Tavisi profesiuli gamocdilebiT, aramed adamianebis empiriuli dakvirvebis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli da sayovelTaod cnobili ganzogadebebiT, agreTve im wesebiTa da normebiT, romlebic SemuSavda cxovrebis mier da romlebic asaxaven Cveni sazogadoebis moralur Sexedulebebsa da rwmenas. socialuri Tanacxovrebisa da moralis moTxovnebi ar warmoadgenen samarTlebriv normebs, magram maT aqvT mniSvneloba samoqalaqo samarTlebriv urTierTobisa da maTi monawileTa SefasebisaTvis. aq sakmarisi iqneba avRniSnoT, rom sk 54-e muxlis Tanaxmad garigeba baTilia ara marto im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac igi arRvevs kanoniT dadgenil wessa da akrZalvebs, an rodesac igi ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro wesrigs, aramed, rodesac igi ewinaaRmdegeba zneobis normebs. TavisTavad cxadia, rom socialuri Tanacxovrebis moralis an sxva socialuri normebis codna ar miekuTvneba specialuri codnis sferos. mosamarTleebma, rogorc Tavisi sazogadoebis wevrebma, unda icodnen es normebi da kargadac unda erkveodnen masSi. eqspertizis daniSvna aseT sakiTxebze, magaliTad, xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba garigeba zneobis normebs, dauSvebelia. 187

samoqalaqo procesualuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiT specialuri codna – es iseTi codnaa, romelic scildeba samarTlebrivi codnis, adamianebis empiriuli dakvirvebis Sedegad SemuSavebul sayovelTaod cnobil ganzogadebebisa da im wesebisa da normebis farglebs, romlebic asaxaven sazogadoebis moralur Tu sxva Sexedulebas da rwmenas. 2. eqspertizis daniSvna. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, eqspertiza SeiZleba dainiSnos rogorc mxareTa TxovniT, ise sasamarTlos iniciativiT. eqspertiza unda dainiSnos saqmis momzadebis stadiaze (ssk 103-e muxlis „a“ punqti). mogvianebiT, e.i. saqmis momzadebis damTavrebis Semdeg, roca ukve daniSnulia sasamarTlos mTavari sxdoma, sasamarTlo daniSnavs eqspertizas, Tu misi droulad daniSvna ver moxerxda sapatio mizezis gamo. damoukideblad imisa, Tu rodis, an saqmis warmoebis romel stadiaze iniSneba eqspertiza, sasamarTlo yovelTvis atyobinebs mxareebs, raTa maT SeZlon gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazreba eqspertad SerCeuli pirisa da im sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, romlebzec saWiroa eqspertis daskvna. cxadia, rom maTi gamoucxadebloba ver daabrkolebs eqspertizis daniSvnas. sasamarTlos ganCineba eqspertizis daniSvnis Sesaxeb unda Seicavdes Semdegi Sinaarsis miTiTebebs: a) specialuri saeqsperto dawesebulebas, romelsac miendo eqspertis gamoyofa da eqspertizis Catareba; b) eqspertad daniSnuli piris vinaobas, Tu eqspertiza tardeba araspecialur sasamarTlo saeqsperto dawesebulebaSi; g) im faqtebis zust da srul CamonaTvals, romelTa arsebobis, Tu ararsebobis Sesaxeb saWiroa eqspertizis daskvna; d) im masalebis CamonaTvals, romlebic waredgina eqsperts gamosarkvevad. iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac eqspertizis Catareba mindobili aqvs specialur sasamarTlo saeqsperto dawesebulebis eqsperts, sasamarTlo ugzavnis Tavis ganCinebas eqspertizis daniSvnis Sesaxeb am dawesebulebis xelmZRvanels, romelic, Tavis mxriv eqspertizis Catarebas miandobs am dawesebulebis erT-erT an ramdenime eqsperts. saeqsperto dawesebulebis xelmZRvaneli ganumartavs eqsperts saproceso kanonmdeblobiT misTvis gaTvaliswinebul uflebebsa da movaleobebs (ssk 168-e muxli). mas Semdeg, rodesac mxarisaTvis cnobili gaxda Tu vis miendo eqspertizis Catareba, mas SeuZlia ganacxados acileba am eqspertis mimarT. acilebis sakiTxs ganixilavs sasamarTlo (ssk 34-e muxli). mas Semdeg, rac specialurma saeqsperto dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelma eqspertizis Catareba miando mis erT-erT TanamSromels (eqsperts), saproceso urTierToba myardeba sasamarTlosa da am eqsperts Soris. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu am eqsperts surs miiRos damatebiTi masalebi eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis an sxva nebismier sakiTxze, man unda mimarTos uSualod sasamarTlos. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom eqspertizas atarebs ara iuridiuli piri – specialuri saeqsperto dawesebuleba, aramed eqsperti-fizikuri piri, romelic pasuxismgebelia eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis da miukerZoebeli da swori daskvnis micemisaTvis. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac eqspertiza ar tardeba specialuri saeqsperto dawesebulebis mier, maSin pirs eqspertad niSnavs uSualod sasamarTlo, romelic gadascems mas saWiro masalebs, ganumartavs 188

ufleba-movaleobebs da afrTxilebs pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb daskvnis micemaze uarisTqmis Tu Segnebulad yalbi daskvnis micemisaTvis (ssk 167-e muxli). ssk 163-e da 164-e muxlebis Tanaxmad, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi eqspertizis Casatareblad sasamarTlo niSnavs ramdenime eqsperts. ramdenime eqspertis daniSvnis aucilebloba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlosaTvis saintereso sakiTxis gasarkvevad saWiroa specialuri codna mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi, codnis sxvadasxva sferoebSi. aseT eqspertizas kompleqsur eqspertizas uwodeben. eqspertis daskvnis utyuarobis, misi obieqturobisa da sisworis uzrunvelyofis mizniT samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs eqspertis mier ficis dadebas. ficis dadeba SeiZleba moxdes eqspertizis Catarebamde an mis Semdeg. dros, Tu rodis moxdes ficis dadeba gansazRvravs sasamarTlo. zogadad, ficis Sinaars gansazRvravs kanoni (ssk 175-e muxli). am kanonis Tanaxmad ficis Sinaarsi SeiZleba ase gamoiyurebodes: „vficav Cavatare (an Cavataro) eqspertiza Cemi codnisa da sindisis Sesabamisad“. specialuri sasamarTlo saeqsperto dawesebulebis eqspertebs SeiZleba micemuli hqondeT saerTo fici, ris gamoc, aRaraa saWiro yoveli calkeuli eqspertizis Catarebisas dadon fici. Tu eqsperti uars ambobs ficis dadebaze, maSin mosamarTle mimarTavs eqsperts „adasturebT Tu ara sasamarTlos winaSe pasuxismgeblobis mTeli SegnebiT, rom Tqven mieciT daskvna Cveni codnisa da rwmenis mixedviT“. eqsperti pasuxobs „diax vadastureb“. 3. eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis saWiro masalebis Segroveba. eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis saWiro masalebs sasamarTlos warudgenen mxareebi. am masalebis gamoTxova SeuZlia agreTve sasamarTlosac Tavisi iniciativiT. eqsperts ufleba ar aqvs TviTon Seagrovos aseTi masalebi. eqsperts SeuZlia mxolod sTxovos sasamarTlos damatebiTi masalebis wardgena. eqspertma SeiZleba miiRos misTvis saWiro masalebi mxolod sasamarTlos meSveobiT. Tavisi iniciativiT eqsperts ufleba ar aqvs Seagrovos aseTi masalebi. ssk 169-e muxlis me-2 nawili Seicavs erT metad mniSvnelovan siaxles: Tu eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis saWiroa mowmis Cveneba, sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamouZaxos da dakiTxos igi eqspertis TandaswrebiT. am wesiT dakiTxuli mowme ar Tavisufldeba sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamocxadebisagan da zepir ganxilvaze ganmeorebiT dakiTxvisagan. 4. eqspertis daskvna da misi Sefaseba sasamarTlos mier. specialuri codniT aRWurili piri, romelic eqspertad daniSna sasamarTlom, atarebs gamokvlevas (eqspertizas) im sakiTxebis garkvevis mizniT, romlebic ainteresebs sasamarTlos. gamokvlevis Sedegebi aisaxeba eqspertis daskvnaSi, romelic unda Sedges werilobiTi formiT da am formiT Sedgenili daskvna waredgineba sasamarTlos (ssk 170-e muxli). amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, eqspertis daskvna – esaa mtkicebis damoukidebeli saSualeba, romelic Sedgenilia sasamarTlos mier eqspertad daniSnuli specialistis mier 189

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegad. am ganmartebidan gamomdinare, eqspertis daskvnad, rogorc damoukidebeli saxis mtkicebis saSualeba, ver miviCnevT daskvnebs, romlebic TviTon mxareebis uSualo davalebiT Seadgina Sesabamisma specialistebma, an kidev, uwyebrivi eqspertebis daskvnebs, romlebic Sedgenilia maTi samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis gamo. yvela aseTi daskvna SeiZleba miiRos sasamarTlom rogorc werilobiTi mtkicebuleba da Seafasos rogorc aseTi. eqspertis daskvna SeiZleba iyos kategoriuli – roca eqsperti, erTmniSvnelovnad (calsaxad) pasuxobs mis winaSe dasmul sakiTxebze, savaraudo – roca eqsperti ar gamoricxavs sakiTxis sxvanairad gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas da. bolos, sakiTxis gadawyvetis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. eqspertis daskvnis Sefaseba iwyeba eqspertis daskvnis SemowmebiT. mxareebi da maTi warmomadgenlebi eqspertis daskvnis Semowmebis mizniT jer mas adareben saqmeSi arsebul mtkicebulebebs. aseTi Sedarebis mizania imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba da ra TanafardobaSia eqspertis daskvna saqmeSi arsebul sxva mtkicebulebebTan. Tu eqspertis daskvna upirispirdeba sxva mtkicebulebebs, gansakuTrebiT ki iseT mtkicebulebebs, romlis utyuaroba ar unda iwvevdes eWvs, maSin ukve wamoiWreba mravali sakiTxi, romelic SeiZleba gairkves eqspertisaTvis SekiTxvebis micemiT. eqspertis winaSe SeiZleba daisvas kiTxvebi misi daskvnis ganmartebis Sesaxeb da imis Taobaze Tu ra meTodis gamoyenebiT gaakeTa man aseTi daskvna. SekiTxvebis micemis kanoniT gansazRvruli rigiToba (ssk 171-e muxli), unda daicvas sasamarTlom. eqspertis daskvna warmoadgens damoukidebel mtkicebis saSualebas (mtkicebulebas). maSasadame, igi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis dasadgenad, magram vidre am mizniT iqnebodes gamoyenebuli, eqspertis daskvna unda Seafasos sasamarTlom Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT (ssk 105-e muxli). eqspertis daskvnis sisworisa da dasabuTebulobis mniSvnelovani garantiaa eqspertis daniSvnisa da Catarebis saproceso formis (wesis) dacvab amitom, sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos xom ar iyo es forma darRveuli. eqspertis daskvnis sisworis mniSvnelovani garantiaa eqspertis mecnieruli kompetenturoba. amitom sasamarTlom kidev erTxel unda Seamowmos misi kompetenturoba. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom eqspertis daskvnis uaryofis sababi SeiZleba gaxdes saproceso formis ara yovelgvari darRveva, aramed misi iseTi darRveva, romelsac SeeZlo gavlena moexdina eqspertis daskvnis sisworeze da dasabuTebulobaze. magaliTad, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom daskvna Seadgina eqspertma, romelic dainteresebulia saqmis SedegiT, an arakompetenturma pirma, romelsac ar gaaCnia saTanado specialuri codna da gamocdileba, an kidev, eqspertma gamoikvlia arasaTanado da uxarisxo obieqti da a.S. maSin eqspertis daskvna ar SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorc swori da dasabuTebuli. eqspertis daniSvnisa da Catarebis saproceso formis (wesis) dacva jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom eqspertis daskvna dasabuTebulia. eqspertis daskvnis SefasebisaTvis sasamarTlom unda Seafasos is 190

winamZRvrebi, faqtobrivi da mecnieruli monacemebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs am daskvnas. aseTi Sefaseba sakmaod rTulia mosamarTlisaTvis, vinaidan igi araa aRWurvili im specialuri codniT, romliTac aRWurvilia Sesafasebeli daskvnis avtori-eqsperti. amitom, Tu eqspertis daskvna ewinaaRmdegeba saqmeSi arsebul sxva mtkicebulebebs da am winaaRmdegobis moxsna sasamarTlos (mosamarTles) ar ZaluZms, maSin mas SeuZlia daniSnos ganmeorebiTi eqspertiza (ssk 173-e muxli). ganmeorebiTi eqspertiza, romlis Catareba unda miendos sxva eqsperts, SeiZleba dainiSnos or SemTxvevaSi: erTi - roca sasamarTlos azriT eqspertis daskvna araa dasabuTebuli da meore - roca eqspertebis daskvna ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs. mxedvelobaSia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac eqspertizis daskvna mindobili hqonda ramdenime eqsperts, romlebic ar eTanxmebian erTmaneTs da amitom Seadgines calcalke daskvnebi, an kidev, miRebuli iqna ganmeorebiT daniSnuli eqspertis daskvna, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba pirveladi eqspertis daskvnas. amrigad, ganmeorebiTi eqspertiza warmoadgens eqspertis daskvnis Semowmebisa da Sefasebis erT-erT saSualebas. $11. adgilze daTvaliereba adre moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT adgilze daTvaliereba moTavsebuli iyo meqevsmete TavSi „samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilva sasamarTloSi“ (186-e muxli). amJamad moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT adgilze daTvaliarebas eZRvneba calke Tavi da igi moTavsebulia mesame karSi, romelic sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebs exeba. adgilze daTvalierebis momwesrigebeli normebis aseTi ganlageba araa SemTxveviTi: 1997 wlis ssk-i mtkicebulebaTa daTvalierebas da maT Soris am mtkicebulebaTa adgilze daTvalierebas uSualod sasamarTlos mier ganixilavs ori mniSvnelobiT, rogorc mtkicebulebaTa Semowmebis (gamokvlevis) saSualebas da rogorc sasamarTlos mier uSualo Semecnebis gziT saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis dadgenis saSualebas.86 aqve xazgasmiT unda avRniSnoT, daTvalierebis buneba da mizani ar icvleba imis mixedviT Tu sad tardeba es daTvaliereba – sasamarTloSi, Tu dasaTvalierebeli obieqtis samyofel adgilze. adgilze daTvaliereba SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes, rodesac nivTieri Tu werilobiTi mtkicebulebebis wardgena sasamarTloSi SeuZlebelia. mtkicebulebaTa sasamarTloSi wardgenis SeuZlebloba an siZnele SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos sxvadasxva mizeziT. magaliTad, Tu aRZrulia sarCeli naTesebis dazianebiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, cxadia, rom miwis nakveTis sasamarTloSi wardgena SeuZlebelia, an kidev, Tu dasadgenia didi odenobiT tvirTis dazianebis faqti, romelTa wardgena sasamarTloSi Znelia an did xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli, sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos adgilze daTvaliereba. 86

zemoT (ix. gv. . . ) Cven ukve avRniSneT, rom saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebi, anu mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtebi, sasamarTlom SeiZleba daadginos aramarto mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebiT, aramed am faqtebisa da garemoebebis uSualo Semecnebis gziTac.

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samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs adgilze daTvalierebis aramarto SesaZleblobas, aramed gansazRvravs aseTi daTvalierebis wesebsac. kerZod, adgilze daTvaliereba SeiZleba moxdes, rogorc mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT, ise sasamarTlos iniciativiT. mxareTa Suamdgomloba (gancxadeba) adgilze daTvalierebis Sesaxeb motivirebuli unda iyos, e.i. masSi miTiTebuli unda iyos, Tu ra mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli adgilze daTvalierebis aucilebloba. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis azris mixedviT adgilze daTvaliereba unda moxdes saqmis momzadebis stadiaze (ssk 203-e muxlis „e“ punqti). mxareTa mier dagvianebiT aRZruli Suamdgomlobebi adgilze daTvalierebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlom ar unda daakmayofilos, Tu ar arsebobs sapatio mizezi, ris gamoc, droulad ar iqna aRZruli aseTi Suamdgomloba (ssk 215-e muxli). adgilze daTvalierebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, damoukideblad imisa, mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT, Tu sasamarTlos iniciativiT xdeba es. adgilze daTvalierebis Sesaxeb ecnobebaT mxareebs da maT warmomadgenlebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT mosamarTlis yuradReba miaqcion dasaTvalierebeli nivTebis Tu werilobiTi masalebis ama Tu im Tvisebaze, niSnebze, xarisxze da sxva. miuxedavad maTi daTvalierebaSi monawileobis aseTi mniSvnelobisa, Tu isini ar gamocxaddebian daniSnul dros, es xels ver SeuSlis daTvalierebas. adgilze daTvalierebaSi monawileobis misaRebad sasamarTlom SeiZleba gamouZaxos mowmeebsac, Tu maT SeuZliaT daxmareba aRmouCinon sasamarTlos daTvalierebis srulyofilad CatarebaSi. sasamarTlos ganCinebaze adgilze daTvalierebis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana, magram ganCinebaze adgilze daTvalierebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. adgilze daTvalierebas, rogorc wesi, atarebs erTpirovnulad mosamarTle, xolo Tu saqmes kolegiuri Semadgenloba ixilavs, maSin igi SeiZleba Caataros Semadgenlobis erT-erTma mosamarTlem, am sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris gadawyvetilebiT. adgilze daTvalierebaSi SeiZleba monawileoba miiRos specialistma, ris Sesaxebac sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba. specialisti unda ganvasxvavoT eqspertisagan. specialisti ar atarebs gamokvlevas, ar wers daskvnas, misi mTavari funqciaa daxmareba aRmouCinos mosamarTles, miapyros misi yuradReba ama Tu im garemoebaze, Seadginos naxazebi, moaxdinos foto gadaRebebi, urCios sasamarTlos, rom man daniSnos eqspertiza da a.S. misi rCevebi da konsultaciebi Seitaneba daTvalierebis oqmSi, romelic gamoyenebuli iqneba saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis dros.87 Tu adgilze daTvalierebas awarmoebs kolegiuri sasamarTlos mTeli Semadgenloba, magram Tu daTvalierebas 87

daTvalierebaSi monawile specialistis aseTi funqciis gamo, Cvens procesSi ar wamoiWreba sakiTxi warmoadgens Tu ara daTvaliereba, romelSic eqsperti monawileobs mosamarTlesTan erTad, imavdroulad eqspertizas, Tu es mainc daTvalierebaa, rogorc es sakiTxi miRebulia germanul samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi. ix. O.Jauernig. Zivilprozessrecht. München 1993 s. 195. rogor avRniSneT, Cvens procesSi daTvalierebaSi monawileobs ara eqsperti, aramed specialisti, romelsac ar gaaCnia eqspertis funqcia. ufro metic, Tu mas saWirod miaCnia, SeuZlia urCios mosamarTles daniSnos eqspertiza.

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atarebs erTpirovnulad mosamarTle maSin es mosamarTle iRebs ganCinebas specialistis mowvevis Sesaxeb. daTvalierebis dros oqmis Sedgena savaldebuloa da igi unda pasuxobdes kanonis moTxovnebs (ssk 125-e muxli). daTvalierebis oqmi aris mtkicebis saSualeba, romelic emyareba mosamarTlis maRal avtoritets. cxadia, rom oqmi srulyofilad unda Sedges da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces masSi daTvalierebis Sedegebis zustad, naTlad da amomwuravad asaxvas. daTvalierebis SedegebSi igulisxmeba faqtebi da garemoebebi, romlebsac mniSvneloba aqvT am konkretuli saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis da romlebic dadasturebulad CaTvala sasamarTlom daTvalierebis safuZvelze. Tu daTvaliereba dakavSirebulia xarjebTan, es xarjebi unda dafaros im mxarem, visi TxovniTac xdeba daTvaliereba, magram Tu igi sasamarTlos iniciativiT xdeba, maSin am xarjebs orive mxare ixdis. $12. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa. 1. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis cneba da mizani. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis safuZveli miTiTebulia kanonSi: yovelTvis, roca arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom saWiro mtkicebulebebis wardgena sasamarTloSi SeuZlebeli an Zneli iqneba, dainteresebul pirs SeuZlia sTxovos sasamarTlos am mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa (ssk 109-e muxli). mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva mizeziT iyos ganpirobebuli, rogoricaa magaliTad, mowmis avadmyofoba, misi xangrZlivad wasvla mivlinebaSi, samuSaod sxva qveyanaSi wasvla, nivTier mtkicebulebaTa malfuWadoba da a.S. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa unda ganvasxvavoT sarCelis uzrunvelyofisagan. sarCelis uzrunvelyofis mizania momavali gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofa (191-e muxli). mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizania saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis dadgenis uzrunvelyofa. amrigad, mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa- esaa saproceso moqmedeba, romelsac asrulebs sasamarTlo an erTpirovnulad mosamarTle im mizniT, raTa kanoniT dadgenili wesiT daamagros mtkicebulebebi samoqalaqo saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros maTi gamoyenebisaTvis. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa dasaSvebia sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvris Semdeg da sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvramdec. Tu mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa warmoebs sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis Semdeg, maSin aseTi uzrunvelyofa SeiZleba ganxorcieldes saqmis momzadebis stadiaze. dainteresebulma mxarem SeiZleba sTxovos sasamarTlos mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb momzadebis stadiaze. araa gamoricxuli, rom es sakiTxi daisvas mTavar sxdomazec saqmis sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze arsebiTad ganxilvis dros, sasamarTlo isedac valdebulia Seamowmos da Seafasos mtkicebulebebi. (ssk 111-e muxli), magram aseT SemTxvevaSi mxarem unda daamtkicos, rom momzadebis stadiaze mas ar hqonda saSualeba uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi daeyenebina, e.i. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis sakiTxis dauyenebloba sapatio mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli (ssk 215-e muxli). 193

mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofas sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvramde axdens im raionis an olqis mosamarTle, romlis teritoriaze unda Sesruldes saproceso moqmedeba uzrunvelyofis mizniT (magaliTad mowmis dakiTxva, nivTier mtkicebulebaTa daTvaliereba da a.S.). sarCelis aRZvris Semdeg mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sekrebili masalebi gadaegzavneba saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos. 2. gancxadeba mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. garda yvela im monacemisa, romelsac unda Seicavdes sasamarTlosadmi mimarTuli nebismieri gancxadeba (Suamdgomloba), gancxadeba mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, ra formiTac ar unda iyos igi gakeTebuli, motivirebuli unda iyos, raTa sasamarTlos SeeZlos gadawyvitos uzrunvelsayofi mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobisa da gankuTvnadobis sakiTxi (ssk 102-e muxlis me-3 nawili da 104-e muxli). ganmcxadebelma kerZod, unda miuTiTos: a) ara marto mtkicebulebaze, romlis uzrunvelyofasac moiTxovs, aramed sad imyofeba an sad mdebareobs es mtkicebuleba; b) mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxova saerTod da, miT ufro, mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa dasaSvebia mxolod im pirobiT, Tu am mtkicebulebiT SeiZleba dadasturdes saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoeba, e.i. garemoeba, romelic asabuTebs mosarCelis moTxovnas an mopasuxis Sesagebels. aqedan gamomdinare, im garemoebaze miTiTeba, romlis dadasturebisTvisac saWiroa uzrunvelyofa - warmoadgens gancxadebis ganxilvis winapirobas. g) mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sesasrulebeli RonisZiebebis gasatareblad ar kmara mxolod is, rom mtkicebulebas aqvs mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis. aucilebelia agreTve arsebobdes realuri saSiSroeba, rom am mtkicebulebis wardgena an gamoyeneba mogvianebiT Zneli an SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. Tu aseTi saSiSroeba ar arsebobs, sasamarTlom uari unda Tqvas mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofaze. d) mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sesasrulebeli saproceso moqmedeba unda ganxorcieldes samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 13-e muxlis me-2 nawili). zogjer ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlom unda Seatyobinos mxareebs. swored amitomaa, rom gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli iyos mxareebi da maTi misamarTebi, magram Tu uzrunvelyofa sarCelis aRZvramde unda ganxorcieldes, maSin gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos mxare da misi misamarTi, romlis winaaRmdegac mosarCele apirebs sarCelis aRZvras. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizniT sasamarTlom SeiZleba Seasrulos sxvadasxva moqmedeba, kerZod, dakiTxos mowme, daTvalieros nivTieri mtkicebuleba, daniSnos eqsperti da sxva. yvela es saproceso moqmedeba unda Sesruldes kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, romelic arsebobs mowmis dakiTxvisaTvis, adgilze daTvalierebisaTvis, eqspertis daniSvnisaTvis da a.S. mxareebs unda ecnoboT mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis dro da adgili, magram maTi gamoucxadebloba ver daabrkolebs uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sesabamisi saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebas. gadaudebel SemTxvevebSi mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa SeiZleba moxdes mxareTa Seutyobinebladac. gadaudebeli SeiZleba iyos iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac 194

uzrunvelyofas moiTxovs malfuWadi nivTieri mtkicebuleba, mowmis mZime daavadebiT gamowveuli krizisuli mdgomareoba da sxva. 3. xarjebis anazRaurebis wesi. rogorc wesi mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa dakavSirebulia xarjebTan. xarjebis odenoba SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos imis mixedviT Tu ra xasiaTis saproceso moqmedeba unda Sesruldes. igulisxmeba mgzavrobis xarjebi, foto gadaRebebisa da naxazebis Sedgenis xarjebi, specialistisaTvis misacemi Tanxebi, Tu igi monawileobda uzrunvelyofaSi da a.S. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelsayofad gaweuli xarjebis odenobas winaswar gansazRvravs sasamarTlo, romelic SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes zusti. dazustebuli xarjebi ganisazRvreba uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebis Catarebis Semdeg. sabolood, am xarjebisa da saerTod, sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawileba mxareTa Soris unda moxdes saqmis arsebiTad gadawyvetisas (ssk 53-e muxli). mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba ssk 113-e da 119-e muxlebi), romelic ar gasaCivrdeba. rac Seexeba ganCinebas mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb am ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana.

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nakveTi meore T a v i

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sasarCelo warmoeba $1. sarCelis cneba I. sarCeli rogorc saproceso samarTlis instituti ra aris sarCeli? sasamarTlo arsebobs imisaTvis rom daicvas piris, e.i. fizikuri an iuridiuli piris darRveuli Tu sadavod gamxdari ufleba da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli interesi. uflebis sasamarTlo wesiT dacva uzrunvelyofilia yoveli pirisaTvis, magram imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom gaxsnas saqmis warmoeba da Seudges saqmis ganxilvas, saWiroa, rom pirma mimarTos sasamarTlos uflebis dacvis Sesaxeb gancxadebiT (TxovniT, SuamdgomlobiT). es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo Tavisi iniciativiT ver daiwyebs saqmis warmoebas, ver ganaxorcielebs ama Tu im piris uflebis dacvas. saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi iwyeben dainteresebuli pirebi, sarCelis an gancxadebis Setanis gziT. isini gansazRvraven davis sagans da TviTonve iReben gadawyvetilebas sarCelis (gancxadebis) Setanis Sesaxeb“ (ssk me-3 muxli). aseTia dispoziciurobis principis moqmedebis erT-erTi praqtikuli da mTavari Sedegi. rogorc vxedavT sasamarTlos saqmianobis aRZvra, saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi iwyeba sarCelis an gancxadebis SetaniT. rogorc wesi, sarCeliT mimarTaven sasamarTlos, rodesac aris dava uflebis Sesaxeb, xolo gancxadebiT sasamarTlos mimarTaven, rodesac ar aris dava da ar aris modave mxareebi, saWiroa mxolod iuridiuli faqtis dadgena, ris Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba qvemoT. amrigad, im pirs, romelsac surs meore pirisagan raimes (nivTis, fuladi Tanxis) mikuTvneba an misgan raime moqmedebis Sesruleba an aseTi moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan Tvis Sekaveba, an kidev, uflebis Tu samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arseboba-ararsebobis dadgena an aseTi urTierTobis Secvla-gardaqmna, man unda mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT. 196

sarCeli rogorc samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis instituti esaa uflebis dacvis Sesaxeb piris Suamdgomloba sasamarTlosadmi, raTa man ganixilos am sarCelSi mopasuxis winaaRmdeg wayenebuli moTxovna da gamoitanos amis Taobaze Tavisi gadawyvetileba.88 II. sarCelis elementebi 1. sarCelis elementebis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-3 da me-4 muxlebis, agreTve amave kodeqsis 83-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebisa da 178-e muxlebis analizi (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT), srul safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom sarCeli ori elementisagan Sedgeba: a) sarCelis sagani da sarCelis safuZveli. sarCelis TiToeul am elements aqvs mravalmxrivi praqtikuli mniSvneloba, romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobs: a) am elementebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia mxolod sarCelis individualizacia msgavsad imisa, Tu rogor xdeba pirovnebis individualizacia misi saxelisa da gvaris mixedviT. sarCelis elementebis sworad garkvevis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli erTi sarCelis sxva sarCelebisagan gamijvna, imis gansazRvra xom ar aris aRZruli igive sarCeli, romelic adre iyo ganxiluli. cnobilia, rom ssk 186-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos sarCeli Tu igive sarCeli adre iyo aRZruli da mis mimarT gamotanilia gadawyvetileba. b) sasamarTlo movalea ganixilos sarCeli im moTxovnis farglebSi, romelic Camoyalibebulia sarCelSi da im faqtebis mimarT, romlebic safuZvlad daudo Tavis moTxovnas mosarCelem. aRsaniSnavia, rom ssk 248-e muxlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs miakuTvnos Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT mxares is, rac mas ar uTxovia, an imaze meti vidre is moiTxovda“. g) dasaSvebia mxolod sarCelis erT-erTi elementis sagnis an safuZvlis Secvla. sarCelis am erT-erTi elementis Secvla ki SeuZlia mxolod da mxolod mosarCeles kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 83-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebi). d) bolos sarCelis elementebs mniSvneloba aqvs mopasuxisaTvis. Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare man unda icodes ra moTxovnas 88 iuridiul literaturaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT sarCeli saproceso samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT da sarCeli materialursamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. am Sexedulebis sapirispirod gamoiTqva mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sarCeli erTiani cnebaa da mas mxolod ori mxare aqvs - saproceso samarTlebrivi - e.i. sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva SuamdgomlobiT, raTa man daicvas sadavo ufleba da materialursamarTlebrivi - anu mosarCelis materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovna mopasuxisadmi (dawvrilebiT ix. „Советский гражданский процес“ МГУ, М, 1979, стр. 106). Cven am Sexedulebebs ar viziarebT (ix. Cveni „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali“ Tb. 1992 w. gv.92). jer erTi, zemoT moyvanili Sexedulebebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba: erTsac da meoresac sarCeli saproceso samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, anu sarCelis saproceso samarTlebrivi mxare, aseve sarCeli materialur samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT anu sarCelis materialur samarTlebrivi mxare - absoluturad erTnairad esmiT. meorec, is, rasac uwodeben sarCels materialur-samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, anu sarCelis materialur samarTlebriv mxares (sadavo samarTlebrivi moTxovna mopasuxisadmi) mTlianad emTxveva sarCelis erT-erT elements, romelsac sarCelis sagani ewodeba (ix. qvemoT). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sarCeli, marTalia saproceso samarTlis institutia, magram igi ar arsebobs im uflebaze miTiTebis gareSe, romlis dacvasac mosarCele moiTxovs, e.i. mopasuxisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnis gareSe.

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uyeneben da ris safuZvelze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver moemzadeba Tavis dasacavad. 2. sarCelis sagani ra aris sarCelis sagani? sarCelis sagnis cnebis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisas SeiZleba vixelmZRvaneloT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT. ssk 178-e muxlis pirveli nawilis „e“ punqtis Tanaxmad sarCelSi aRniSnuli unda iyos: „mosarCelis moTxovna“. amave kodeqsis 182-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad mosarCeles SeuZlia erT sarCelSi gaaerTianos „ramdenime moTxovna erTi da imave mopasuxis mimarT“. amave muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad „ramdenime mopasuxis mimarT wardgenili moTxovnebis miRebisas“ sasamarTlos SeuZlia calke warmoebad gamoyos erTi an ramdenime moTxovna. am muxlebis analizi srul safuZvels gvaZlevs vakeToT daskvna, rom mikuTvnebiT sarCelebSi sarCelis sagani - esaa mosarCelis materialur-samarTlebrivi moTxovna mopasuxisadmi, romelic unda ganixilos sasamarTlom da romlis mimarT man unda gamoitanos Tavisi gadawyvetileba.89 amrigad, sarCelis sagans warmoadgens mosarCelis moTxovnis Sinaarsi da ara am moTxovnis materialuri obieqti. magaliTad, mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan sesxad gadacemuli Tanxis dabrunebas, lizingis sagnis dabrunebas miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas, nivTis dabrunebas mopasuxis ukanono mflobelobidan da a.S. sarCelis sagani iqneba ara am moTxovnaTa materialuri obieqti, magaliTad, avtomanqana, roiali, saxli, fuli da a.S. aramed valis dabruneba, nivTis dabruneba, zianis anazRaureba, alimentis gadaxdevineba da a.S. sarCelis sagnis Sesaxeb aseTi mosazreba mTlianad emyareba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobas, romlis Tanaxmad sarCelis Secvlad ar CaiTvleba mosarCelis mier sasarCelo moTxovnebis odenobis Semcireba, an erTi nivTis nacvlad meore nivTis mikuTvneba misTvis, anda am nivTis Rirebulebis anazRaureba“ (ssk 83-e muxlis me-4 nawili). sarCelis sagnis Secvlad ar miiCneva agreTve sasarCelo moTxovnebis odenobis gadideba (ssk 83-e muxlis me-2 nawili), Tumca aseTi gadadebis SemTxvevaSi unda ecnobos mopasuxes.90 rac Seexeba aRiarebiT da gardaqmniT sarCelebs, aq sarCelis sagani xasiaTdeba garkveuli TaviseburebebiT. ssk 180-e muxlis Tanaxmad, (romlis saxelwodebaa „aRiarebiTi sarCeli“) „sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras uflebis Tu samarTlebrivi

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zogjer kanoni xmarobs termins: „davis sagani“ (magaliTad, ssk me-40-42 muxlebi, 381-e muxli da sxva); davis sagania is, razec davoben mxareebi da ris gamoc aRZrulia sarCeli, anu sarCelis sagani. es imas niSnavs, rom davis sagani da sarCelis sagani igiveobrivi (identuri) cnebebia. 90 iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sarCelis sagani esaa sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierToba, an kidev, mosarCelis ufleba, romlis Sesaxebac is moiTxovs gadawyvetilebis gamotanas da a.S. (ix. А.А. Доброволскии, С.А. Иванова Основные проблемы исковои формы зашиты права. Изд-ва МГУ, М. 1979. стр. 33-34). am SexedulebaTa logikur ganviTarebas miyvevarT sarCelis sagnis iseT gansazRvramde, romlis Sesaxebac Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari. amitom, Cven aq ver vxedavT raime Secdomas, mas mxars ar uWerT mxolod imitom, rom misi gamoyeneba praqtikas uqmnis garkveul uxerxulobas da sirTuleebs.

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urTierTobis arseboba-ararsebobis dadgenis, dokumentebis namdvilobis aRiarebis an dokumentis siyalbis dadgenis Sesaxeb“. aq ukve gansazRvrulia aRiarebiTi sarCelis sagani: mosarCelis ufleba (magaliTad sakuTrebis ufleba raime nivTze), samarTlebrivi urTierToba (magaliTad, winare xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arsebobis aRiareba), dokumentis namdviloba an siyalbe (magaliTad, dabadebis mowmobis siyalbis dadgena). rac Seexeba gardaqmniTi sarCelebis, aq sarCelis sagnaT gvevlineba mosarCelis moTxovna erTi (ukve arsebuli) urTierTobis, meore sxva urTierTobad gardaqmnis Sesaxeb (magaliTad, saerTo sakuTrebidan wilis gamoyofa), ris Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT ixileT qvemoT. amrigad, damoukideblad imisa, Tu romeli sarCelis saxesTan gvaqvs saqme, sarCelis sagans yovelTvis warmoadgens mosarCelis materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovnis Sinaarsi, rac xSirad dakavSirebulia mopasuxis mier ama Tu im moqmedebis Sesrulebaze an aseTi moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan Tavis Sekavebaze (nivTis dabruneba, zianis anazRaureba, alimentis gadaxdevineba, samuSaoze aRdgena da a.S), raime uflebis Tu samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arseboba-ararsebobis aRiarebasTan, an kidev, aseTi urTierTobis gardaqmnasTan. ras niSnavs mosarCelis „materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovna mopasuxisadmi“? sasamarTlo mowodebulia ganixilos mxolod iseTi moTxovnebi, romlebic materialuri samarTliT (samoqalaqo, Sromis, samewarmeo da a.S) samarTliT mowesrigebuli urTierTobidan warmoiSvebian. magaliTad, moTxovna mopasuxis binidan gamosaxlebis Sesaxeb (binis ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb), qonebis dazianebis gamo zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, an kidev, samuSaoze aRdgenis Sesaxeb da sxva, imitom iwodeba materialur samarTlebriv moTxovnebad, rom isini warmoiSvebian materialuri samoqalaqo an Sromis samarTliT (da ara saproceso samarTliT) mowesrigebuli urTierTobebidan. xSirad, materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovnas moixseneben winsarTiT - „sadavo“ („sadavo materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovna“). es absoluturad sworia, magram araa aucilebeli, radgan sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva sarCeliT ukve gulisxmobs davas mxareebs Soris, ukve gulisxmobs imas, rom mopasuxe nebayoflobiT ar asrulebs raime moqmedebas mosarCelis sasargeblod. 3. sarCelis safuZveli ssk 178-e muxlis „v“ punqtis Tanaxmad sarCelSi aRniSnuli unda iyos „garemoebebi, romlebzedac mosarCele amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebs“. amave kodeqsis 102-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzec igi amyarebs Tvis moTxovnas da Sesagebels. rogorc vxedavT, mosarCeles ar SeuZlia Semoifarglos mxolod da mxolod Tavisi moTxovnis CamoyalibebiT. man unda miuTiTos agreTve im garemoebebze, romlebsac es moTxovna emyareba da, maSasadame, romlebsac SeuZliaT faqtobrivad daasabuTon (gaamarTlon) es moTxovna. rogorc avRniSneT, mosarCelis sasarCelo moTxovna aris materialur-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis moTxovna. es imas niSnavs, rom igi 199

SeiZleba dasabuTdes mxolod iuridiuli xasiaTis faqtebiT (faqtiuri garemoebebiT). iuridiuli faqtebi - es iseTi faqtebia, romlebsac samarTlis norma, (am SemTxvevaSi ki materialuri samarTlis norma) ukavSirebs garkveul Sedegs, kerZod iseT Sedegs, romlis dadgomac surs mosarCeles. magaliTad, Tu mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan Tanxis dabrunebas romelic sesxad hqonda micemuli, maSin man unda miuTiTos sarCelis safuZvelSi, rom mxareebs Soris dadebuli iyo sesxis xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac mopasuxem Tavis droze miiRo sesxad garkveuli Tanxa, romelic unda daebrunebia ukan amave xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul vadaSi da rom es vada uve dadga, magram mopasuxe ar abrunebs vals. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 623-e da 626-e muxlebis Tanaxmad sesxis gadacema, misi dabrunebis vadis dadgoma da am vadaSi misi daubrunebloba - es iseTi faqtebia, romlebic asabuTeben (amarTleben) mosarCelis moTxovnas gasesxebuli Tanxis dabrunebis Sesaxeb. rogorc uve aRvniSneT, faqtebis miTiTebis (gadmocemis) tvirTi ekisrebaT mxareebs. mxareebma TviTonve unda gansazRvron, Tu romeli faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlaT maT moTxovnebs (ssk me-4 muxli). cxadia, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mosarCele SeiZleba Secdes da ver an ar miuTiTos yvela im faqtze, romelic sinamdvileSi asabuTeben mis moTxovnas. ar aris gamoricxuli isic, rom sarCelis safuZvelSi mis mier miTiTebul faqtebs sinamdvileSi ar aqvs raime mniSvneloba misi moTxovnis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebisaTvis. dRes moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli dispoziciurobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ver Seavsebs am xarvezs, ver gamoasworebs am naklovanebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlo ver daudebs safuZvlad Tavis gadawyvetilebs iseT faqtebs, romlebzec mxareebi ar miuTiTeben. erTad-erTi rac SeuZlia gaakeTos sasamarTlom esaa is, rom gamokiTxos mosarCeles, miiRos misgan axsnaganmarteba faqtiuri garemoebebis Sesaxeb da am gziT daazustos sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi. mosarCeles yovelTvis aqvs ufleba daazustos, Seavsos, daakonkretos da saerTod Secvalos sarCelis safuZveli. 4. sarCelis Secvla sarCelis ganxilvis procesSi SeiZleba wamoiWras sarCelis Secvlis aucilebloba. rogoria sarCelis Secvlis farglebi? ssk 83-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad mosarCeles ufleba aqvs Secvalos sarCelis safuZveli an sagani. amrigad, mosarCeles SeuZlia Secvalos sarCelis erT-erTi elementi - an sagani, an safuZveli, magram ara orive elementi erTdroulad. ratom? zemoT Cven avRniSneT, rom sarCeli ori elementisagan Sedgeba: sarCelis sagnisagan da sarCelis safuZvlisagan. avRniSneT isic, rom sarCelis elementebis meSveobiT xdeba sarCelis individualizireba, misi igiveobriobis dadgena, misi gansxvaveba da gamijvna sxva sarCelebisagan, rasac uaRresad didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs: Tu ar gvecodineba 200

ra kriteriumebiT unda gavmijnoT sarCelebi erTimeorisagan, SeiZleba moxdes erTi da igive sarCelis orjer da metad ganxilva da maT mimarT sxvadasxva Sinaarsis da urTierTsawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebaTa gamotana. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu sarCeli ori elementisagan Sedgeba, maSin am orive elementis Secvla faqtiurad gamoiwvevs ara sarCelis Secvlas, ara masSi cvlilebebis Setanas, aramed sarCelis „gamocvlas“, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, Tavdapirvel sarCelze uarisTqmas da axali sarCelis Semotanas (aRZvras). mxare ar aris SeboWili da mas SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos kanoniT dadgenili wesiT axali da axali sarCelebiT, magram mas ar SeuZlia sarCelis Secvlis niRbiT warmoadginos axali sarCeli. SesaZlebelia Tu ara sarCelis sagnis Secvla ise, rom ar gaxdes saWiro sarCelis safuZvlis Secvla? savsebiT SesaZlebelia. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 487-e muxlis Tanaxmad „gamyidvelma myidvels unda gadasces nivTobrivi da uflebrivi naklisagan Tavisufali nivTi“. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom gayiduli nivTi naklis mqonea, maSin myidvels warmoeSveba sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis moTxovnis ufleba gamyidvelis mimarT, xolo gamyidvels am uflebis Sesabamisi movaleobebi. kerZod, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 490-e, 491-e, 492-e, 494-e muxlebis Tanaxmad myidvels SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli gamyidvelis mimarT da moiTxovos naklis mqone nivTis gamosworeba, misi Secvla unaklo nivTiT, xelSekrulebis moSla, fasis Semcireba da a.S. Tu nivTis myidveli (mosarCele) moiTxvos am nivTis gamyidvelisagan (mopasuxe) vTqvaT, nivTis naklis gamosworebas im safuZvliT, rom mas gamyidvelma gadasca nivTobrivad naklis mqone nivTi, mas SeZlia Secvalos es moTxovna anu sarCelis sagani, sxva moTxovniT, vTqvaT nivTis fasis Semcirebis moTxovniT, ise rom ar Secvalos sarCelis safuZveli, anu nasyidobis xelSekrulebiT gadacemuli nivTis naklovaneba (misi Seusabamoba SeTanxmebul xarisxTan an Cvveulebrivi sargeblobisaTvis misi gamousadegoba). mTel rig SemTxvevebSi saqme gvaqvs sapirispiro SemTxvevasTan: da erTsa imave Sedegs kanoni ukavSirebs sxvadasxva faqts. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 562-e muxlis Tanaxmad sacxovrebeli sadgomis qiravnobis xelSekruleba SeiZleba Sewydes (samarTlebrivi Sedegi) sxvadasxva faqtiuri garemoebebis safuZvelze, vTqvaT sacxovrebeli sadgomi sWirdeba uSvalod TviTon gamqiravebels an axlo naTesavs, an kidev, damqiravebelma Tavisi saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba daarRvia da a.S. amis Sesabamisad, Tu gamqiravebeli mosarCele moiTxovs qiravnobis xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas (sarCelis sagani) im safuZvliT, rom bina Wirdeba axlo naTesavisaTvis (sarCelis safuZveli), mas SeuZlia Secvalos sarCelis safuZveli ise rom ar Secvalos Tavdapirveli moTxovna (sarCelis sagani) da moiTxovos xelSekrulebis Sewyveta im safuZvliT, rom damqiravebeli (mopasuxe) uars ambobs gadaixados gazrdili qira, rac bazarze arsebul binis qiras Seesabameba (sk 562-e muxlis „g“ punqti). rogorc vxedavT, sarCelis safuZvlis Secvla aq miTiTebuli faqtiuri garemoebiT, an kidev sxva iseTi garemoebebiT, romlebic 201

gaTvaliswinebulia sk 562-e muxliT, ar iwvevs sarCelis sagnis Secvlas da amitom savsebiT dasaSvebia. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs sarCelis Secvlis wess, romelic zustad unda daicvas sasamarTlom. kerZod, sarCelis sagnis an safuZvlis Secvla, mosarCeles SeuZlia saqmis winaswari sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis momzadebis stadiaze - mis damTavrebamde. saqmis winaswari momzadebis stadia mTavrdeba sasamarTlos ganCinebiT am saqmis sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb (ssk 207-e muxli). am ganCinebis gamotanis Semdeg, rac, rogorc avRniSneT, imis mauwyebelia, rom damTavrda saqmis momzadeba, sarCelis safuZvlis an sagnis Secvla dasaSvebia mxolod erTi pirobiT - Tu amis Tanaxma iqneba mopasuxe. Tu mopasuxe Tanaxma ar iqneba sasamarTlom unda ganixilos sarCeli Tavdapirveli moTxovnisa (sagnisa) da safuZvlis mimarT. mosarCelem SeiZleba ar Secvalos sarCelis sagani magram gaadidos (gazardos) moTxovnis farglebi, magaliTad moiTxovda 1000 lars da gazarda es moTxovna 2000 lariT, moiTxovda mxolod roials da gaadida es moTxovna wignebis karadiT da a.S. aseve, moiTxovda avtomanqanas exla moiTxovs mis Rirebulebas da a.S. yovelive es (garda sarCelis sagnis an safuZvlis Secvlisa), rogoricaa sasarCelo moTxovnis odenobis gadideba Tu Semcireba, erTi nivTis nacvlad meore nivTis mikuTvneba an am nivTis Rirebulebis anazRaureba, SeiZleba ganxorcieldes procesis nebismier stadiaze _ saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde da mopasuxis Tanxmobis gareSe. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sarCelis safuZvelze. ssk 83-e muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad sarCelis Secvlad ar CaiTvleba mosarCelis mier sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebis dazusteba, dakonkreteba da damateba. es imas niSnavs, rom sarCelSi Tavdapirvelad miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi ar icvleba, isini rCeba ucvlelad da maT kvlav ekisrebaT sasarCelo moTxovnis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebis funqcia. dasaSvebia mxolod maTi dakonkreteba. magaliTad, mosarCeles romelic moiTxovs qiravnobis xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas im safuZvliT, rom damqiravebeli uars ambobs binis qiris gazrdili odenobiT gadaxdaze, SeuZlia daazustos es garemoeba da miuTiTos, rom amJamad arsebul pirobebSi garkveuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT gaizarda binis qiris odenoba. mosarCeles SeuZlia agreTve damatebiT miuTiTos iseT garemoebaze, romelsac kanoni ukavSirebs misTvis sasurvel Sedegs. $2. sarCelis saxeebi (sarCelebis saproceso samarTlebrivi klasifikacia) sarCelebis klasifikacia, anu maTi dayofa saxeebad sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT xdeba. magaliTad, Tu sarCelebis dayofas materialursamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT vaxdenT, maSin yofen calkeuli institutebis mixedviT, rogoricaa sanivTo sarCelebi, maT Soris vindikaciuri sarCelebi anu sarCelebi nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan, negatoruli sarCelebi, anu sarCelebi nivTiT sargeblobis xelisSeSlis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, valdebulebiTi sarCelebi, sarCelebi zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, sabinao sarCelebi, saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierobidan gamomdinare sarCelebi, saalimento 202

sarCelebi da a.S. sarCelebis dayofa warmoebs agreTve samarTlis calkeuli dargebis mixedviT, rogoricaa samoqalaqo, Sromis, samewarmeo, administraciuli da a.S. sarCelebis materialur-samarTlebrivi niSnis mixedviT dayofas aqvs garkeuli praqtikuli mniSvneloba ori TvalsazrisiT: pirveli - saproceso samarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs Taviseburebebs, romlebic maTi ganxilva-gadawyvetisaTvis SeiZleba iyos saWiro, Tu amis aucileblba arsebobs. magaliTad, ssk-si iTvaliswinebs saojaxo saqmeTa ganxilvis Taviseburebebs (ssk 352-e muxlebi). meore - sarCelebis materialur samarTlebrivi niSniT dayofas aqvs garkveuli mniSvneloba sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadebis mizniT, raTa ufro zustad ganisazRvros calkeuli kategoriiis saqmeTa mixedviT praqtikis mdgomareoba, romeli kategoriis saqmeebi (saojaxo, sabinao, savtoro, Sromis da sxva) Warboben da ra aris amis mizezi, ra RonisZiebebi SeiZleba daisaxos samarTaldarRvevaTa profilaqtikis, Tu samarTalwarmoebis Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT da a.S. amasTan erTad, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens sarCelebis klasifikacia samoqalaqo saproceso TvalsazrisiT. am TvalsazrisiT sarCelebis dayofa saxeebad warmoebs sasarCelo moTxovnis Sinaarsis mixedviT, imis mixedviT, Tu ras moiTxovs mosarCele - raimes mikuTvnebas mopasuxisagan, raimes cnobas (aRiarebas), Tu mopasuxesTan misi urTierTobis Secvlas an Sewyvetas. sarCelebis dayofa saproceso samarTlebrivi niSnis mixedviT moicavs uflebis dacvis yvela saxes da aseT dayofas aqvs mravalmxrivi praqtikuli mniSvneloba rogorc mtkicebis sagnis zustad da srulad gansazRvrisaTvis, ise sarCelis individualizaciisaTvis - erTi sarCelis meorisagan gamijvnisaTvis. ganvixiloT samoqalaqo saproceso niSniT dayofili sarCelebi cal-calke. 1. mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebi sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi sruli safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebi, romlebsac zogjer aRsrulebiT sarCelebsac uwodeben, yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli da am saxis sarCelebis gamoyenebas uflebis dasacavad yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi. rogorc TviT saxelwodebidanac Cans mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebi - es iseTi sarCelebia, romliTac mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan raimes mikuTvnebas, an ufro zustad, raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas an am moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebas. magaliTad, mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan ama Tu im nivTis dabrunebas, miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas, Dvalis dabrunebas, lizingis sagnis dabrunebas, binis ganTavisuflebas, alimentis gadaxdas, samuSaoze aRdgenas da a.S. rogorc avRniSneT, aseT sarCelebs zogjer uwodeben aRsrulebiT sarCelebs. saqme isaa, rom Tu aseTi mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebi dakmayofildeba da sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas, romelic Seva kanonier ZalaSi, mosarCeles SeuZlia moiTxovos am gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsruleba da saaRsrulebo furclis gamowera. amitom mikuTvnebiT sarCelebs SeiZleba vuwodoT agreTve aRsrulebiTi sarCelic. 203

rogorc vxedavT, mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebis sagania mosarClis moTxovna mopasuxisadmi, rom man Seasrulos mosarCelis sasargeblod garkeuli moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos aseTi moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan. es aris mosarCelis materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovna, romelsac igi sasamarTlos meSveobiT uyenebs mopasuxes. rogorc amis Sesaxeb zemoTac miuTiTeT, moTxovnis materialur samarTlebrivi xasiaTi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom mxolod materialuri samarTali gansazRvravs Tu rodis da ra SemTxveaSi SeiZleba daekisros mopasuxes raime moqmedebis Sesruleba, vTqvaT valis dabruneba, nivTis gadacema, zianis anazRaureba da a.S. imisaTvis, rom daevalos mopasuxes raime moqmedebis Sesruleba mas unda warmoeSvas, materialuri samarTlis ZaliT, aseTi movaleoba. magaliTad, Tu mosarCele moiTxovs gasesxebuli Tanxis dabrunebas, amisaTvis ar kmara, rom arsebobdes sesxis urTierToba, rom mosarCelem marTla asesxa garkveuli Tanxa mopasuxes. saWiroa da aucilebelia agreTve isic, rom ukve dadga valis dabrunebis vada, rac xelSekrulebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli da mopasuxe ar abrunebs am vals, e.i. arRvevs xelSekrulebiT nakisr valdebulebas. an kidev, ukve dadga qiravnobis sagnis dabrunebis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli vada da mopasuxe ar abrunebs am sagans, an kidev, mopasuxem miayena ziani mosarCelis qonebas da ar anazRaurebs am zians nebayoflobiT da a.S. maSasadame, mikuTvnebiTi (aRsrulebiTi) sarCelebis dakmayofilebisaTvis ar kmara mxolod mxareTa Soris urTierTobis arsebobis dadastureba, aramed aucilebelia agreve am urTierTobidan gamomdinare uflebis darRveva. swored rom uflebis darRveva warmoSobs am uflebis iZulebiTi ganxorcielebisa da uflebis damrRvevis movaleobas Seasrulos garkveuli moqmedeba.91 aqedan gamomdinare, mikuTvnebiT sarCelebSi kidec rom dadasturdes urTierTobis arseboba, magaliTad, sesxis, qiravnobis, lizingis, nasyidobis urTierTobebis warmoSoba da arseboba, mikuTvnebiTi sarCeli mainc ver iqneba dakmayofilebuli, Tu ar dadasturda am urTierTobidan gamomdinare uflebis darRveva da mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier movaleobis Seusrulebloba. SesaZlebelia Tu ara am mxriv raime gamonaklisi? aseTi gamonaklisi SesaZlebelia. magaliTad Cveni ssk 181-e muxlis Tanaxmad dasaSvebia sarCeli valdebulebis momavalSi Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. es imas niSnavs, rom sasarCelo moTxovnis Sesrulebis vada jer ar damdgara da, maSasadame, mosarCelis ufleba jer ar darRveula, radgan mopasuxe jer araa valdebuli aseTi moTxovna Seasrulos. miuxedavad amisa, mopasuxes mainc SeiZleba daekisros raime moqmedebis Sesruleba oRond erTi aucilebeli pirobiT, Tu „viTarebis mixedviT gamarTlebulia SiSi imis Taobaze, rom movale Tavs aaridebs valdebulebis droulad Sesrulebas“. magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli sasamarTloSi da moiTxova banisagan valis dabruneba 100000 laris odenobiT, Tumca jer ar damdgara misi dabrunebis vada. Tavisi sasarCelo moTxovna a-nim imiT daasabuTa, rom b-anim daiwyo Tavisi qonebis gasxviseba, gaxda igi 91

esaa uflebis iseTi mdgomareoba, romelsac zogierTi procesualisti uwodebs sarCelis uflebas materialur samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, ris Sesaxebac zemoT gvqonda saubari. Cveni azriT, esaa mikuTvnebiTi sarCelis erT-erTi elementi - sagani, romelic aseTi saxis sarCelebSi mosarCelis moTxovnis Sinaarsis gamomxatvelia

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gadaxdisuunaro, xolo Sepirebuli uzrunvelyofa saerTod ver warmoadgina. (sk 367-e muxli). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mosarCelis ufleba jer ar darRveula, magram arsebobs realuri saSiSroeba, rom igi momavalSi dairRveva. unda aRiniSnos, rom mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebis dakmayofileba aseT pirobebSi dasaSvebia mxolod da mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis arsebobisas, am pirobebis zustad da utyuarad dadasturebisas. 2. aRiarebiTi sarCelebi zog SemTxvevaSi mosarCelis moTxovna mdgomareobs mopasuxis mxriv ara raime moqmedebis SesrulebaSi an am moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan Tavis SekavebaSi, aramed imaSi, rom sasamarTlom cnos, aRiaros Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT ama Tu im samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arseboba an ararseboba, ama Tu im dokumentis siyalbe an misi namdviloba. aseTi sarCelebi gamijnulia sxva sarCelebisagan da maT uwodeben aRiarebiT sarCelebs an kidev, dadgeniT sarCelebs. aRiarebiTi sarCelebi SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi (pozitiuri) da uarfofiTi (negatiuri). dadebiTi aRiarebiTi sarCeli mimarTulia raime konkretuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis an raime uflebis arsebobis dadgenisaken, agreTve romelime dokumentis namdvilobis dadasturebisaken. magaliTad, sarCeli nivTiT sargeblobis uflebis aRiarebis (dadgenis) Sesaxeb, mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb, Tanaavtorad cnobis Sesaxeb da a.S. warmoadgenen dadebiT (pozitiur) aRiarebiT sarCelebs. magram sarCelebi ama Tu im urTierTobis ararsebobis Sesaxeb, xelSekrulebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb, dokumentis siyalbis Sesaxeb da a.S. warmoadgenen uaryofiT (negatiur) aRiarebiT sarCelebs. saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba negatiuri aRiarebiTi sarCelebi ama Tu im garigebis maT Soris anderZis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb, Tumca aseTi sarCelebis miRebis winapirobebi yovelTvis ar gvaqvs (ix. qvemoT). aRiarebiTi sarCelebi yovelTvis gulisxmoben modave mxareebs. amitom, aseT sarCelebSi yovelTvis gvyavs ori modave mxare - mosarCele da mopasuxe. amiT igi gansxvavdeba udavo warmoebis wesiT iuridiuli faqtis dadgenisagan (saerTod udavo warmoebisagan), romlis dros gvyavs mxolod erTi mxare - ganmcxadebeli. magram, Tu udavo warmoebis dros wamoiWra dava, maSin sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saqmis udavo wesiT warmoeba da urCios mxareebs aRZran sarCeli (ix. gv.......) aRiarebiTi sarCelis miRebisaTvis saWiroa yvela is dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi winapirobebi, romlebic miTiTebulia ssk 186-e muxlSi da romlebic yvela saxis sarCelebs exeba. amasTan erTad, aRiarebiT sarCelebs waeyenebaT kidev erTi damatebiTi winapiroba - iuridiuli interesi. es imas niSnavs, rom kidec rom arsebobdes sarCelis aRZvris anu sarCelis miRebis yvela winapiroba, magram ar arsebobs iuridiuli interesi, mosarCeles uari unda eTqvas aRiarebiTi sarCelis miRebaze (daSvebaze) da ganxilvaze. gansxvavebiT mikuTvnebiTi (aRsrulebiTi) sarCelebisa, romlebic mimarTulia darRveuli uflebis dacvisaken, aRiarebiTi sarCelebis dros 205

mosarCelis ufleba jer kidev araa darRveuli, magram arsebobs misi momavalSi darRvevis saSiSroeba, radgan viRac edaveba mas am uflebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, iuridiuli interesis arsebobisaTvis, romelic warmoadgens aRiarebiTi sarCelis miRebisa da ganxilvis winapirobas saWiroa: 1. arsebobdes dava mxareTa Soris uflebisa Tu samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sesaxeb, e.i. mopasuxe unda ecilebodes (edavebodes) mosarCeles uflebaSi (magaliTad, sakuTrebis uflebaSi, moTxovnis uflebaSi da a.S); 2. aseTi dava unda qmnides am uflebis momavalSi darRvevis realur saSiSroebas; 3. aRiarebiTi sarCelis gadawyveta, davis gadawyvetis saukeTeso saSualeba unda iyos, anu am gadawyvetilebas sruliad garkeuli sargebloba unda mohqondes mosarCelisaTvis; is unda qmnides uflebis Tu urTierTobis gansazRvrulobas, rac dairRva mxareTa Soris wamoWrili davis gamo; 4. aRiarebiTi sarCeli dauSvebelia, Tu ukve SesaZlebelia sarCeli TviT valdebulebis Sesrulebis Taobaze, e.i. Tu SesaZlebelia aRiZras mikuTvnebiTi (aRsrulebiTi) sarCeli. aRiarebiTi sarCelis safuZveli mTlianad ganpirobebulia aseTi sarCelebis sagniT anu mosarCelis moTxovnis SinaarsiT. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu, magaliTad, mosarCele moiTxovs, rom sasamarTlom daadginos (aRiaros) Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT ama Tu im garigebis arseboba an ama Tu im dokumentis namdviloba, maSin aseTi pozitiuri aRiarebiTi sarCelis safuZveli iqneba faqtebi, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobas, dokumentis namdvilobas (uflebawarmomSobi faqtebi). magram, Tu mosarCelis moTxovna mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sasamarTlom aRiaros Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT uflebis an urTierTobis ararseboba, maSin aseTi aRiarebiTi sarCelis safuZveli iqneba faqtebi, romlebic abrkoleben samarTlebrivi urTierTobis (uflebis) warmoSobas, rogoricaa magaliTad motyueba, Zaladoba, Zalauflebis borotad gamoyeneba, qmeduunaroba da a.S. (uflebadamabrkolebeli faqtebi). rogorc vxedavT, uflebis darRvevis faqti ar Sedis aRiarebiTi sarCelis safuZvelSi, radgan mosarCele aseTi sarCeliT ar moiTxovs mopasuxisagan raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas. misi mizania mxolod is, rom sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT aRiaros urTierTobis (uflebis) arseboba an ararseboba, dokumentis namdviloba an siyalbe. aRiarebiT sarCelebis mimarT gamotanil sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebs garkveuloba da sizuste SeaqvT mxareTa urTierTobebSi, amitom maTi mniSvneloba am urTierTobaTa sworad warmarTvaSi Zalian didia. amasTan erTad, aRiarebiT sarCelebs didi mniSvneloba aqvT uflebis darRvevis profilaqtikisaTvis. 3. gardaqmniTi sarCelebi rogorc TviT saxelwodebidanac es kargad Cans, gardaqmniTi sarCelebi esaa sarCelebi, romlebic mimarTulia arsebuli urTierTobis gardaqmnisaken. arsebuli urTierTobis gardaqmna ki SesaZlebelia am urTierTobis SecvliT an SewyvetiT. ise rogorc 206

urTierTobis warmoSoba, ise misi Secvla an Sewyveta SeiZleba moxdes mxolod iuridiuli faqtebis safuZvelze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, faqtebs, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs iuridiuli urTierTobis warmoSobas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas ewodebaT iuridiuli faqtebi. magaliTad, nebismieri garigeba, vTqvaT nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadeba, aris iuridiuli faqti, romelic warmoSobs nasyidobis samarTlebriv urTierTobas, romlis ZaliT am urTierTobis erTi mxare - myidveli, valdebulia gadasces meore mxares - gamyidvels garkveuli Tanxa, xolo es meore mxare - gamyidveli, valdebulia gadasces myidvels nivTi (nasyidobis obieqti). ise rogorc urTierTobis warmoSoba, am urTierTobis Secvla da Sewyvetac, rogorc wesi, pirTa nebis safuZvelze xdeba. magaliTad, urTierToba Sewydeba am urTierTobidan gamomdinare valdebulebebis SesrulebiT (sk 428-e muxli). pirTa nebis gamovleniT xdeba agreTve urTierTobis Secvlac. magaliTad, saziaro ufleba SeiZleba gauqmdes am uflebis monawileTa SeTanxmebiT (sk 961-e muxli). zogjer kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, urTierToba SeiZleba Sewydes am urTierTobis monawile erT-erTi piris calmxrivi nebis gamovleniTac. magaliTad, davalebis xelSekruleba SeiZleba Sewydes mxareTa SeTanxmebiT, magram misi Sewyveta dasaSvebia calmxrivadac - erT-erTi mxaris mier (sk 720-e muxli). igive wess iTvaliswinebs ssk 99-e muxlis Tanaxmad marwmunebels ufleba aqvs saqmis warmoebis yvela stadiaze gaauqmos Tavis mier gacemuli mindobiloba da Sewyvetis warmomdagenlis uflebamosileba. igive ufleba calmxrivad Sewyvitos mindobiloba da uari Tqvas Tavis uflebamosilebaze (ssk me-100 muxli). rogorc ukve avRniSneT, arsebuli urTierTobis Secvla an Sewyveta calmxrivad, am urTierTobis erT-erTi monawilis mier, dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, rac Zalzed iSviaTad xdeba. rogorc wesi, arsebuli urTierTobis gardaqmna, misi Secvla an Sewyveta, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT dasaSvebia mxolod mxareTa SeTanxmebiT, magram Tu aseTi SeTaxmeba ver iqneba miRweuli, dainteresebul pirs (mxares) SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos. magaliTad, sk 1124-e muxlis Tanaxmad moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobis registraciis organoSi (mmro) ganqorwineba daiSveba „im meuRleebs Soris urTierTTanxmobiT, romelTac ar hyavT arasrulwlovani Svilebi da SeaqvT erToblivi gancxadeba ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb“. amave kodeqsis 1126-e muxlis Tanaxmad „Tu meuRleTa Soris aris dava, an meuRleebs hyavT arasrulwlovani Svilebi, ganqorwinebis saqmes ganixilavs sasamarTlo“. aseT saqmeebs sasamarTlo ganixilavs sasarCelo wesiT (sk 1127-e muxli). cxadia, rom Tu sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb, mxareTa Soris qorwineba Sewydeba am gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze mmro-Si ganqorwinebis registraciis momentidan (sk 1132-e muxli). ufleba SeiZleba erToblivad ekuTvnodes ramdenime pirs (sk 953-e muxli). TiToeuli mowiles euTvnis Tanabari wili, Tu sxva ram ar aris dadgenili (sk 954-e muxli). amasTan erTad, TiToeul mowiles SeuZlia moiTxovos saziaro uflebis gauqmeba. aseTi gauqmeba dasaSvebia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tu mowileebi Tanaxmani iqnebian. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, e.i. rodesac mowileebi araa Tanaxma saziaro uflebis 207

gauqmebaze, maSin dainteresebul pirs (mowiles) SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT wilis gamoyofisa da saziaro uflebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, arsebuli saziaro urTierToba da aqedan gamomdinare saziaro ufleba gardaiqmneba individualur uflebad - saziaro uflebis saganze individualur sakuTrebad. gardaqmniTi sarCelebi gansxvavdebian mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebisagan imiT, rom mosarCeleebi ar moiTxoven mopasuxeebisagan raime konkretuli moqmedebis Sesrulebas an aseTi moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan Tavis Sekavebas. gardaqmniTi sarCelebiT mosarCeleebs surT miaRwion arsebuli urTierTobis Secvlas an Sewyvetas, rac man ver SeZlo meore mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT, e.i. sasamarTlos gareSe. gardaqmniTi sarCelebis aRZvris aucilebloba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos imiTac, rom arsebuli urTierTobis gardaqmna misi SecvliT an SewyvetiT, zogjer mxolod sasamarTlos meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, sk 1205-e muxlis Tanaxmad mSoblis uflebis CaomrTmeva, rogorc ukiduresi RonisZieba „SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlos wesiT“. amave kodeqsis 1209-e muxlis Tanaxmad „mSoblis uflebis aRdgena SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlo wesiT“. gardaqmniTi sarCelebi gansxvavdebian agreTve aRiarebiTi sarCelebisagan imiT, rom aRiarebiT sarCelebis moTxovnis Sinaarsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sasamarTlom cnos, daadginos esa Tu is ufleba an samarTlebrivi urTierToba. gardaqmniTi sarCeliT mosarCele moiTxovs arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Secvlas an Sewyvetas. gardaqmniTi sarCelebi, anu konstitutiuri sarCelebi, rogorc mas zogjer uwodeben, dasaSvebia mxolod im pirobiT, Tu kanoni iTvaliswinebs urTierTobis Sewyvetis an Secvlis SesaZleblobas. es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia Sewyvitos an Secvalos urTierToba, Tu dadasturdeba faqtebi, romlebsac kanoni aseT Secvlas (Sewyvetas) ukavSirebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo uars etyvis mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. magaliTad, mSoblebs SeiZleba CamoerTvaT mSoblis ufleba mxolod im pirobiT, Tu dadasturdeba ssk 1205-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli faqtebi, kerZod „Tu gamoirkveva, rom isini (an erT-erTi maTgani) sistematurad arideben Tavs Svilebis aRzrdis movaleobis Sesrulebas, an borotad iyeneben mSoblis uflebas - sastikad epyrobian Svilebs, mavne gavlenas axdenen maTze“.... da a.S.92

$3. sarCelis ufleba. sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis pirobebi 1. sarCelis uflebis cneba. sarCeli Cveni TvalsazrisiT aris saproceso samarTlis instituti (ix. zemoT, gv..........) Sesabamisad sarCelis uflebac wminda saproceso samarTlis institutia, romlis Sinaarsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom nebismier dainteresebul pirs SeuZlia

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gardaqmniTi sarCelebi, rogorc sarCelebis erT-erTi damoukidebeli saxesxvaoba, araa aRiarebuli yvela procesualistis mier, isini Tvlian, rom es sarCelebi sinamdvileSi aRiarebiTi sarCelebia. ix. a. kobaxiZe. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tbilisi 2003, gv... aseT mosazrebas adre Cvenc viziarebdiT. ix. „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali“. Tb. 1992, gv. 96

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mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavisi darRveuli uflebis (interesis) dasacavad. sasamarTloSi mimarTvis ufleba gaTvaliswinebulia uwinares yovlisa, saqarTvelos konstituciiT, romlis mixedviT yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad mimarTos sasamarTlos (42-e muxli). es ufleba vrceldeba agreTve iuridiul pirebze (45-e muxli). saqarTvelos konstituciis am danawesis Sesabamisad saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsma daamkvidra wesi, romlis Tanaxmad yoveli pirisaTvis uzrunvelyofilia uflebis sasamarTlo wesiT dacva da rom saqmis ganxilvas sasamarTlo Seudgeba im piris gancxadebiT, romelic mimarTavs mas Tavisi uflebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli interesebis dasacavad (ssk me-2 muxli). amave kodeqsis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, mxareebi iwyeben saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi sarCelis (gancxadebis) Setanis gziT. amrigad, sarCeli warmoadgens uflebis dacvis saproceso saSualebas, xolo sarCeliT sasamarTloSi mimarTva SeuZlia yovel dainteresebul pirs. rogorc saproceso samarTlis instituti, sarCelis ufleba - esaa yoveli dainteresebuli piris kanoniT garantirebuli SesaZlebloba mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavisi darRveuli an sadavo uflebis dasacavad.93 2. sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis wina pirobebi. ufleba mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT, aqvs yovel dainteresebul pirs. am TvalsazrisiT sarCelis ufleba mTlianad emTxveva saproceso uflebaunarianobas. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom sasamarTloSi wardgenili (aRZruli) yoveli sarCeli unda aucileblad miiRos sasamarTlom da ganixilos igi. imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom miiRos da ganixilos sarCeli saWiroa garkveuli, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi (winamZRvrebi), romlebic sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebs (winamZRvrebs) warmoadgens.94 sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebs sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT ajgufeben. magaliTad, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli kategoriis saqmeebis mimarT gamoiyenebian, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben saerTo da specialur pirobebs (winamZRvrebs), imis mixedviT Tu rogori xasiaTisaa 93

farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben sarCelis uflebas saproceso samarTlebrivi da materialur samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. sarCelis ufleba materialur samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT - esaa sarCelis, ufro zustad, sasarCelo moTxovnis dakmayofilebis ufleba. sarCelis uflebis, rogorc saproceso institutis, realizaciisaTvis da sarCelis uflebis, rogorc materialuri samarTlis institutis - realizaciisaTvis sruliad gansxvavebuli pirobebia saWiro, magram mTavari da ZiriTadi isaa, rom sarCelis ufleba saproceso TvalsazrisiT araa dakavSirebuli sarCelis uflebasTan materialuri TvalsazrisiT; sasamarTlom unda miiRos da ganixilos sarCeli, damoukideblad imisa dasabuTebulia Tu ara igi faqtobrivad da iuridiulad, rac SeiZleba gairkves mxolod am sarCelis arsebiTad ganxilvis Sedegad, procesis bolos, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT. 94 iuridiul literaturaSi am pirobebs sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT moixsenieben, rogoricaa magaliTad „sarCelis uflebis winapirobebi“ (предпосылки права на иск), sarCelis aRZvris winapirobebi“ (предпосылки права на “предявление иска“) „procesis winapirobebi“ (die Prozessvoraussetzungen) „sarCelis dasaSvebobis winapirobebi“ ( die Zulassigkeit der klage) da a.S. rogorc avRniSneT, sarCelis uleba aqvs nebismier saproceso uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvil pirs, magram sasamarTlom rom miiRos dainteresebuli piris mier warmodgenili sarCeli warmoebaSi, amisaTvis saWiroa garkveuli, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi. amitom, Cven maT vuwodebT sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebs.

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TviTon es winapirobebi, erTmaneTisagan gamoyofen dadebiT da uaryofiT winapirobebs.95 farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis pirobebi unda dajgufdes imis mixedviT, Tu vis an ras ganekuTvneba es pirobebi. am niSnis mixedviT procesis winapirobebs sam jgufad yofen. pirvel jgufs miakuTvneben winapirobebs, romlebic sasamarTlos ganekuTvneba (magaliTad, uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba, gansjadoba da a.S.) meore jgufs miakuTvneben iseT pirobebs, romlebic mxareebs ganekuTvneba (magaliTad, qmedunarianoba), xolo mesame jgufs miakuTvneben winapirobebs, romlebic davis sagans ganekuTvneba (magaliTad, sarCelis sagnis Rirebuleba).96 sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebis klasifikacia zemoddasaxelebuli niSnis mixedviT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia da dasaSvebia. sakiTxi mxolod mdgomareobs imaSi, romeli ufro mizanSewonilia praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi CamoTvlilia ssk 186-e muxlSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom es winapirobebi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT amomwuravad. ssk-is sxva muxlebSi SevxvdebiT iseT garemoebebze miTiTebas, romlebic abrkoleben sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebas, magaliTad, mosarCelem ar Seavso sarCelis xarvezi, romelzec miuTiTa sasamarTlom, an kidev, ar gadaixada saxelmwifo baJi. aseT SemTxvevaSi sarCeli umoZraod unda datovos sasamarTlom (ssk 185-e muxli). faqtiurad esaa sarCelis miRebaze uarisTqma. amitom, yvela am winapirobis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia, radgan sarCelis miRebaze uaris Tqma iseTi safuZvliT, romelic kanoniT araa gaTvaliswinebuli, unda dakvalificirdes, rogorc marTlmsajulebaze uaris Tqma, rac piris erT-erTi ZiriTadi uflebis uxeSad darRveva iqneba. amrigad, nebismier fizikur, Tu iuridiul pirs aqvs ufleba mimarTos sasamarTlos uflebis dasacavad, magram aseTi mimarTvisaTvis arsebobs kanoniT dadgenili wesi da pirobebi, romelTa sruli gaTvaliswinebiT unda moxdes uflebis dacva. rogoria sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi? 1. sarCelis sasamarTloebisadmi uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba. dawvrilebiT sakiTxi uwyebrivi qvemdebareobisa (saqveuwyebobisa) da misi darRvevis Sedegebis Sesaxeb ganxiluli gvaqvs am wignis me-IV Tavis pirvel paragrafSi. aq mokled aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom sasamarTlo ver ganixilavs sarCels, Tu misi ganxilva ar Sedis saerTo sasamarTloebis kompetenciaSi (ssk me-11 muxlis me-2 nawili). aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sarCelis miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, xolo, Tu sasamarTlom SecdomiT miiRo sarCeli da mxolod amis Semdeg gairkva, rom igi uwyebrivad ar eqvemdebareba sasamarTlos, maSin sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb (ssk 272-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqti). 2. saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetencia. 95

Гражданское процесуалное право. Под ред. М.С. Шакарян. И. 2004, стр, 294, a. kobaxiZe. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. Tb. 2003, gv. 294. 96 procesis winapirobaTa aseTi dajgufeba farTodaa aRiarebuli germanul iuridiul literaturaSi.Rosenberg, /Schwab/, Gottwald. dasax. naSromi, gv. 536. O.Jauernig. dasax.naSromi, gv. 115

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saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlebrivi davebi, anu davebi, romlebic warmoiSva ucxouri elementiT datvirTuli urTierTobidan, SeiZleba ganixilon saqarTvelos sasamarTloebma Tu aseTi davebi ganekuTvneba maT kompetencias. saqarTvelos kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ Seicavs miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom „saqarTvelos sasamarTloebs aqvT saerTaSoriso kompetencia, Tu mopasuxes saqarTveloSi aqvs sacxovrebeli adgili, rezidencia an Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli“. (sks kanonis me-8 muxli). saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetenciis es zogadi danawesi dakonkretebulia sks kanonis me-9-20 muxlebSi.97 3. sarCelis gansjadoba am sasamarTlosadmi. dawvrilebiT sakiTxi gansjadobisa da misi darRvevis Sedegebis Sesaxeb ganxilulia am wignis IV Tavis me-2-5 paragrafSi. aq SeiZleba kvlav miuTiToT imis Sesaxeb, rom ssk III Tavis me-13-24 muxlebi eZRvneba gansjadobas. cxadia, rom sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos gansjadobis sakiTxis garkvevisas am TavSi Camoyalibebuli wesebiT. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom gansjadobis darRveviT saqmis ganxilva ar warmoadgens gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis udavo safuZvels. ufro metic Tu mopasuxes pirvel instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvisas ar wamouyenebia gansjadobis sakiTxi. rogorc es miTiTebulia ssk 377-e muxlis me-5 punqtSi, moTxovna gansjadobis Semowmebis Sesaxeb „dasaSvebia, Tu igi saqmis pirvel instanciaSi ganxilvisas iyo wamoyenebuli mopasuxis mier, an Tu arsebobs sapatio mizezi, ris gamoc aseTi moTxovna ver iqna wina instanciaSi wamoyenebuli“. 4. sarCelis Sinaarsis Sesabamisoba kanonis moTxovnebTan. dawvrilebiT sarCelis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb saubari gveqneba qvemoT (ix.....$.....gv.....). aq avRniSnavT imis Sesaxeb, rom, Tu sarCeli ar pasuxobs kanonis moTxovnebs, anu ar Seicavs yvela im savaldebulo rekvizits, rasac iTvaliswinebs kanoni (ssk 178-e muxli), maSin sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb da niSnavs vadas amisaTvis. Tu daniSnul vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba sarCelis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 185-e muxli). aseT SemTxvevaSi sarCeli ubrundeba ukan mosarCeles. 5. mosarCelis saproceso uflebaunarianoba. samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba - esaa piris unari hqondes saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi. fizikuri piris saproceso uflebaunarianoba warmoiSoba dabadebis momentidan da Sewydeba misi gardacvalebiT. rac Seexeba iuridiul pirebs maTi saproceso uflebaunarianoba warmoiSoba registraciis momentidan da Sewydeba misi likvidaciis registraciis momentidan (ssk me-80 muxli). vinaidan fizikur pirTa uflebaunarianobis SezRudvas an CamorTmevas kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs praqtikulad sakiTxi aseT pirTa uflebaunarianobis Semowmebis Sesaxeb ar dgeba. rac Seexeba iuridiul pirebs, maTi saproceso uflebaunarianobisaTvis saWiroa registracia kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT. amitom, Tu mxared - mosarCeled an mopasuxed warmodgenilia iuridiuli piri, sasamarTlo valdebulia 97

dawvrilebiT saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetenciis Sesaxeb ix. T.liluaSvili. saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali. Tb. 2004, gv. 125

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Seamowmos registraciis faqti (uflebaunarianobis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. Tavi IV. 6. mxareTa saproceso qmedunarianoba. qmedunarianoba - esaa piris unari Tavisi moqmedebiT ganaxorcielos sasamarTloSi saproceso uflebebi da Seasrulos saproceso movaleobebi, agreTve daavalos saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenels (ssk 81-e muxli). fizikuri piris qmedunarianoba warmoiSoba 18 wlis asakidan, e.i. srulwlovnebidan, xolo iuridiuli piris qmedunarianoba registraciis momentidan. kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs agreTve srulwlovan fizikur pirTa qmedunarianobis SezRudvis da maTi qmeduunarod gamocxadebis SesaZleblobas. kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs agreTve fizikur pirTa qmedunarianobis warmoSobas 18 wlis asaks miRwevamde, Tu arsebobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos fizikur da iuridiul pirTa saproceso qmedunarianoba rogorc mxareTa TxovniT, ise Tavisi iniciativT. Tu aseTi Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom mxare araa qmedunariani an imis gamo, rom mas jer ar miuRwevia srulwlovanebamde, an imis gamo, rom Tumca srulwlovania, magram aRiarebulia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT qmeduunarod, mosamarTle ar miiRebs sarCels. rac Seexeba iuridiul pirebs, maT unda daadasturon registraciis faqti. (dawvrilebiT saproceso qmedunaroianobis Sesaxeb ix. Tavi IV. 7. sarCelis aRZvra sxva pirTa uflebebis dasacavad uflebamosili piris mier. or SemTxvevaSi sarCeliT dainteresebul pirTa uflebebis dasacavad SeuZliaT mimarTon ara uSvalod am dainteresebulma pirebma, aramed sxva pirebma. erT SemTxvevaSi esenia meurveebi, mzrunvelebi da kanonieriwarmomadgenlebi (dawvrilebiT ix. Tavi.$........ gv....). meore SemTxvevaSi esenia nebayoflobiTi warmomadgenlebi. rogorc cnobilia mxareebs SeuZliaT awarmoon saqme sasamarTloSi piradad an warmoadgenlis meSveobiT (dawvrilebiT ix. Tavi ..$.......gv.....). arauflebamosil pirad iTvleba iseTi piri, romelic mimarTavs sasamarTlos sarCeliT sxva pirTa uflebis dasacavad, magram ar warmoadgens am sxva piris arc kanonier warmomadgenels da arc nebayoflobiT warmomadgenels anu warmomadgenels mindobilobis safuZvelze (ix. gv.....). 8. am an sxva sasamarTloSi igive sarCelis ararseboba. sarCelis igiveobriobis dadgenisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs misi elementebis, anu misi sagnisa da safuZvlis igiveobas. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu sarCelis sagani (moTxovnis Sinaarsi) da sarCelis safuZveli (faqtebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs am moTxovnas) erTi da igivea da igi aRZrulia igive mosarCelis mier imave mopasuxis winaaRmdeg - es igive sarCelia, romelic arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva aseTive da ufro adre aRZruli sarCelisagan. erTi da igive sarCelis sxvadasxva, an igive sasamarTloSi ganxilvis SesaZleblobis daSveba niSnavs erTsa da imave sarCelis mimarT sxvadasxva Sinaarsis an urTierTsawinaaRmdego sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis arsebobis daSvebas, rac yovlad dauSvebelia da gamoiwvevs gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis SeuZleblobas. 212

amitom, Tu or an met sasamarTloSi Setanilia erTi da igive sarCeli, saqme unda ganixilos im sasamarTlom, romelmac yvelaze adre miiRo an romelSic yvelaze adre miRebulad iTvleba sarCeli (ssk 183-e muxli). Tu sasamarTlom yovelive amis Sesaxeb Seityo ara sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis etapze, aramed misi miRebis Semdeg maSin man unda gamoitanos ganCineba sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 275-e muxlis „e“ punqti). 9. saarbitraJo SeTanxmebis arseboba. mxareTa Soris dadebul SeTanxmebas davis kerZo arbitraJisaTvis anu samediatoro sasamarTlosaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb aqvs iuridiuli Zala rogorc TviTon mxareebisaTvis, ise sasamarTlosaTvis. amitom, aseTi SeTanxmebis (xelSekrulebis) arsebobisas sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs miiRos da ganixilos sarCeli, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRo _ Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba (ssk 272-e muxlis „v“ punqti). 10. igive sarCelis mimarT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis an saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb ganCinebis ararseboba. pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSia sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba igive sarCelze, rac efuZneba akrZalvas, romlis mixedviT gadawyvetilebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi mxareebs aRar SeuZliaT xelaxla ganacxadon sasamarTloSi igive sarCeli (ssk 266-e muxli). aseTive Sedegi ukavSirdeba sasamarTlo ganCinebas saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, imis gamo, rom mosarCelem uari Tqva sarCelze, mopasuxem cno sarCeli, an kidev mxareebi morigdnen. Tu igive sarCelis mimarT gadawyvetilebis an ganCinebis arsebobis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo Seityobs sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg, maSin man unda Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba (ssk 272-e muxlis „b“ punqti). 11. uflebis dacvis iuridiuli interesi aRiarebiT sarCelebSi. iuridiuli interesi, rogorc sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapiroba gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod aRiarebiTi sarCelebis mimarT (ssk 180-e muxli). es imas niSnavs, rom Tu mosarCeles ar aqvs iuridiuli interesi, e.i. gadawyvetilebas aseT sarCelze aranairi sargeblobis motana ar SeuZlia mosarCelisaTvis, an, Tu aRiarebiTi sarCelis gadawyveta araa davis gadawyvetis saukeTeso saSualeba da mxares SeuZlia aRZras mikuTvnebiTi sarCeli mis nacvlad, sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos da ganixilos aseTi sarCeli. (dawvrilebiT ix. am Tavis $2). sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis aq CamoTvlili winapirobebis garda kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs agreTve damatebiT winapirobebs Segebebuli sarCelebis warmoebaSi miRebisaTvis, ris Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba qvemoT (ix. Tavi IX. $2, gv.....). aseTia mokled sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi. Tu romelime winapiroba ar arsebobs, sasamarTlo ar miiRebs sarCels warmoebaSi, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRebs imis gamo, rom romelime winapirobis ararseboba gamovlinda sarCelis miRebis Semdeg, sasamarTlo Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas an sarCels ganuxilvelad datovebs, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli winapirobis ararseboba gamovlindeba (ssk 272-e da 275-e muxlebi). sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis da saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis ganCinebiT warmoeba am saqmeze mTavrdeba, ris Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT ixileT gv..... 213

$4. sarCelis forma da Sinaarsi I. sarCelis forma sarCelis rogorc forma, ise Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba kanoniT. es imas niSnavs, rom pirs SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos nebismieri SuamdgomlobiT, raTa man ganixilos da gadawyvitos dava, romelic wamoiWra massa da mopasuxes Soris, magram aseTi mimarTva dasaSvebia kanoniT gansazRvruli formiT. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT sarCeli Sedgenili unda iyos werilobiTi formiT (ssk 177-e muxli). zepiri formiT sarCelis an Segebebuli sarCelis wardgenisa da misi gaformebis wesebs Cveni kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs. maSasadame, zepiri formiT sarCelis wardgena dauSvebelia.98 II. sarCelis Sinaarsi formasTan erTad, kanoniT gansazRvrulia sarCelis Sinaarsi, anu moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda pasuxobdes werilobiTi formiT Sedgenili sarCeli. es imas niSnavs, rom sarCelis Sinaarsis Camoyalibeba araa damokidebuli mosarCelis mixedulebaze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mosarCeles aramarto SeuZlia, aramed TviTonve unda gansazRvros davis sagani da misi safuZvlebi, magram kanoni avalebs mas Tu rogor da ra TanmimdevrobiT unda asaxos yovelive es sarCelSi. kanoni iTvaliswinebs sarCelis savaldebulo da arasavaldebulo rekvizitebs. 1. garda im rekvizitebisa, romlebic saerToa sasamarTloSi mimarTvis yoveli formisaTvis, sarCelSi savaldebuloa miTiTebuli iyos mosarCelis moTxovna (sarCelis sagani). es uaRresad mniSvnelovani da principuli xasiaTis miTiTebaa. saqme isaa, rom sasamarTlo ixilavs sarCels da gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba swored am sasarCelo moTxovnis farglebSi, romlebsac sasamarTlo verc Secvlis da verc gaafarTovebs. dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare, sasarCelo moTxovnis Secvlis an gafarTovebis ufleba mxolod mosarCles aqvs. aqedan gamomadinare cxadia, sarCelSi naTlad, garkveviT da amomwuravad unda iyos miTiTebuli, Tu ras moiTxovs mosarCele mopasuxisagan. Tu es moTxovna araa srulyofilad Camoyalibebuli - es aris xarvezi, romelic unda Seavsos mosarCelem. sasamarTlom Tavisi ganCinebiT unda dauniSnos mas vada am xarvezis Sesavsebad. 2. sarCelSi miTiTebuli unda iyos garemoebebi, romlebzec mosarCele amyarebs Tavis moTxovnas. es garemoebebi erTobliobaSi Seadgenen mtkicebis sagans. sasamarTlo aqac SeboWilia: SejibrebiTobis principidan gamomdinare mxareebma TviTon unda gansazRvron Tu romeli faqtebi unda daudon safuZvlad TavianT moTxovnebs Tu Sesagebels (ssk me-4 muxli). sasarCelo moTxovnis dasabuTebisaTvis, misi iuridiuli gamarTlebisaTvis sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi, warmoadgenen im iuridiul faqtebs, romlebic qmnian sarCelis safuZvels. mtkicebulebaTa Sekreba, Semowmeba da Sefaseba sasamarTlom unda 98

aRsaniSnavia, rom werilobiTi forma araa sarCelis erTad-erTi forma. zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba uSvebs sarCelis zepiri formiT sasamarTloSi mimarTvis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, germaniis saubno sasamarTloebSi (amtsgerixtSi) sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras zepiri formiTac, rac aisaxeba am sasamarTlos oqmSi. W. Lüke. dasax. naSromi, gv. 109.

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awarmoos sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtiuri garemoebebis mimarT. sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar Sekribos mtkicebulebebi iseTi faqtebis mimarT, romlebzec marTalia miuTiTebs mosarCele, magram maT ar aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare cxadia,M sarCelSi naTlad da garkvevis unda iyos miTiTebuli garemoebebze, romlebzec mosarCele afuZnebs Tavis moTxovnebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi man unda misces mosarCeles vada xarvezis Sesavsebad (ssk 185-e muxli). 3. sarCelSi miTiTebuli unda iyos mtkicebulebebze, romlebsac SeuZliaT daadasturon mosarCelis mier sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi. mtkicebulebebze miTiTebac savaldebuloa, Tu aseTi miTiTeba araa, maSin sasamarTlom unda misces mosarCeles vada xarvezis Sesavsebad. mosarCeles ar evaleba sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis iuridiuli kvalifikacia. es imas niSnavs, rom mosarCele araa valdebuli miuTiTos sarCelSi kanonebze da iuridiulad daasabuTos Tavisi sasarCelo moTxovna. aseTia mokled kanonis miTiTebis Sesabamisad Sedgenili da Camoyalibebuli sasarCelo gancxadebis Sinaarsi. sarCelSi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes agreTve mosarCelis moTxovnebi sasamarTlosadmi (da ara mopasuxisamdi) imis Sesaxeb, rom man daavalos mopasuxes warmoadginos mtkicebulebebi, romlebic masTan inaxeba, misces miTiTeba Sesabamis dawesebulebebs, raTa warudginon sasamarTlos saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone werilobiTi Tu nivTieri mtkicebulebebi, droulad Seatyobinos da gamoiZaxos mowmeebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT daadasturon sarCelSi aRniSnuli garemoebebi da a.S. sarCelSi am arasavaldebulo rekvizitebze miTiTeba Zalze sasurvelia da xels Seuwyobs saqmis droulad ganxilva-gadawyvetas, rac mTlianad Seesabameba mosarCelis interesebs. magram maTze miuTiTebloba ver gaxdeba xarvezis Sevsebisa, Tu sarCelis umoZraod datovebis sababi. bolos unda aRiniSnos, rom sarCels xels awers mosarCele, magram Tu sarCels xels awers misi warmomadgeneli (advokati), maSin man unda daurTos sarCels mindobiloba, xolo advokatma kidev damatebiT saadvokato saqmianobis uflebis damadasturebeli mowmoba („advokatTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-19 muxli). III. sarCelis xarvezis cneba da Sevsebis wesi sarCelis xarvezi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: 1. xarvezi, romelic uSvalod sarCelis Sinaarss Seexeba da 2. xarvezi, romelic misi sasamarTloSi wardgenis wesidan gamomdinareobs. 1. sarCeli xarvezianad iTvleba, Tu igi ar pasuxobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs, magaliTad ar aris dasaxelebuli mopasuxe, anu piri romlis winaaRmdegac aRZrulia sarCeli, an kidev, mopasuxe Tumca dasaxelebulia, magram araa miTiTebuli misi misamarTi Tu adgilsamyofeli, araa Camoyalibebuli mosarCelis moTxovna mopasuxisadmi, araa miTiTebuli faqtebze, romlebic safuZvlad udevs am moTxovnas da a.S. 215

rogorc vxedavT, sarCeli xarvezianad iTvleba, roca igi ar Seicavs ama Tu im savaldebulo rekvizits, an imdenad bundovania, rom gaugebaria misi azri da Sinaarsi. 2. meore jgufi sarCelis xarvezianobisa moicavs iseT naklovanebebs, romlebic uSvalod sarCelis Sinaarsidan ar gamomdinareobs, magram gamowveuli arian sarCelis wardgenis wesebidan gadaxveviT. magaliTad, sarCeli da masze TandarTuli sabuTi araa wardgenili imdeni asliT, ramdenic mopasuxe (ssk 179-e muxli), sarCels ar erTvis saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdis qviTari (ssk 179-e muxli). mosamarTle, sarCelis misTvis Cabarebidan xuTi dRis ganmavlobaSi, yuradRebiT unda gaecnos sarCels im TvalsazrisiT pasuxobs Tu ara igi kanonis moTxovnebs da xom ar aqvs mas xarvezi (ssk 185-e muxli). xarvezis arseboba ar aZlevs mosamarTles uflebas uari uTxras mosarCeles sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebaze. man unda gamoitanos ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb, romelSic amomwuravad unda iyos miTiTebuli Tu ra xarvezi gaaCnia sarCels da ra vadaSi unda aRmoifxvras es xarvezi. xarvezis SevsebisaTvis vadas gansazRvravs sasamarTlo imis mixedviT, Tu ra moqmedeba unda Seasrulos mosarCelem da ra vada iqneba amisaTvis saWiro. ganCineba xarvezis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Cabardes mosarCeles uSvalod sasamarTloSi, an gadaegzavnos mas ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT. IV. sarCelis umoZraod datoveba. saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi (sasamarTlosmieri vada) savaldebuloa ise, rogorc aseTi moqmedebis Sesruleba kanoniT gansazRvrul vadaSi (kanonismieri vada). es imas niSnavs, rom mosarCelem unda gamoasworos sasamarTlos ganCinebaSi miTiTebuli xarvezi amave ganCinebaSi miTiTebul vadaSi. rogorc ki xarvezis Sevsebis vada amoiwureba, Tu xarvezi am vadaSi ar iyo Sevsebuli, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sarCelis umoZraod datovebisa da misi mosarCelisaTvis dabZrunebis Sesaxeb. es ganCineba, sarCeli da masze TandarTuli masalebi unda Cabardes da daubrundes mosarCeles an uSvalod sasamarTloSi, an ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT. am ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana 12 dRis ganmavlobaSi. vadis aTvla iwyeba: a) Tu sarCelis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb ganCinebis gamocxadebas eswreboda mosarCele - gamocxadebis momentidan; b) xolo Tu ar eswreboda, im dRidan roca mas Cabarda ganCineba uSvalod sasamarTloSi an 70-78-e muxleiT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 416-e muxli). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganCineba sarCelis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb gauqmdeba, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas „sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb“, magram, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mosamarTle ucvlelad tovebs ganCinebas sarCelis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb, mosarCeles ubrundeba sarCelic, masze TandarTuli dokumentebic da saxelmwifo baJic (Tu igi Setanili iyo). 216

$5. sarCelis uzrunvelyofa I. cneba sarCelis uzrunvelofa - esaa gadawyvetilebis realurad aRsrulebisaTvis mosalodneli dabrkolebis Tavidan acileba, mopasuxisaTvis Tavisi qonebis an fuladi saxsrebis gankargvis uflebis SezRudvis gziT. gancxadeba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Seitanos aramarto mosarCelem, aramed mesame pirma damoukidebeli moTxovniT, agreTve mopasuxem mxolod im pirobiT, Tu man aRZra Segebebuli sarCeli da moiTxovs mis uzrunvelyofas. II. sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Sinaarsi. sarCelis uzrunvelyofa sasamarTlos iniciativiT dauSvebelia. amitom, sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos SeZlia mimarTos dainteresebulma pirma. gancxadeba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb garda yvela saxis gancxadebisaTvis saWiro rekvizitebisa, unda Seicavdes: 1. miTiTebas im faqtobriv garemoebebze, romelTa gamo uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebis miuRebloba gaarTulebs an SeuZlebels gaxdis gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas; 2. miTiTebas mowinaaRmdege mxaris im qonebaze an fulad saxsrebze (angariSebze bankSi da sxva), romelTa mimarT unda moxdes uzrunvelyofa; 3. miTiTebas uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebze, romelTa gatarebac ganmcxadebels miaCnia mizanSewonilad da gamarTlebulad. III. uzrunvelyofis faqtobrivi safuZvlis damtkicebis tvirTi. rogorc vxedavT, mosarCeles evaleba miuTiTos Tavis gancxadebaSi im konkretul garemoebebze (faqtebze) romlebic adastureben varauds, rom uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebis miuRebloba gaaZnelebs an SeZlebels gaxdis gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas. cxadia, rom am garemoebebze mxolod miTiTeba ar kmara. mosarCelem unda daamtkicos kidec am garemoebebis arseboba, radgan mas ekisreba maTi damtkicebis tvirTi im zogadi principidan gamomdinare, romlis Tanaxmad „TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos is garemoebani, romlebzec igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels (ssk 102-e muxli). magaliTad, im mizniT, raTa Tavidan aicilos valis dabruneba, mopasuxem daiwyo Tavisi qonebis (Zvirfasi nivTebis, binis) fiqtiuri gaCuqeba an sxva gziT gasxviseba, fuladi saxsrebis gamotana bankebidan da gadamalva da a.S. aseTi da sxva amgvari faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebic qmnian varauds, rom momavalSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba SeiZleba garTuldes an SeuZlebeli gaxdes, unda daamtkicos mosarCelem anu im pirma, vinc uzrunvelyofas moiTxovs. miT ufro, sasamarTlo praqtikidan cnobilia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsrulebis droisaTvis mopasuxes ukve gaCuqebuli, an gayiduli aqvs mTeli Tavisi qoneba da aRmasrulebeli iZulebulia Seadginos uqonlobis aqti. saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb kanonis 35-e muxlis „b“ punqtis Tanaxmad saaRsrulebo sabuTi 217

ubrundeba kreditors Tu movales ar gaaCnia qoneba an Semosavali, romlidanac SeiZleba moxdes gadaxdevineba. aseTi saSiSroeba moixsneba mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, Tu moxda sadavo sagnis gasxviseba (gayidva) an moTxovnis daTmoba. saqme isaa, rom Tu araa gatarebuli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebi, mxareebs ufleba aqvT gayidon, gaaCuqon davis sagani, an daTmon moTxovna. magram sadavo sagnis gasxvisebis pirobebSiac mxared rCeba is piri, vinc gaasxvisa davis sagani, anu piri, romelic iqneboda mxared procesSi, mas rom davis sagnis gasxviseba ar moexdina. sadavo sagnis SemZens, an im pirs, visac moTxovna dauTmes, SeuZlia Caebas procesSi im mxaris nacvlad, romelmac gaasxvisa davis sagani an daTmo moTxovna, oRond erTi pirobiT, Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare Tanaxma iqneba amaze. aseTi Tanxmobis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi sadavo sagnis SemZens SeuZlia Caebas procesSi mesame pirad damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, romelmac anda daexmaros mxares saqmis mis sasargeblod gadawyvetaSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas SeiZleba daevalos davis sagnis mogebuli mxarisaTvis dabruneba.99 IV. jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofa sarCelis aRZramde sasamarTloSi sarCelis uzrunvelyofa, anu jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofa mniSvnelovani da arsebiTi xasiaTis siaxlea kanonmdeblobaSi. gancxadeba jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sasamarTloSi mxolod „gadaudebel SemTxvevaSi“ (ssk 192-e muxli). gadaudebeli SemTxveva SeiZleba sxvadasxva garemoebiT iyos gamowveuli, rogoricaa magaliTad, qonebis mosalodneli gayidva, gaCuqeba, xSirad fiqtiuri gasxviseba, gadamalva da a.S. magram, ra garemoebiTac ar unda iyos gamowveuli, ganmcxadebelma unda daamtkicos jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis gadaudebloba. jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofisas mowinaaRmdege mxares SeuZlia iSuamdgomlos sasamarTlos winaSe, raTa man daniSnos vada, romlis ganmavlobaSi, Tu ganmcxadebeli ar aRZravs sarCels, gamoitanos ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom mowinaaRmdege mxarem SeZlos am uflebis droulad realizacia, mizanSewonili iqneba jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi ganxilul iqnas mowinaaRmdege mxaris SetyobinebiT, yvela SemTxvevaSi, mowinaaRmdege mxares, rogorc ki Seityobs jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos, rom man dauniSnos ganmcxadebels sarCelis aRZvris vada da, rom, Tu am vadaSi ar iqneba aRZruli sasamarTlom gaauqmos mis mier daniSnuli uzrunvelyofis RonisZieba. 99

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis subieqturi farglebi vrceldeba mxolod saqmeSi monawile mxareebze. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedeba mesame pirebze, romlebic ar monawileoben procesSi, SeiZleba gavrceldes mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, kerZod Tu davis sagani gaiyida an gadaeca mesame pirs. ix. Волъфганг Голасовски. Окончптелъность судебных решеный и пересмотр по немецкому праву. „Законная сила судебных решении и их пересмотр “. сб. 1-ой кавказской конференции судей. 2002. стр. 6869

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im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganmcxadebeli ar aRZravs sarCels daniSnul vadaSi, an aRZravs magram waagebs process, mas daekisreba im zaralis anazRaureba, rac miadga mowinaaRmdege mxares jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT (ssk 199-e muxlis me-2 naw.). V. ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sarCelis uzrunvelyofis procesi - esaa daCqarebuli (swrafi) procesi. es iqedan Cans, rom gancxadebas sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo ganixilavs misi Setanis dResve da mopasuxisaTvis Seutyobineblad (ssk 193-e muxli). aseve dauyonebliv xdeba uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo ganCinebis aRsrulebac, rac xorcieldeba im wesiT, rogorc xdeba gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba (ssk 195-e muxli). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlom unda gasces saaRsrulebo furceli uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb ganCinebis gamotanisTanave, romelic gadaecema mxares saaRsrulebo biuroSi warsadgenad. ganCineba aseve dauyonebliv egzavneba agreTve mowinaaRmdege mxares, romelsac SeuZlia gaasaCivros es ganCineba. garda saerTo monacemebisa, romlebsac unda Seicavdes ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb ganCineba unda Seicavdes : a) uzrunvelyofis romeli konkretuli RonisZieba gaatara sasamarTlom; b) im qonebis adgilmdebareobaze miTiTebas da mis individualur niSnebs, romelTa mimarTac gatarda RonisZiebaK g) TiToeuli nivTis srul da zust saxelwodebas, maT wonas da sxva parametrebs da a.S. sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa wres gansazRvravs ssk 198-e muxli. sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli RonisZieba unda iqnes gamoyenebuli wyvets sasamarTlo,. am sakiTxis gadawyvetisas sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos sasarCelo moTxovnis xasiaTi da Sinaarsi. magaliTad, Tu aRZrulia sarCeli nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, maSin sarCelis uzrunvelsayofad sasamarTlom SeiZleba gamoiyenos yadaRa, romelic SezRudavs mopasuxes, misi gankargvis (gayidvis, gaCuqebis) uflebamosilebas. magram, Tu sarCeli aRZrulia raime nawarmoebis an gamogonebis Tanaavtorad cnobis Sesaxeb, uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes am nawarmoebis Tu gamogonebis gamoqveynebis da danergvis akrZalva. sarCelis uzrunvelyofis kanonSi CamoTvlili RonisZiebebi Tumca farToa, magram araa amomwuravi (ssk 198-e muxli). sasamarTlos SeuZlia sxva RonisZiebebis gamoyenebac, an erTdroulad ramdenime RonisZiebis gamoyeneba. VI. sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT gamowveuli zaralis anazRaureba (mopasuxis interesebis dacva). cxadia, rom sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gatarebma, miT umetes, Tu aseTi RonisZiebiT izRudeba mopasuxis uflebamosileba gankargos Tavisi qoneba an fuladi saxsrebi - SeiZleba garkveuli ziani miayenos mas. kanonisa da sasamarTlos winaSe mxareTa Tanasworobis konstituciuri principi vlindeba am SemTxvevaSic: kanoni erTnairad icavs aramarto mosarCelis, aramed mopasuxis angariSgasawev 219

interesebsac. amitom pirs, romelic sarCelis uzrunvelyofas moiTxovs SeiZleba garkveuli, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis arsebobisas, daekisros im mosalodneli zaralis anazRaurebis uzrunvelyofa, rac SeiZleba miadges mopasuxes sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT. ssk 199-e muxli iTvaliswinebs mopasuxis interesebis dacvis or erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv saSualebas: erTi - esaa mosarCelis mier im zaralis anazRaureba, romelic miadga mopauxes sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT. zaralis anazRaureba mopasuxes SeuZlia Semdegi faqtobrivi garemoebebis arsebobisas: 1. mosarCeles uari eTqa uzrunvelyofili sarCelis dakmayofilebaze anu man waago procesi, an kidev, uzrunvelyofili iyo jer ar aRZruli sarCeli (ssk 192-e muxli), magram Semdgom man ar aRZra es sarCeli sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi, ris gamoc uzrunvelyofis RonisZieba gauqmda; 2. sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT mopasuxes namdvilad miadga ziani, romlis odenoba unda daamtkicos mopasuxem. sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebis gatarebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos sarCeliT unda mimarTos mopasuxem. meore - esaa mopasuxisaTvis mosalodneli zianis anaRzaurebis uzrunvelyofa (ssk 199-e muxli). es imas niSnavs, rom Tu mosarCele moiTxovs sarCelis uzrunvelyofas, mopasuxes SeuZlia moiTxovos sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT misTvis mosalodneli zianis ara anazRaureba, aramed anazRaurebis uzrunvelyofa. SeiZleba aseT viTarebas vuwodoT sapasuxo uzrunvelyofa, romelic unda ganxorcieldes ssk 57-e muxliT dadgenili wesiT. am muxlis Tanaxmad sapasuxo uzrunvelyofa unda ganxorcieldes mosarCelis mier fuladi Tanxis an fasiani qaRaldis dadebiT. amasTan erTad, sasamarTlom SeiZleba SeRavaTiani pirobebiT dauSvas sxva saSualebebic, rogoricaa magaliTad sakredito dawesebulebis mier gacemuli Tavdeboba (ssk 57-e muxli). rogorc vxevdavT, sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT uzrunvelyofilia mosarCelis interesebis dacva, xolo zianis anazRaureba, rac miadga mopasuxes sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebis gatarebiT, uzrunvelyofilia mopasuxis interesebis dacva. sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelic unda pasuxobdes ssk 194-e muxlis moTxovnebs. sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT mopasuxisaTvis mosalodneli zianis anazRaurebis mizniT mosarCelis mier fuladi Tanxis an fasiani qaRaldebis sasamarTlos sadepozito angariSze Semotanis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs agreTve ganCineba. Tu sasamarTlom daadgina mopasuxisaTvis mosalodneli zianis anazRaureba (sapasuxo uzrunvelyofa), magram mosarCele ar asrulebs am dadgenilebas (ar Semoaqvs Tanxa an fasiani qaRaldebi da a.S.), maSin mizanSewonilia sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZieba gauqmdes. ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, an kidev ganCineba sapasuxo uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, yovelTvis unda gauqmdes, roca aRaraa safuZveli, ris gamoc es ganCinebebi iyo miRebuli.

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Tavi XI mopasuxis sarCelisagan Tavdacvis saSualebebi $1. Tavdacvis saSualebaTa saxeebi mxareTa Tanaswrobisa da SejibrebiTobis principis gaSuqebis dros (gv....). avRniSneT, rom mxareebi samoqalaqo procesSi sargebloben Tanaswori saproceso uflebebiT, kerZod, nebismier dainteresebul pirs ufleba aqvs mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT Tavisi uflebis dasacavad, xolo pirs, romlis winaaRmdegac aRZrulia sarCeli, SeuZlia daicvas Tavi am sarCelisagan. mxareTa es uflebebi maTi saproceso Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebis konkretuli gamovlinebaa. amasTan erTad, sarCelis aRZvra da am sarCelisgan Tavis dacva mimdinareobs kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiTa da saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs mopasuxis Tavdacvis saproceso saSualebebs da amasTan erTad gansazRvravs am saSualebaTa gamoyenebis saproceso normebs (saproceso wesebs). aseTi saSualebebia: I.sarCelis uaryofa (arcnoba); II. saproceso Sesagebeli; III. materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli; ganvixiloT es saSualebebi cal-calke. I. sarCelis uaryofa (arcnoba)

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mopasuxes SeuZlia ar cnos sarCeli mTlianad an faqtebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs am sarCels. aseT SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia Tavi daicvas imiT, rom ubralod uaryos sarCeli, an is faqtebi, romlebsac igi emyareba. es SeiZleba iyos umotivo uaryofa, rasac zogjer uwodeben sarCelis uaryofas. sarCelis uaryofa TavisTavad da damoukideblad arafers ar adasturebs, magram aseT uaryofas aqvs sruliad garkveuli saproceso mniSvneloba. aseTi uaryofis gamo faqtebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sarCels, iZens sadavo faqtebis Tvisebas, romlebsac ar cnobs mopasuxe da amitom isini Sedian mtkicebis saganSi da mosarCeles evaleba daamtkicos maTi arseboba, Tu ararseboba. rom ara mopasuxis mier am faqtebis uaryofa, rac, Tavis mxriv, gauTanabrdeboda mis mier am faqtebis aRiarebas mosarCele ganTavisufleboda am faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTisagan. amrigad, im faqtiuri garemoebebis uaryofa, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sarCels, anu mopasuxis winaaRmdeg aRZrul sasarCelo moTxovnas, aris Tavdacvis erT-erTi saSualeba da igi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc Sesagebeli farTo gagebiT, romelic aseT uaryofasac moicavs. magram, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT Sesagebeli - esaa sarCelisagan mopasuxis Tavdacvis iseTi saSualeba, romelic Tavis mxriv TviTon emyareba samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovan faqtebs, anu faqtebs, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs sarCelis ganxilvaze uarisTqmas, procesis Sewyvetas, sasarCelo moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmas da a.S. aseTi Sesagebeli igulisxmeba ssk me-4 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad mxareebi sargebloben Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT daasabuTon TavianTi moTxovnebi, uaryon an gaaqarwylon meore mxaris mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi, mosazrebebi, Tu mtkicebulebebi. aseTi Sesagebeli igulisxmeba ssk 102-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviT TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebebi, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebs da Sesagebels. imis mixedviT, Tu ra Sedegis miRweva surs mopasuxes, anu, Tu ra Sedegi ukavSirdeba mopasuxis mier Tavis SesagebelSi miTiTebul faqtebs _ erTmaneTisagan ganaxsvaveben procesualur da materialursamarTlebriv Sesagebels. II. procesualuri Sesagebeli zemoT (gv.) Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebisaTvis, anu procesis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, aucilebelia garkveuli winapirobebis arseboba. am winapirobebis ararsebobisas procesi SeiZleba Sewydes, sarCeli ganuxilvelad darCes an saqmis warmoeba SeCerdes. magaliTad, praqtikaSi arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac mopasuxe Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom sarCeli, romelic aRZrulia ukve ganxiluli iyo adre da arsebobs mis mimarT kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba. Tu mosarCele daadasturebs am faqts da sasamarTlos warudgens Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis asls - sasamarTlo Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas (ssk 272-e muxlis „b“ punqti). 222

zogjer faqts, romelsac saproceso samarTlis norma ukavSirebs mopasuxisaTvis xelsayrel Sedegs, aqvs upirobo anu absoluturi mniSvneloba. magaliTad, Tu mopasuxe Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs iseT faqtebze, rogoricaa saqmis arasaqveuwyeboba anu miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom saqme ar eqvemdebareba saerTo sasamarTloebs da rom am saqmis ganxilva sxva uwyebis kompetenciaSi Sedis - sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba. aseTi saqmis ganxilva da mis mimarT gadawyvetilebis gamotana warmoadgens am gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absolutur safuZvels aris agreTve iseTi saproceso Sesageblebi, romlebsac ar aqvT absoluturi xasiaTi. aseTebs uwodeben procesis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis SefardebiT pirobebs. aviRoT magaliTad gansjadoba. ssk 21e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos misi aragansjadi saqme, Tu mopasuxe amis winaaRmdegi ar aris an, Tu mas miecema ganmarteba imis Sesaxeb, rom ufleba aqvs wamoayenos Sesagebeli aragansjadobis winaaRmdeg da miuxedavad amisa aseT Sesagebels ar wamoayenebs. nebismieri piroba, romelic sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobadaa cnobili, SeiZleba gaxdes saproceso xasiaTis Sesageblis faqtobrivi safuZveli. Tavis mxriv, mopasuxis saproceso Sesagebels, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli faqti udevs mas sauZvlad, SeiZleba sxvadasxva saproceso Sedegi daukavSirdes. magaliTad, Tu mopasuxe uTiTebs Tavis SesagebelSi, rom mosarCele qmeduunaroa, an kidev, sxva sasamarTlos warmoebaSia igive saqme da yovelive es dadasturdeba, sasamarTlos SeuZlia sarCeli ganuxilvelad datovos (ssk 275-e muxli), magram, Tu mopasuxe Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom es saqme erTxel ukve gadawyvetilia kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT, sasamarTlo Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas (272-e muxli). procesualuri Sesagebeli SeiZleba iseT faqts emyarebodes, romelic Tu dadasturdeba iwvevs ara sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebas an saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetas, aramed saqmis warmoebis SeCerebas. magaliTad: mopasuxe iuridiuli piris Sesagebeli imis Sesaxeb, rom mimdinareobs an ukve ganxorcielda am iuridiuli piris reorganizacia, an kidev, Sesagebeli imis Sesaxeb, rom am saqmis ganxilva SeuZlebelia sxva saqmis gadawyvetamde, romelic ganxilul unda iqnes sisxlis samarTlis wesiT da sxva, iwvevs saqmis warmoebis SeCerebas (ssk 279-e muxli) rogorc vxedavT, procesualuri Sesagebeli araa mimarTuli uSvalod arc sasarCelo moTxovnebis da arc am moTxovnebis safuZvelSi miTiTeuli faqtebis winaaRmdeg, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi araa mimarTuli sarCelis winaamdeg arsebiTad. procesualuri Sesagebeli - esaa mopasuxis mier iseT faqtobriv garemoebebze miTiTeba, romlebsac samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normebi ukavSireben sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebaze uarisTqmas, saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetas, sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebas an kidev, saqmis warmoebis droebiT SeCerebas. rogorc wesi, sarCelis warmoebSi miRebis yvela absoluturi winapirobis Semowmeba sasamarTlos iniciativiT xdeba, magram es 223

srulebiT ar uSlis xels mopasuxes, mas sruli ufleba da SesaZlebloba aqvs waradginos saproceso Sesagebeli da sasamarTlos yuradReba miaqcios iseT garemoebebze, romlebic miuTiTeben procesis warmoSobis, ganviTarebisa da gagrZelebis aramarTlzomierebaze. III. materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli - esaa sarCelisagan mopasuxis Tavdacvis saSualeba iseT faqtebze miTiTebiT, romlebsac materialuri samarTali ukavSirebs mosarCelis mier mopasuxis winaaRmdeg wayenebuli moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmas. amrigad, igi mimarTulia sarCelis winaaRmdeg arsebiTad. magaliTad: mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas, an xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesrulebas (qiris gadaxdas, sesxad aRebuli Tanxis dabrunebas, naTxovari nivTis darunebas da a.S.). mopasuxes SeuZlia Tavis Sesagebels safuZvlad daudos iseTi faqtebi, romlebic gamoiwveven sarCelze uarisTqmas, kerZod mas SeuZlia miuTiTos, rom valdebuleba man Seasrula, e.i. ziani aanazRaura, nivTi daabruna, vali gadaixada da a.S. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT valdebuleba marTlac arsebobda, magram igi Sesrulebulia. Tu mopasuxe daamtkicebs am faqts, sasamarTlo uars etyvis mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze, radgan valdebuleba Sewydeba kreditoris sasargeblod valdebulebis SesrulebiT (sk 427-e muxli). magram Sesagebeli, romelic emyareba Sesrulebas Zalzed iSviaTia ise rogorc iSviaTia sarCelebi Sesrulebuli valdebulebis moTxovniT. ufro xSiria Sesagebeli, romelic uSvalodaa mimarTuli sasarCelo moTxovnis winaaRmdeg. magaliTad: mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxis binidan gamosaxlebas da binis ganTavisuflebas im motiviT, rom es bina anderZiT dautova misma axlo naTesavma (bebiam), mopasuxem am sarCelis winaaRmdeg warmoadgina Sesagebeli, romelsac safuZvlad daudo iuridiuli faqti imis Sesaxeb, rom igi aris anderZis damtoveblis Svili, daibada da mudmivad cxovrobs sadavo binaSi, e.i. faqtobrivad daeufla samkvidro qonebas, xolo dedamisi (anderZis damtovebeli) anderZis datovebis droisaTvis iyo suliT daavadebuli da ar SeeZlo sworad aReqva realuri viTareba, ris gamoc anderZi baTilad unda iqnes cnobili (sk 58-e muxlis me-3 nawili). arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac mopasuxe ar uaryofs sasarCelo moTxovnis arsebobas an mosarCelis uflebas, romlis dacvasac igi moiTxovs, magram Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom jer ar damdgara am moTxovnis, Tu uflebis iZulebiT ganxorcielebis dro. magaliTad: mosarCelem moiTxova mopasuxisagan sesxad micemuli valis dabruneba. mopasuxe ar uaryofs, rom man marTlac isesxa mosarCelisagan fuli, magram Tvis 224

Sesagebels safuZvlad udebs faqts, imis Sesaxeb, rom sesxis xelSekrulebiT daTqmuli iyo valis dabrunebis vada, romelic jer ar damdgara (sk 361-e muxlis me-2 naw. da 626-e muxlis me-3 nawili). praqtikaSi arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac mopasuxeTa Sesegebeli mimarTulia mosarCelis moTxovnis gaqarwylebisaken. magaliTad: mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan ama Tu im valdebulebis Sesrulebas (valis dabrunebas, nivTis gadacemas, zianis anazRaurebas da a.S.) mopasuxem Tavis Sesagebels sasarCelo moTxovnis winaaRmdeg safuZvlad daudo xandazmulobis vadis gasvla (sk 128-e muxli). mopasuxe zogjer ar uaryofs sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebul faqtebs, magram miuTiTebs iseT faqtebze, romlebic aTavisufleben mas pasuxismgeblobisagan. magaliTad: mosarCele moiTxovs uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebas. mopasuxe ar uaryofs, rom produqcias aqvs nakli, magram Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom nakli, romelic am produqts aqvs sarealizaciod misi gatanisas Seesabameboda im dros moqmed normebs (sk 1009-e muxlis pirveli nawilis „d“ punqti). praqtikaSi sakmaod sSiria, rodesac mopasuxeebi TavianTi SesagebliT miuTiTeben pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebebze. magaliTad: araswori mkurnalobiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb sarCelis sawinaaRmdegod mopasuxem waradgina Sesagebeli imis Sesaxeb, rom mas ar miuZRvis brali zianis dadgomaSi (sk 1007-e muxli). cxadia, rom Sesageblis wardgena mopasuxis mier ar kmara imisaTvis, rom mosarCeles uari eTqvas sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. saWiroa agreTve, rom SesagebelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi, anu faqtebi romlebic safuZvlad udevs Sesagebels, damtkicdes mtkicebulebaTa gamoyenebiT da kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. ibadeba kiTxva: unda moeTxovos Tu ara mopasuxes mis mier SesagebelSi miTiTebuli nebismieri faqtis damtkiceba? aq moqmedebs igive principi, romelic moqmedebs sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebis mimarT: damtkicebas saWiroeben SesagebelSi miTiTebuli mxolod is faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs sasarCelo moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmas. iseTi faqtebis mimarT, romlebsac Tumca emyareba mopasuxis Sesagebeli, magram maT kanoni ar ukavSirebs aseT Sedegs, sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos, Seamowmos da Seafasos mtkicebulebebi. magaliTad: pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTaviuflebis mizniT gadamzidveli Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom tvirTis dazianeba gamowveuli iyo gadazidvisaTvis gamoyenebuli satransporto saSualebis nakliT (sk 686-e muxlis me-3 naw.) sasamarTlom ar unda daadginos es faqti, radgan mas ar aqvs mniSvneloba gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis. 225

SeiZleba moviyvanoT kidev erTi magaliTi: movale Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom igi unda ganTavisufldes pasuxismgeblobisagan zianis miyenebisaTvis, radgan mxareebi winaswar iyvnen SeTanxmebuli zianis anazRaurebisagan misi ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom arc es faqti ar unda daadginos, radgan mas ar aqvs mniSvneloba zianis anazRaurebisagan movalis ganTavisuflebisaTvis (sk 395-e muxlis me-2 naw.). zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba aseTi daskvna gavakeToT : mtkicebis saganSi Sedis da, maSasadame, unda damtkicdes SesagebelSi miTiTebuli mxolod iseTi faqtebi, romlebsac aqvT samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba am Sesageblis dasabuTebisaTvis, misi iuridiuli gamarTlebisaTvis. gansxvavebiT saproceso Sesageblisa, materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli TviTon mopasuxem unda warmoadginos. man unda miuTiTos faqtebze, romlebic abrkoleben uflebis warmoSobas, romlis dacvasac mosarCele moiTxovs, aqarwyleben am uflebas, aCereben uflebis iZulebiT ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas da da.S.100 TviTon sasamarTlos ar aqvs ufleba Tavisi iniciativiT wamoayenos faqtebi („aRZras Sesagebeli“), romlebmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios sarCelze uarisTqma.101 gamonakliss am TvalsazrisiT warmoadgenen faqtebi, romlebic miuTiTeben imaze, rom garigeba arRvevs kanoniT dadgenil akrZalvebs, ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro wesrigs an zneobas, dadebulia qmeduunaro piris mier.102 cxadia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom unda gamoiCinos gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile, raTa misma iniciativam ar gamoiwvios dispoziciurobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebis darRveva, mxareTa uflebebis Selaxva. sasamarTlos iniciativis farglebis gansazRvris kriteriumi SeiZleba iyos erTi: kanonismieri akrZalvebis darRveva, garigebaTa baTiloba kanonis ZaliT da Secilebis gareSe. IV. mosarCelis sapasuxo Sesagebeli.

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iuridiul literaturaSi zogjer mopasuxis materialur samarTlebriv Sesagebels ajgufeben imis mixedviT, Tu ra Sedegs iwvevs igi. am Sedegebis mixedviT gamoyofen uflebadamabrkolebel, uflebagamaqarwylebel da uflebaSemwyvet Sesagebels. Cven migvaCnia, rom praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs imis naTlad da garkveviT dadgenas aqvs, Tu ara SesagebelSi miTiTebul faqts samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba am Sesageblis dasabuTebisaTvis. arian Tu ara es faqtebi uflebadamabrkolebeli, uflebagamqarwylebeli da a.S. esaa Sedegi samarTlebrivi Sefasebisa da ara mizezi. amitom, samarTlebrivi normis moSveliebis gareSe Sesageblebis aseT kategoriebad dayofa praqtikulad naklebad dagvexmareba. 101

aSkarad ar Seesabameba kanons farTod gavrcelebuli praqtika, rodesac saqarTvelos sasamarTloebs gamoaqvT gadawyvetilebebi sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb moTxovnis xandazmulobis gamo, maSin rodesac arc mopasuxes da arc saqmeSi monawile sxva pirs aseTi Sesagebeli ar wamouyenebia, dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. h.boelingi, l.Wanturia. dasax. naSromi gv. 170 102 literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom materialuri Sesageblebi or jguad SeiZleba daiyos: a) Sesagebeli, romelic SeuZlia warmoadginos mopasuxem da b) Sesagebeli, romelic sasamarTlosac SeuZlia warmoadginos, rodesac garigeba arRvevs kanonismier akrZalvebs an dadebulia qmeduunaro mxaris mier. ix. h.boelingi, l. Wanturia dasax. naSromi, gv. 170

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Sesagebeli yovelTvis asocirdeba mopasuxesTan, anu roca vlaparakobT Sesagebelze, vgulisxmobT mopasuxes. es absoluturad logikuria: mosarCele aRZravs sarCels mopasuxis winaaRmdeg da, Tu mopasuxes surs Tavi daicvas am sarCelisagan, mas SeuZlia Seagebos mosarCeles Tvisi iaraRi, romelsac Sesagebeli ewodeba. mosarCeles, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia mopasuxis Sesagebels daupirispiros Tavisi Sesagebeli. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 202-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad mosarCeles ufleba aqvs warudginos mosamarTles damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi, agreTve „werilobiT acnobos mas Tavisi mosazrebebi mopasuxis werilobiTi pasuxis Taobaze“,. mosarCeles, ise rogorc mopasuxes, SeuZlia ar cnos da uaryos mopasuxis mier SesagebelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi mopasuxes evaleba daamtkicos mis mier Sesageblis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi. mopasuxis Sesageblis gaqarwylebis mizniT mosarCelem SeiZleba Tavis sapasuxo SesagebelSi miuTiTos faqtebze, romlebsac materialur samarTlebrivi norma ukavSirebs mopasuxis Sesageblis mniSvnelobis dakargvas (gauqmebas). magaliTad: mopasuxe Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom man gaqviTa mosarCelis moTxovna (sk 443-e muxli). mopasuxis am Sesagebels mosarCelem daupirispira sapasuxo Sesagebeli imis Sesaxeb, rom moTxovnaTa gaqviTva winaswar SeTanxmebiT iyo gamoricxuli (sk 447-e muxli) kidev erTi magaliTi: gamqiravebelma aRZra sarCeli da moiTxova damqiraveblisagan daTqmuli qiris gadaxda. damqiravebelma waradgina Sesagebeli, romelsac safuZvlad daudo is garemoeba, rom daqiravebul nivTs aqvs nakli, ris gamoc qira unda Semcirdes. mosarCelem Tavis sapasuxo SesagebelSi miuTiTa, rom xelSekrulebis dadebisas damqiraveblisaTvis cnobili iyo nivTis nakli, ris gamoc mas arc ganucxadebia Tavisi pretenzia. amitom mas ar aqvs ufleba moiTxovos qiris Semcireba (sk 538-e muxli). cxadia, rom mopasuxis analogiurad „mosarCeles SeuZlia Tavisi sapasuxo Sesagebeli warmarTos mopasuxis mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis winaaRmdeg, saeWvo gaxados am mtkicebulebaTa utyuaroba, miuTiTos, rom mopasuxis mier warmodgenili mtkicebuleba yalbia da a.S. V. Sesageblis forma. saqmis ganxilvisaTvis winaswari momzadebis etapze, Sesageblis forma ganisazRvreba kanoniT, romlis mixedviT igi unda iyos werilobiTi. ssk 201-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqmis momzadebis mizniT sasamarTlo gadaugzavnis mopasuxes sarCelisa da maszed darTuli dokumentebis aslebs, dauniSnavs mas vadas werilobiT Seadginos Tavisi 227

Sesagebeli. am SesagebelSi mopasuxem unda miuTiTos ra konkretul garemoebebs emyareba misi Sesagebeli, romeli mtkicebulebebiT SeiZleba damtkicdes es garemoebebi, ra saproceso saSualebebiT apirebs mopasuxe sarCelisagan Tavis dacvas, kerZod xom ar apirebs Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvras, xom ar uaryofs sarCelis dasaSvebobas, xom ar eqneba acileba da a.S. mxareTa saproceso Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare „mopasuxis werilobiTi pasuxi da masze darTuli sabuTebis aslebi un da gadaegzavnos mosarCeles“ (ssk 202-e muxli), romelsac ufleba aqvs werilobiT acnobos sasamarTlos Tavisi mosazrebebi mopasuxis werilobiT Sesageblis Taobaze. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom mopasuxis mier dadgenil vadaSi werilobiTi Sesageblis warudgenloba araTanabar mdgomareobaSi ayenebs mosarCeles, arRvevs mxareTa saproceso Tanasworobis princips, rac konkretulad imiT gamoixateba, rom mopasuxem icis sarCelisa da masze darTuli dokumentebis Sesaxeb, rac saSualebas aZlevs mas kargad moemzados TavdacvisaTvis, xolo mosarCelem ar icis ras apirebs mopasuxe, ra faqtebs daemyareba misi Sesagebeli sarCelis winaaRmdeg. amitom ver moemzadeba winaswar da SeiZleba verc gaaqarwylos erTbaSad sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze mopasuxis mier zepirad Camoyalibebuli Sesagebeli. rogorc Cans am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda kanonmdebeli rodesac daadgina mxareTa movaleoba „Seasrulon saqmis momzadebis mizniT mosamarTlis miTiTebebi. werilobiTi masalebis warudgenloba Tu sxva moqmedebis Seusrulebloba iseTi mizeziT, romelsac sasamarTlo arasapatiod cnobs, arTmevs mxares uflebas Seasrulos aseTi moqmedeba am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros“ (ssk 206-e muxli). rogorc vxedavT, Tu mopasuxem ar warmoudgina sasamarTlos werilobiTi Sesagebeli sarCelze, maSin mas, marTalia ar erTmeva ufleba zepirad Camoayalibos mTavar sxdomaze Tavisi Sesagebeli, magram sasamarTlo gaiTvaliswinebs am SesagebelSi Camoyalibebul mosazrebebs, faqtebs, mtkicebulebebs, Tu cnobs, rom maT Sesaxeb ar iyo gancxadebuli sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi sapatio mizeziT da rom es ar momxdara saqmis gaWianurebis mizniT“. (ssk 219-e muxli). zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: mopasuxis Sesagebeli warmodgenili unda iqnes werilobiTi formiT. zepiri formiT misi warmodgena, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sasamarTlos mosamzadebel an mTavar sxdomaze mopasuxis mier axsnaganmartebis micemis dros, dasaSvebia mxolod im pirobiT Tu sasamarTlo CaTvlis, rom werilobiTi formiT Sesageblis warmoudgenloba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT da ar iyo gamowveuli saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT. VI. Sesageblis warudgenlobis Sedegebi Sesagebeli - esaa saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi saSualeba, romliTac mopasuxes SeuZlia daicvas Tavi mis winaaRmdeg aRZruli sarCelisagan magram, Sesageblis wardgena, ise rogorc sarCelisagan Tavis dacva, ar warmoadgens mopasuxis valdebulebas im TvalsazrisiT, rom misi warmoudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi 228

gamoyenebuli iqneba mis mimarT saxelmwifo iZulebis RonisZieba. aseTi RonisZiebis gamoyeneba gamoricxulia. amitom, Cven aq ver vilaparakebT mopasuxis valdebulebaze daicvas Tavi. sakiTxi exeba mxolod aucileblobas, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom Tu mopasuxe ar warmoadgens Sesagebels (an ar aRZravs Segebebul sarCels) anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu mopasuxe ar daicvavs Tavs - igi waagebs process, sasamarTlo gamoitans misTvis araxelsayrel gadawyvetilebas. mxolod am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT sarCelisagan Tavis dacva (Sesageblis Tu Segebebuli sarCelis wardgenis gziT), rogorc mopasuxis movaleoba, romlis Seusruleblobas SeiZleba moyves misTvis araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotana. $2. Segebebuli sarCeli I. Sesagebeli Tu Segebebuli sarCeli: dacvis saSualebaTa arCeva praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT dacvis saSualebis arCeva anu romeli saSualebiT daicvas Tavi mopasuxem - SesagebliT Tu Segebebuli sarCeliT - Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT Segebebuli sarCeli ufro Zvirad Rirebuli dacvis saSualebaa: Segebebuli sarCeli unda Camoyalibdes werilobiTi formiT da misi Sinaarsi unda pasxubdes ssk 178-e muxlis moTxovnebs. mopasuxem Segebebuli sarCelisaTvis unda gadaixados saxelmwifo baJi, Segebebuli sarCeli sasamarTlos unda waredginos imdeni aslis odenobiT, ramdenic mxarea procesSi, sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebis arseboba, miiRos ganCineba misi warmoebaSi miRebis an armiRebis Sesaxeb da a.S. rogorc vxedavT, Segebebuli sarCeli aramarto fuladi saxsrebis, aramed drois zedmetad xarjvasTanacaa dakavSirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare ki cxadia, Tu mopasuxes SeuZlia gverdi auaros Segebebul sarCels da daicvas Tavi SesagebliT, man ar unda gamoiyenos Segebebuli sarCeli. magram arCevani ar aris yovelTvis da mTlianad damokidebuli mopasuxeze. mTavari da gadamwyvetia is, Tu rogoria mopasuxis moTxovnis Sinaarsi da mizani. Tu mopasuxis moTxovna amoiwureba imiT, rom sasamarTlom uari uTxras mosarCeles sasarCelo moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze mTlianad an nawilobriv, maSin mopasuxes SeZlia Semoifarglos Sesageblis wardgeniT. amasTan, mniSvneloba ar aqvs Tu samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovan romel faqts udebs safuZvlad Tavis Sesagebels. es SeiZleba iyos faqti imis Sesaxeb, rom man ukve Seasrula Tavisi valdebuleba mosarCelis mimarT, an aseTi Sesrulebis vada jer ar damdgara, an mas ar ekisreba raime valdebuleba mosarCelis mimarT da a.S. mopasuxes SeuZlia Tavi daicvas SesagebliT iseT faqtebze miTiTebiT, romlebic marTalia ar uaryofen sasarCelo moTxovnas, magram am moTxovnis dafarva moxda gaqviTviT, an kidev, gasulia moTxovnis xandazmulobis vada da sxva. magram, Tu mopasuxis interesi ar Semoifargleba mxolod mis winaaRmdeg aRZruli sasarCelo moTxovnis uaryofiT da paralelurad 229

igi Tavis damoukidebeli uflebebis dacvasac moiTxovs, maSin man unda aRZras Segebebuli sarCeli. magaliTad: mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxis binidan gamosaxlebas, vinaidan igi ar ixdis binis qiras. mopasuxem aRZra Segebebuli sarCeli da moiTxova sadavo binis TanamesakuTred cnoba. Tu mopasuxe marTlac iqneba cnobili sasamarTlos mier sadavo binis TanamesakuTred, maSin sasamarTlom uari unda uTxras mosarCeles sarCelze da amave gadawyvetilebiT daakmayofilos mopasuxis Segebebuli sarCeli da cnos igi TanamesakuTred. II. Segebebuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi Segebebuli sarCeli - Cveulebrivi sarCelia. Segebebuli mas imitom ewodeba, rom igi aRiZvris sxva ZiriTadi (Tavdapirveli) sarCelis gamo, Tumca, rom ara es ZiriTadi sarCeli, igi SeiZleba aRZruliyo rogorc damoukidebeli da ZiriTadi sarCeli. amitom, Segebebul sarCels waeyeneba igive moTxovnebi, rac nebismier sxva sarCels. kerZod, misi Sinaarsi unda Seesabamebodes 178-e da 179-e muxlis moTxovnebs agreTve unda pasuxobdes 186-e muxlis moTxovnebs, garda am muxlis „e“ punqtSi miTiTebuli pirobisa gansjadobis Sesaxeb, radgan Segebebuli sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras im sasamarTloSi, romelic ixilavs Tavdapirvel sarCels. garda sarCelis dasaSvebobisa da sarCelis miRebis saerTo pirobebisa, ris Sesaxebac saubari gvqonda zemoT (ix. gv....) Segebebuli sarCeli unda pasuxobdes specialur (damatebiT) pirobebsac Cven aq mokled SevexebiT mxolod am specialur pirobebs. a) Segebebuli sarCelis moTxovna mimarTuli unda iyos pirvandeli sasarCelo moTxovnis CasaTvlelad. magaliTad, aRZrulia sarCeli zaralis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb 1000 laris odenobiT. mopasuxem aRZra Segebebuli sarCeli da moiTxova mosarCelisagan 2000 laris gadaxdevineba, rac mas sesxis saxiT hqonda gacemuli mosarCelisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mopasuxem sTxova sasamarTlos CauTvalos 1000 lari zaralis anazRaurebaSi, xolo darCenili 1000 laris gadaxda daakisros mosarCeles mis sasargeblod. valdebulebis Sewyveta CaTvliT gaTvaliswinebulia kerZod, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 442-e muxliT.103 b) Segebebuli sarCelis dakmayofileba mTlianad an nawilobriv gamoricxavs pirvandeli sarCelis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, aRZrulia sarCeli binis damqiraveblis binidan gamosaxlebis Sesaxeb, im motiviT, rom igi uars ambobs gadaixados qira. mopasuxem aRZra Segebebuli sarCeli, raTa igi cnon sadavo binis mesakuTred (an TanamesakuTred). cxadia, rom Tu Segebebuli sarCeli dakmayofildeba da mopasuxe cnobili ineba binis mesakuTred, maSin gamoiricxeba pirvandeli sarCelis dakmayofileba. g) Sgebebul da pirvandel sarCelebs Soris aris urTierTkavSiri.

103

ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, Tb., 2001, gv. 544.

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magaliTad, nivTis mimbarebelma aRZra sarCeli am nivTis Semnaxvelis mimarT Sesanaxad mibarebuli nivTis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb. Semnaxvelma Tavis mxriv aRZra Segebebuli sarCeli SenaxvisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis 1000 laris oednobiT nivTis mimbarebelze dakisrebis Sesaxeb (samoq. kodeqsis 776-e muxli). aq urTierTkavSiri pirvandel sarCelsa da Segebebuli sarCels Soris aSkaraa. sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos Segebebuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi da Tu mas aRmoaCndeba xarvezi, gamoitanos ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb (ssk 185-e muxli) an, Tu igi ar pasuxobs moTxovnas, romlis gamosworeba SeuZlebelia, an kidev, ar arsebobs romelime winapiroba - sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas Segebebuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb. III. Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvris vada. Segebebuli sarCelebis aRZvrisa da sasamarTloebis mier maTi warmoebaSi miRebis praqtika srul safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom aseTi sarCelebi xSirad gamoyenebulia dainteresebuli mxaris mier saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT, xolo sasamarTloebi saTanadod ar ikvleven aseTi sarCelebis miRebis winapirobebs.104 rogorc Cans, kanonmdebeli varaudobda saqmis gaWianurebis mizniT Segebebuli sarCelis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas da gaiTvaliswina mTeli rigi wesebisa, romelTa dacviT sasamarTlos SeuZlia SeebrZolos aseT mcdelobebs. erT-erTi aseTi wesi mdgomareobs Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvrisaTvis vadis gansazRvraSi. ssk 188-e muxlis Tanaxmad mopasuxes ufleba aqvs misTvis sarCelis aslis Cabarebidan saqmis zepiri ganxilvisaTvis winaswari momzadebis damTavrebamde aRZras mosarCelis mimarT Segebebuli sarCeli pirvandel sarCelTan erTad gansaxilvelad. amrigad, kanoni ar gansazRvravs Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvrisaTvis kalendarul TariRs, magram gansazRvravs mis aRZvris vadas garkveuli movlenis dadgomis meSveobiT, kerZod saqmis „winaswari momzadebis damTavrebamde“. winaswari momzadeba ki damTavrebulad iTvleba im momentidan rodesac sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb (ssk 207-e muxli). dasaSvebia Tu ara amis Semdeg Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvra? ssk 188-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad „am vadis gaSvebis Semdeg mopasuxes SeuZlia aRZras Sgebebuli sarCeli sasamarTlo paeqrobis damTavrebamde, Tu sasamarTlo sapatiod miiCnevs vadis gaSvebas“. amrigad, kanoniT dadgenili vadis gaSvebis Semdegac, e.i. saqmis winaswari momzadebis damTavrebis Semdegac, mopasuxes SeuZlia aRZras Segebebuli sarCeli, Tu daamtkicebs, rom Tavis droze igi ver aRiZra sapatio mizeziT. mizezis sapatioba aq gvevlineba dagvianebiT aRZruli Segebebuli sarCelis miRebis erT-erT winapirobad. aris Tu ara Segebebuli sarCelis droulad aRuZvrelobis mizezi sapatio gadawyvets sasamarTlo. 104

dawvrilebiT Segebebuli sarCelebis warmoebaSi miRebis dros daSvebul Secdomebze da saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT maT gamoyenebaze ix. T.liluaSvili, samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi, naw. I Tb. 2002. gv. 34-45.

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IV. Segebebuli sarCelis miReba da ganxilva Tu arsebobs Segebebuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis yvela zogadi Tu specialuri piroba da igi droulad aris aRZruli, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas misi warmoebaSi miRebisa da pirvandel sarCelTan erTad gansaxilvelad. sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom saqmeSi zogjer aris Segebebuli sarCeli, magram saqmeSi zogjer ar aris ganCineba misi warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb. praqtikaSi zogjer gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlo iRebs gadawyvetilebas Segebebuli sarCelis dakmayofilebis an aseT dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, magram saqmeSi ar aris sasamarTlos ganCineba am Segebebuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb da a.S. aris SemTxveveSi, rodesac saqmeSi aris Segebebuli sarCeli, igi miRebulia warmoebaSi, magram gadawyvetileba am saqmeze ar Seicavs raime pasuxs am Segebebuli sarCelis mimarT. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis azris mixedviT Segebebuli sarCeli iTvleba miRebulad, rodesac sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas misi warmoebaSi miRebis da Tavdapirvel sarCelTan erTad ganxilvis Sesaxeb. Segebebuli sarCeli ar iTvleba miRebulad, Tu saqmeSi arsebobs sasamarTlos ganCineba misi warmoebaSi miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb. es imas niSnavs rom, Tu mopasuxem Semoitana Segebebuli sarCeli sasamarTlo valdebulia gamoitanos ganCineba misi warmoebaSi miRebis an armiRebis Sesaxeb. Tu sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba Segebebuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb, igi valdebulia ganixilos es sarCeli da gamoitanos mis mimarT Tavdapirvel sarCelTan erTad motivirebuli gadawyvetileba.105 samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT kidev erT mniSvnelovan debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos nawilobrivi gadawyvetileba dainteresebuli mxaris TxovniT „rodesac aRZruli iyo Segebebuli sarCeli, garkveulia da momzadebulia gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad erTerTi sarCeli an Segebebuli sarCeli.“ (ssk 245-e muxli, naw. 2). amrigad, nawilobrivi gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad, anu am SemTxvevaSi, imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom gamoitanos ara erToblivi, aramed gadawyvetileba calke Tavdapirveli sarCelis mimarT da datovos gadawyvetilebis gareSe Segebebuli sarCeli (an piriqiT), saWiroa ramdenime piroba: erTi - faqtobrivi garemoebebi, rac saWiroa Tavdapirvel sarCelze gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, dadgenilia da utyuaradaa damtkicebuli, xolo Segebebuli sarCelis mimarT samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani yvela faqtobrivi garemoeba araa dadgenili; meore - Segebebuli sarCelis Tavdapirvel sarCelTan erTad gadawyvetis gareSe datoveba ar gamoiwvevs mopasuxis an mosarCelis interesebis Selaxvas; mesame - arsebobs erTi mxaris Suamdgomloba 105 praqtikaSi arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe gadawyvetilebiT uari eTqva mopasuxes Segebebuli sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. sakasacio sasamarTlom araerTgzis miuTiTa, rom sasamarTlom unda imsjelos am sarCelebis safuZvlianobis Sesaxeb da gamoitanos maT mimarT motivirebuli gadawyvetileba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es iqneba ssk 394-e muxlis „e“ punqtis safuZvelze misi gauqmebis absoluturi safuZveli. susg samoqalaqo saqmeebze. 6.VI. 2002, gv. 564.

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nawilobrivi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Sesaxeb da amisaTvis marTlac arsebobs yvela piroba da bolos meoTxe - ar aris imis safuZveli vifiqroT, rom mogvianebiT gamotanili iqneba urTierTgamomricxavi gadawyvetileba. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ara erToblivi, aramed nawilobrivi gadawyvetileba, man amis Sesaxeb aucileblad unda miuTiTos da daasabuTos Tavis nawilobriv gadawyvetilebaSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi nawilobrivi gadawyvetilebis gamotana SeiZleba gagebul iqnes rogorc saproceso kanonmdeblobis danawesis darRveva, romlis Tanaxmad pirvandeli da Segebebuli sarCelis mimarT sasamarTlos gamoaqvs erToblivi gadawyvetileba, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa (ssk 189-e muxlis me-3 naw.)106 amrigad, Segebebuli sarCelil ganxiluli da gadawyvetili unda iqnes Tavdapirvel sarCelTan erTad. es Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvris erT-erTi mizanicaa. mis mimarT calke gadawyvetilebis gamotana dasaSvebia mxolod zemoT miTiTebuli pirobebis arsebobisas da Tu amiT xeli ar SeeSleba mopasuxis sarCelisagan Tavdacvis interesebs.

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erT-erT saqmeze sakasacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gadawyvetileba im motiviT, rom „sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba mxolod ZiriTadi sarCelis mimarT da araferi Tqva Segebebul sarCelze, riTac daarRvia ssk 189-e muxli“. susg samoqalaqo saqmeebze #10, 2000, gv. 283.

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Tavi XII saqmis winaswari momzadeba zepiri ganxilvisaTvis $1. samoqalaqo saqmis winaswari momzadeba rogorc saqmis warmoebis pirveli etapi da misi mniSvneloba saqmis momzadebis mniSvneloba kanoniTaa gansazRvruli: saqmes sasamarTlo amzadebs „raTa daCqardes misi ganxilva da SesaZlebeli gaxdes erT sasamarTlo sxdomaze ganxilvis damTavreba da saqmis sworad gadawyveta“ (ssk me-200 muxli). samoqalaqo saqmeTa sasamarTloSi warmoebis praqtikis analizi utyuarad da calsaxad gvidasturebs erT udavo WeSmaritebas: Tu saqme ar iyo saTanadod momzadebuli sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze gansaxilvelad es gardauvlad iwvevs am sxdomebis mravaljer gadadebas iseTi saproceso moqmedebis Sesasruleblad, romelic marTalia aucilebelia, magram SeiZleboda da unda Sesrulebuliyo sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis daniSvnamde da Catarebamde. rogor avicdinoT yovelive es Tavidan? saqarTvelos axalma samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsma daamkvidra samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis iseTi modeli, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos saqmis aramarto sworad, aramed swrafad (droulad) ganxilva da gadawyveta. am modelis Sesaxeb ufro naTeli da zusti warmodgena rom viqonioT mizanSewonili iqneba saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi davyoT or did etapad (stadiad): pirveli etapi – saqmis momzadeba mTavar sxdomaze gansaxilvelad, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT mxareTa werilobiTi Sejibreba da meore etapi – saqmis ganxilva sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze, romelsac aseve SeiZleba vuwodoT mxareTa zepiri Sejibreba. saqmis warmoebis TiToeul am etaps aqvs Tavisi da mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli miznebi da amocanebi. romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT gansazRvrulia saproceso moqmedebaTa wre, romelic am etapze unda Sesruldes. saproceso moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis gadatana erTi etapidan meoreze dauSvebelia, garda kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa da pirobebisa. magaliTad, saqmis mTavar sxdomaze arsebiTad ganxilvis dros mopasuxe Suamdgomlobs sasamarTlos winaSe, raTa man daibaros mowme da dakiTxos igi, an kidev, gamoiTxovos werilobiTi Tu nivTieri mtkicebuleba ama Tu im pirisgan da a.S.

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aseTi da sxva amgvari Suamdgomlobebi SeiZleba daakmayofilos sasamarTlom mxolod im pirobiT, Tu isini sapatio mizeziT ar iyo aRZruli saqmis „momzadebis stadiaze“ (ssk 215-e muxli). rogorc vxedavT, saproceso moqmedebebi, Suamdgomlobebi, gancxadebebi da sxva, romlebic SeiZleboda da unda ganxorcielebuliyo (aRZruliyo) saqmis winaswari momxadebis stadiaze aRar SeiZleba Sesruldes an aRiZras am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros, Tu amisaTvis ar arsebobs sapatio mizezi, romlis damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba Suamdgomlobis aRmZvrel pirs. saqmis winaswari momzadebis Tavisebureba SeiZleba imaSic mdgomareobdes, rom am etapze sasamarTlos ar aqvs uSualo Semxebloba mxareebTan: sasamarTlos davalebebi mxareebis mimarT, mxareTa Suamdgomlobebi sasamarTlos mimarT – xorcieldeba werilobiTi formiT (mimoweriT). gamonaklisia mosamzadebeli sxdoma, ris Sesaxebac ix. qvemoT (gv. 269). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT procesis am etapze upiratesad moqmedebs werilobiTi forma. momzadebis etapi unda gaiaros uklebliv yvela saqmem damoukideblad imisa, martivia Tu rTuli es saqme (ssk me-200 muxli). momzadebis etapze sasamarTlom sabolood unda daazustos da gansazRvros faqtebis wre, romlebzec mxareebi amyareben TavianT moTxovnebs da Sesagebels (mtkicebis sagani), mtkicebulebebi, romelTa saSualebiT mxareebs surT am garemoebebis damtkiceba, materialur samarTlebrivi norma, romlis gamoyenebiTac unda moxdes damtkicebuli da dadasturebuli garemoebebis iuridiuli Sefaseba (kvalifikacia) da, bolos, am saqmeze gadawyvetilebis winaswari (arasaboloo) proeqti. yovelive es SeiZleba warmatebiT ganxorcieldes Tu sasamarTlo ganuxrelad ixelmZRvanelebs im normebis danawesiT, romlebic saqmis momzadebas awesrigebs. $2. saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic unda Sesruldes saqmis momzadebis mizniT I. mopasuxisagan werilobiTi Sesageblis gamoTxova sarCelis (gancxadebis) warmoebaSi miRebisTanave mopasuxes unda gadaegzavnos am sarCelis (gancxadebis) da masze darTuli dokumentis aslebi (ssk 184-e muxli). saqmis momzadeba ar SeiZleba dausruleblad gagrZeldes, igi unda damTavrdes gonivrul vadaSi, e.i. iseT vadaSi, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes am saqmis ganxilva da gadawyveta kanoniT gansazRvrul vadaSi. swored am mosazrebiTaa ganpirobebuli kanonis danawesi imis Sesaxeb, rom saqmis momzadeba iwyeba sarCelisa da masze darTuli werilobiTi masalebis aslebis mopasuxisaTvis gadagzavniT, ris Sesaxebac sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba. ganCinebaSi sarCelisa da masze darTuli dokumentebis aslebis mopasuxisaTvis gadagzavnis Sesaxeb miTiTebuli unda iyos vada, romlis ganmavlobaSiac mopasuxem unda gasces pasuxi yvela kiTxvaze, romelic mis winaSea dasmuli sasamarTlos mier. kanoni gansazRvravs im sakiTxebis wres, romlebic miTiTebuli unda iyos ganCinebaSi da romlebzec pasuxi unda gasces mopasuxem. mopasuxis werilobiT pasuxSi kerZod, 235

miTiTebuli unda iyos: a) cnobs Tu ara mopasuxe sarCels; b) Tu ar cnobs ra konkretul garemoebebs emyareba misi Sesagebeli sarCelis winaaRmdeg; g) ra an romeli mtkicebulebebiT SeiZleba damtkicdes es garemoebebi; d) romeli saproceso saSualebebiT apirebs igi sarCelisagan Tavis dacvas, xom ar apirebs Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvras, xom ar eqneba acileba sasamarTlos an mosamarTlis mimarT da a.S. e) vin SeiZleba Caebas procesSi Tanamonawileebad an mesame pirebad; v) romeli mowme unda iqnes gamoZaxebuli sasamarTlo sxdomaze da a.S. cxadia, mopasuxes SeuZlia ar Semoifarglos am sakiaTxebiT da Tavisi iniciativiT dasvas da pasuxi gasces iseT sakiTxebzec, romlebic ar iyo sasamarTlos ganCinebaSi dasmuli. mopasuxe valdebulia sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi acnobos sasamarTlos werilobiTi formiT Sedgenili Sesagebeli, mosazrebebi sarCelze darTuli sabuTebis Sesaxeb da pasuxi yvela im sakiTxze, romelic dasmulia mis winaSe sasamarTlos ganCinebiT (ssk 201-e muxli). mopasuxes SeiZleba mieces damatebiTi, magram Semoklebuli vada mis mier arasrulad Sedgenili werilobiTi Sesageblis xarvezis Sesavsebad. sasamarTlos ganCineba Sesageblis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb unda Seicavdes gafrTxilebas imis Sesaxeb, rom mopasuxis mier werilobiTi Sesageblis sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi warudgenloba arTmevs mas uflebas Seasrulos es moqmedeba dagvianebiT - saqmis momzadebis damTavrebis Semdeg (ssk 206-e muxli). mopasuxis werilobiTi Sesageblis, mosazrebebis, mtkicebulebebis, Suamdgomlobebis aslebi unda gadaegzavnos mosarCeles, raTa masac SeeZlos droulad moemzados sapasuxo Sesageblis sasamarTloSi wardgenisaTvis (ssk 202-e muxli). II. sarCelisa da Sesageblis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis Sefaseba. mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvra faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTis problemis gaSuqebis dros aRniSnuli iyo, rom mxareebi TviTonve gansazRvraven Tu romeli faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs an romeli mtkicebulebebiT unda dadasturdes es faqtebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT faqtebis miTiTebas tvirTi da faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi mxareebs ekisrebaT. amasTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWreba ori erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli sakiTxi: erTi – unda damtkicdes Tu ara, anu, unda miiRos da Seagrovos Tu ara sasamarTlom mtkicebulebebi yvela im faqtis dasadastureblad, romlebzec miuTiTeben mxareebi da, meore SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos mxareTa gamokiTxviT Seavsos da daazustos faqtebi. pirvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cven saubari gvqonda am wignis IX Tavis me-8 paragrafSi. aq mokled SeiZleba aRiniSnos Semdegi: sasamarTlo aramarto uflebamosilia, aramed valdebulicaa gansazRvros aqvT Tu ara mxareTa mier miTiTebul faqtebs mniSvneloba sasarCelo moTxovnis, Tu Sesageblis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebisaTvis. es SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod am faqtebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebis Sedegad, Tanac, aseTi Sefaseba unda ganxorcieldes sarCelTan da SesagebelTan mimarTebaSi. Tu aseTi Sefasebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebs ar SeuZliaT daasabuTon (gaamarTlon) maTi 236

moTxovnebi (Sesagebeli), sasamarTlom arc unda Seitanos es faqtebi mtkicebis saganSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, man ar unda miiRos da daurTos saqmes, Seamowmos da Seafasos mtkicebulebebi, romlebic mimarTulia iseT faqtebis dadgenisaken, romlebsac am saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvT. momzadebis stadiaze unda ganisaz Rvros agreTve, im faqtebis wre, romlebzec ar davoben mxareebi. udavo faqtebi unda ganisazRvros imdenad, ramdenadac amis saSualebas iZleva mxareTa mier warmodgenili werilobiTi masalebi. cxadia, rom udavo faqtebis mimarTac ar unda iqnes Sekrebili mtkicebulebebi. rac Seexeba meore sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos TviTon, Tavisi iniciativiT Seitanos mtkicebis saganSi faqtebi, romlebzec mxareebi ar miuTiTeben, magram romlebsac SeiZleba hqondeT mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis, am sakiTxze SeiZleba mxolod uaryofiTi pasuxis gacema, sasamarTlos es ar SeuZlia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dairRveva dispoziciurobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebi.107 amasTan erTad, mosamzadebel sxdomaze mxareebis gamokiTxvisa da axsna-ganmartebis miRebis dros, sasamarTlos SeuZlia jer-erTi, ganumartos maT, rom sarCelis safuZvelSi Tu SesagebelSi miTiTebul faqtebs sinamdvileSi ar aqvT samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba am sarCelis da Sesageblis dasabuTeba – gamarTlebisaTvis da rom saWiro iqneba samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovan faqtebze miTiTeba, Tu, raTqma unda, aseTi faqtebi arseboben da meore sasamarTlos SeuZlia daazustos da daakonkretos mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebi, ganumartos mxareebs rom maT SeuZliaT saqmis momzadebis stadiaze Seavson faqtebi TavianTi moTxovna – Sesageblis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebis mizniT. amrigad, samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis im etapze, romelsac saqmis winaswari momzadebis etapi ewodeba, xdeba mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebis dazusteba, dakonkreteba da Sevseba, am faqtebis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis gansazRvra sasamarTlos mier da mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvra. III. mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba saqmis winaswari momzadebis etapis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa. amitom, sasamarTlo movalea gamoiTxovos mxareebisagan yvela is mtkicebuleba, romelic maT xelTaa. sasamarTlom unda gaafrTxilos mxareebi, rom maT SeuZliaT warmoadginon mtkicebulebebi swored momzadebis stadiaze, da, Tu aseTi mtkicebulebebi warmodgenili iqneba mTavar sxdomaze, saqmis zepiri ganxilvis dros, sasamarTlo ar miiRebs aseT mtkicebulebebs, garda 107

samZebro principze agebuli saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Sesabamisi muxlebis analizidan Cven vakeTebdiT daskvnas, rom sasamarTlom Tavisi iniciativiT unda Seitanos mtkicebis saganSi iseTi faqtebi, romlebzec mxareebi ratomRac ar miuTiTeben, magram isini, kanonis Tanaxmad, asabuTeben mxareTa moTxovnebs Tu Sesagebels da, maSasadame, aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis arsebiTad sworad gadawyvetisaTvis. T. liluaSvili. mtkicebis sagani da tvirTi sabWoTa samoqalaqo procesSi (rusul enaze). Tb. 1957, gv. 12. agreTve, T. liluaSvili, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. 1992, gv. 119. saqarTvelos dRes moqmedi ssk-is mixedviT, romelic SejibrebiTobis principzea agebuli. es dauSvebelia

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iseTi SemTxvevebisa, roca maTi droulad warmoudgenloba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT. mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebisa da Semowmebis kanoniT damkvidrebuli principebis dacviT, sasamarTlos SeuZlia daavalos mxareebs warmoadginon yvela is werilobiTi, Tu nivTieri mtkicebuleba, romelic maT gaaCniaT, gamoiTxovos mxareTa TxovniT mtkicebulebani sxvadasva pirebisagan, Seamowmos warmodgenili mtkicebulebani, risTvisac daniSnos eqspertiza an Caataros adgilze daTvaliereba, es saWiroa da a.S. momzadebis stadiaze sasamarTlo afasebs warmodgenil mtkicebulebebs, magram aseT Sefasebas, cxadia, aqvs winaswari xasiaTi. maTi saboloo Sefaseba xdeba gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dros – saTaTbiro oTaxSi. IV. saqmeSi monawile pirTa gansazRvra sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom mTavari sxdomis gadadebis mizezs xSirad warmoadgens mxareTa Suamdgomloba damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis saqmeSi CarTvis Sesaxeb, procesSi Tanamonawileebis CarTvis Sesaxeb, arasaTanado mxaris saTanadoTi Secvlis, specialistis mowvevis Sesaxeb da a.S. yvela am Suamdgomlobis dakmayofileba marTlac gamoiwvevs sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis gadadebas, radgan sasamarTlos sxdomaze mowveuli unda iqnes mesame piri, Tanamonawile (TanamosarCele an Tanamopasuxe), specialisti da a.S. magram yvela es sakiTxi SeiZleboda da unda ganxiluliyo da gadawyvetiliyo jer kidev saqmis momzadebis etapze, manam sanam sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis daniSvnis Sesaxeb (sssk 207-e muxli). unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi zemod dasaxelebuli sakiTxi unda gadawydes TviTon sasamarTlos iniciativiT. magaliTad, Tanamonawileebis saqmeSi Cabma, roca igi savaldebuloa unda ganxorcieldes sasamarTlos iniciativiT saqmis momzadebis stadiaze. igive SeiZleba iTqvas arasaTanado mxaris Secvlazec, momzadebis stadiaze sasamarTlom icis mosarCelis moTxovnis Sinaarsi, faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebic am moTxovnas udevs safuZvlad, mopasuxis Sesagebeli da faqtebi, romlebic am Sesagebels udevs safuZvlad. yvela es monacemi sakmarisi unda iyos imisaTvis, rom gairkves aris Tu ara mosarCele is piri, romelsac moTxovnis ufleba aqvs, e.i. aris Tu ara sarCelis aRmZvreli piri saTanado mosarCele, an aRZrulia Tu ara sarCeli im piris winaaRmdeg romelmac pasuxi unda agos sarCelze, e.i. saTanado mopasuxis winaaRmdeg. amrigad, mosamzadebel stadiaze savsebiT SesaZlebelia gairkves da gadawydes arasaTanado mxaris saTanado mxariT Secvlis sakiTxi. am sakiTxebis gadatana sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ueWvelad gamoiwvevs saqmis ganxilvis sxva droisaTvis gadadebas, xolo saboloo angariSSi – saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebas. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom, Tu arasaTanado mxaris Secvlis sakiTxi sapatio mizezis gareSe ar daisva momzadebis stadiaze, sasamarTlom ar unda gadados saqmis 238

ganxilva, ar unda gadados mTavari sxdoma, aramed ganixilos saqme am arasaTanado mxaris mimarT da gamoitanos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba sarClis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb im motiviT, rom mosarCeles ar aqvs aRZruli moTxovnis ufleba. V. mosamzadebeli sxdoma mosamzadebeli sxdoma araa sasamarTlos mTavari sxdoma, romelic SeiZleba dainiSnos mxolod mas Semdeg, roca saqme momzadebuli iqneba. mosamzadebeli sxdoma araa agreTve saqmis momzadebis stadiis aucilebeli elementi: saqme SeiZleba momzadebulad CaiTvalos, ise rom mosamzadebeli sxdoma SeiZleba arc moiwvios da arc Caataros sasamarTlom. mosamzadebeli sxdomis daniSvnisaTvis ramdenime pirobaa saWiro. mosamzadebel sxdomas mosamarTle daniSnavs: pirveli – Tu warmodgenili werilobiTi masalebi safuZvels aZlevs mosamarTles ivaraudos, rom mxareebma SeiZleba saqme morigebiT daamTavron, an mosarCelem uari Tqvas sarCelze, an kidev, mopasuxem cnos sarCeli da meore – Tu saqmis momzadebis interesebi amas moiTxoven. ganvixiloT mosamzadebeli sxdomis daniSvnis es pirobebi. 1. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosamarTlis varaudi gamarTldeba da mxareebi morigdebian, sasamarTlo gamoitans am mosamzadebel sxdomaze (ise, rom arc ki daniSnavs mTavar sxdomas), ganCinebas mxareTa morigebis damtkicebisa da saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb (ssk 272-e muxli). aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saqmis momzadebis stadiaze sasamarTlom unda miiRos yvela zoma, raTa saqme morigebiT daamTavros. ar aris agreTve gamoricxuli, rom warmodgenili masalebis ganxilvis analizis Sedegad mosarCelem uari Tqvas Tavis sarCelze, an kidev, mopasuxem cnos sarCeli. aseT SemTxvevaSiac mosamarTles SeuZlia daamTavros saqme ise, rom ar daniSnos mTavari sxdoma, kerZod, Tu mopasuxem cno sarCeli sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas sarCelis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb, xolo, Tu mosarCele uars ityvis Tavis sarCelze – sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb (ssk 272-e muxlis „g“ punqti). 2. rogorc avRniSneT, mosamzadebeli sxdoma SeiZleba dainiSnos, rodesac mxareebi ratomRac ar aqtiuroben, droulad an saerTod ar asruleben Sesabamis saproceso moqmedebebs, droulad, e.i. daniSnul vadaSi ar warudgenen sasamarTlos werilobiT pasuxs mis winaSe dasmul sakiTxebze da sxv. sxva sityvebis rom vTqvaT, saqme araa mzad zepiri ganxilvisaTvis da amitom, sasamarTlo iZulebulia daniSnos mosamzadebeli sxdoma, gamouZaxos mxareebs da zepiri gamokiTxviT gaarkvios saqmis viTareba. praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom mxare, romelic dainteresebulia saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebiT, arc am mosamzadebel sxdomaze cxaddeba, sasamarTlos ki miaCnia, rom man unda gadados mosamzadebeli sxdoma da kvlav daibaros mxareebi. aseTi viTareba udavod miuTiTebs sasamarTlos aramarTlzomier mcdelobaze aiZulos mxare iaqtiuros, Seasrulos yvela iseTi saproceso moqmedeba, rac saWiroa saqmis saTanadod momzadebisaTvis. sasamarTlos aseTi mcdelobis aramarTlzomiereba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mxares procesSi ar ekisreba raime iseTi 239

valdebuleba, romlis Seusrulebloba iwvevs mis mimarT iZulebis RonisZiebis gatarebas. mxares aqvs uflebebi, magram mas ar ekisreba valdebulebebi. am uflebebis gamouyeneblobas SeiZleba mohyves misTvis araxelsayreli Sedegebi (procesis wageba). meorec, kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs da ar gulisxmobs mosamzadebeli sxdomis gadadebas, ganmeorebiT daniSvnas da mravaljer Catarebis SesaZleblobas. ukidures SemTxvevaSi mosamzadebeli sxdoma SeiZleba meored dainiSnos, Tu aucilebelia (magaliTad, mxareebs miecaT maTive SuamdgomlobiT dro morigebisaTvis). VI. sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis (saqmis zepiri ganxilvis) daniSvna ssk 207-e muxlis Tanaxmad mosamarTles gamoaqvs ganCineba sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze saqmis ganxilvis Sesaxeb „mas Semdeg, rac cnobs saqmes sakmaod momzadebulad“. rogorc vxedavT, saqmis momzadebuloba warmoadgens mTavari sxdomis (zepiri ganxilvis) daniSvnis pirobas. rogorc zemod davinaxeT, saqmis droulad da srulyofilad momzadebis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia ori garemoebis erTdroulad arsebobisas: pirveli – sasarCelo moTxovnis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, mosamarTlem srulad da zustad gansazRvra im saproceso moqmedebaTa wre, romelTa Sesruleba aucilebelia am saqmis yovelmxrivi da drouli momzadebisaTvis. es mTlianad mosamarTleze, mis profesiulobaze da unarzea damokidebuli. meore – mxareebi sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi asruleben mosamarTlis mier miTiTebul saproceso moqmedebebs, droulad aRZraven sasamarTlos winaSe maTTvis saWiro da sasargeblo Suamdgomlobebs (magaliTad, mesame pirebis Cabmis Sesaxeb, mowmis dabarebis Sesaxeb, sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, eqspertis daniSvnis Sesaxeb da a.S.). es mTlianad mxareTa aqtiurobazea damokidebuli, maT aqtiuroba ki uzrunvelyofilia araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis muqariT. saqme isaa, rom SejibrebiTobis principis batonobis pirobebSi mxares mtkiced unda wamdes, rom mis umoqmedobas SeiZleba moyves misTvis araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotana. magram, samwuxarod, rogorc zemod davinaxeT, zogjer saqme moumzadebelia da amis erT-erTi mizezia is, rom mxareebi, ufro xSirad ki mopasuxeebi, ar aqtiuroben, ufro metic Segnebulad cdiloben saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebas. ibadeba kiTxva: dasaSvebia Tu ara ssk 207-e muxlis miTiTebis miuxedavad, mTavari sxdomis daniSvna iseT pirobebSi, rodesac saqme obieqturad araa momzadebuli?

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saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saprocso kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia saqmis ganxilvis kvada, magram kidec rom ar iyos aseTi vada, saqme yvela SemTxvevaSi ganxiluli unda iqnes gonivrul vadaSi.108 es imas niSnavs, rom saqmis winaswari momzadeba ar SeiZleba dausruleblad gagrZeldes da igi unda damTavrdes iseT vadaSi, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes am saqmis ganxilva da gadawyveta swored gonivrul, Tu kanoniT gansazRvrul vadaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, unda gavakeToT daskvna: Tu sasamarTlom miiRo kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela zoma, magram mxareebi, (rogorc wesi mopasuxe), ar asruleben kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul da sasamarTlos mier miTiTebul saproceso moqmededebs, sasamarTlos SeuZlia CaTvalos saqme momzadebulad da daniSnos misi arsebiTad ganxilvisaTvis mTavari sxdoma. sasamarTlos aramarto ar SeuZlia, aramed ufleba ar aqvs dausruleblad elodos Tu rodis inebebs mxare Seasrulos esa Tu is saproceso moqmedeba. sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba (ssk 207-e muxli). am ganCinebiT mTavrdeba saqmis winaswari momzadebis etapi da iwyeba axali etapi – saqmis mTavar sxdomaze zepiri ganxilvis etapi. mTavari sxdoma unda warimarTos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli wesiT. mxareebs da saqmeSi monawile sxva pirebs egzavnebaT Setyobineba ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT. $3. Setyobineba da dabareba sasamarTlos ganCineba saqmis momzadebis damTavrebisa da am saqmis ganxilvisaTvis mTavari sxdomis daniSvnis Sesaxeb ar Semoifargleba mxolod am garemoebebze miTiTebiT. am ganCinebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos agreTve imis Sesaxeb, procesSi monawile romeli pirebi unda iqnan mowveuli sasamarTlo sxdromaze (mxareebi, mesame pirebi, maTi warmomadgenlebi, mowmeebi, eqspertebi da a.S.) da ra Sedegebi SeiZleba moyves maT gamoucxadeblobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom procesSi monawile pirTa Setyobineba savaldebuloa. am vvaldebulebis Seusrulebloba sxvadasxva arasasurvel, xolo zogjer mZime Sedegebs iwvevs. magaliTad, sasamarTlo sxdomis Catareba da saqmis ganxilva-gadawyveta romelime mxaris Setyobinebis gareSe warmoadgens gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absolutur safuZvels (ssk 394-e muxlis „b“ punqti). mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT ssk 70-e muxlis danawesi, romlis Tanaxmad uwyeba unda gaegzavnoT aramarto mxareebs, aramed maT warmomadgenlebsac. amasTan erTad, mxareebs da maT warmomadgenlebs sasamarTlo atyobinebs (acnobebs) sasamarTlo sxdomis drosa da adgils, rac ar niSnavs imas, rom isini valdebulni arian gamocxaddnen am sxdomaze. maT SeuZliaT ar gamocxaddnen da ar miiRon monawileoba saqmis ganxilvaSi, magram es ver daabrkolebs saqmis ganxilvas da gadawyvetas. gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi an im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gamocxaddnen sxdomaze, magram monawileobas ar iReben saqmis ganxilvaSi.

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adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad yvelas aqvs ufleba miukerZoebeli da damoukidebeli sasamarTlos mier misi saqmis „gonivrul vadaSi“ ganxilvisa.

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sasamarTlos mainc SeuZlia ganixilos saqme da gamoitanos gadawyvetileba (ix. Tavi XV dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba). rac Seexeba mowmeebs, eqspertebs, specialistebs, Tarjimnebs – maT sasamarTlo ubralod ki ar atyobinebs, aramed ibarebs sasamarTlo sxdomaze, rac imas niSngavs, rom isini valdebulni ariani gamocxaddnen, xolo gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi daekisrebaT kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgebloba (ssk 145-e muxli). kanoni ar gansazRvravs drois im zust monakveTs, romlis ganmavlobaSic unda CabardeT uwyeba gamosaZaxebel pirebs. am sakiTxs wyvets sasamarTlo, romelmac unda ixelmZRvanelos im zogadi kriteriumiT, romelic Camoyalibebulia ssk 70-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi da romlis Tanaxmad uwyeba unda CabardeT im varaudiT, rom sakmao dro hqondeT sasamarTloSi droulad gamosacxadeblad da saqmisaTvis mosamzadeblad. gamonaklisis saxiT, samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba uSvebs Setyobinebas da gamoZaxebas ara uwyebiT, aramed telefonogramiT, depeSiT, faqsis aparatiT, romlebic Tavisi SinaarsiT unda pasuxobdnen moTxovnebs, romlebic waeyeneba uwyebas (ssk 72-e muxli). am gamonaklisi wesiT Setyobineba-dabarebis dros aucilebelia im piris dadastureba, romelsac aseTi Setyobineba gaegzavna. es imas niSnavs, rom saqmeSi unda iyos Cakerebuli Tu ra Sinaarsis faqsi gaigzavna da pasuxi im pirisa, visac igi gaegzavna. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi uwyeba Cabarebulad ver CaiTvleba. mopasuxis dasaxeleba, agreTve misi misamarTis miTiTeba aris mosarCelis movaleoba. mxareebs evalebaT agreTve miuTiTon im pirTa misamarTebi, romelTa gamoZaxebaze Suamdgomloben sasamarTlos winaSe. aseTi misamarTis miTiTebis gareSe sasamarTlo umoZraod datovebs sarCels (ssk 185-e muxli), an kidev, ar daakmayofilebs mxaris Suamdgomlobas mowmis Tu sxva piris gamoZaxebis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom dasabarebeli piri ar cxovrobs faqtobrivad miTiTebul misamarTze. aseT SemTxvevaSi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamosavali erTia: uwyeba SeiZleba gaigzavnos misi samuSao adgilis mixedviT. am samuSao adgilis Sesaxebac sasamarTlos unda acnobos mosarCelem (mxarem). erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT iseTi cnebebebi, rogorcaa „faqtobrivad arcxovreba“ da „saerTod arcxovreba“. faqtobrivad arcxovrebaSi unda vigulisxmoT is, rom gamosaZaxebeli piri cxovrobda aq, magram sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo faqtobrivad aq aRar cxovrobs. magram Tu piri arasdros aq ar cxovrobda, iTvleba rom arc faqtobrivad da arc iuridiulad igi mxaris mier miTiTebul misamarTze ar cxovrobs da arc ucxovria. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es exeba mopasuxes sakiTxi Semdegnairad SeiZleba gadawydes: sasamarTlos SeuZlia CaTvalos, rom mosarCelem ver Seasrula Tavisi movaleoba miuTiTos mopasuxis misamarTi da, amitom datovos sarCeli ganuxilvelad ssk 275-e muxlis analogiiT. mosarCeles ar erTmeva ufleba kvlav aRZras igive sarCeli, roca daadgens mopasuxis sacxovrebel adgils. ufro martivad gadawydeba es sakiTxi mowmeebis, mxaris mier dasaxelebuli eqspertebis, specialistebis mimarT. Tu mxaris mier miTiTebul misamarTze es pirebi ar cxovroben – isini ver iqnebian 242

gamoZaxebuli da dakiTxuli, xolo saqme gadawydeba mopovebuli da saqmeSi arsebuli masalebis mixedviT. praqtikaSi arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac adresati, e.i. piri, romelsac gaegzavna uwyeba, uars ambobs am uwyebis miRebaze. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba ar SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos mxaris da, miT umetes, saqmeSi monawile nebismieri sxva piris nebasurvilze, amitom, Tu adresati, marTalia imyofeba adgilze, magram uars ambobs uwyebis miRebaze, rac unda aRiniSnos am uwyebis meore egzemplarze, uwyeba Cabarebulad iTvleba, aqedan gamomdinare yvela Tavisi SedegiT. es Sedegi ki sxvadasxvaa, imis mixedviT, Tu vin aris adresati. magaliTad, Tu uwyebis miRebaze uars ambobs mopasuxe, romelic arc mTavar sxdomaze ar gamocxadda, mis mimarT SeiZleba gamotanili iqnes dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, Tu uwyebis miRebaze uari Tqva mowmem da arc mTavar sxdomaze ar gamocxadda, mas daekisreba jarimis gadaxda, an sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba (ssk 145-e muxli). uwyeba, romlis Sinaarsi zustad unda Seesabamebodes kanonis moTxovnebs (ssk 72-e muxli), SeiZleba gaigzavnos fostiT an damtareblis meSveobiT, agreTve erT-erTi mxaris meSveobiT, romelic Tanaxma iqneba Caabaros adresats uwyeba. uwyeba Cabarebulad iTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am uwyebis meore egzemplarze xels awers adresati, aRniSnulia misi Cabarebis dro, dabrunda sasamarTloSi da Cakerebulia saqmeSi. uwyebis meore egzemplarze SeiZleba xels awerdes sxva piric, oRond kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi (ssk 74-e muxli). Tu uwyeba gaegzavna organizacias, maSin mis meore egzemplarze xels unda awerdes am organizaciis xelmZRvaneli an Tanamdebobis piri, romelic aRWurvilia uflebamosilebiT miiRos korespodenciebi.

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Tavi XIII saqmis

arsebiTad ganxilva sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze

$1. saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis mniSvneloba da wesi I. sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis cneba da mniSvneloba sasamarTlos sxdomebi SeiZleba gaimarTos rogorc saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetis mizniT, ise mTlianad saqmis arsebiTad ganxilva-gadawyvetis mizniT. sasamarTlos sxdomas, romelic mowveulia saqmis arsebiTad ganxilva-gadawyvetis mizniT, ewodeba mTavari sxdoma, radgan igi Tavisi miznebiTa da Catarebis wesiT gansxvavdeba sasamarTlos im sxdomebisagan, romlebic mowveulia mxolod calkeuli saproceso sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. aseT sxdomebs SeiZleba vuwodoT winaswari, an rogorc mas kanoni uwodebs – mosamzadebeli sxdoma, radgan aseT sxdomebze ganixileba da wydeba mxolod calkeuli sakiTxebi (acileba, eqspertizis daniSvna, adgilze daTvaliereba da a.S.), rac win uswrebs mTavar sxdomas da emsaxureba mis swrafad, daubrkoleblad Catarebis interesebs. samoqalaqo saqmis sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi aris samoqalaqo saqmis gadawyvetis aucilebeli da savaldebulo piroba. es imas niSnavs, rom samoqalaqo saqmeze ar SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis miReba am saqmis mTavar sxdomaze winaswari ganxilvis gareSe. am mxriv, erTad-erTi gamonaklisia iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac mopasuxe jer kidev mosamzadebel sxdomaze cnobs sarCels. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saqmis arsebiTad ganxilva saWiro aRar aris da sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos gadawyvetileba mosamzadebel sxdomaze sarCelis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba sakmao sisruliT awesrigebs aramarto misi mowvevisa da daniSvnis, aramed warmarTvis (Catarebis) wesebs. a RsaniSnavia, rom mTavari sxdomis Catarebis kanoniT damkvidrebuli wesebi SemuSavebulia im varaudiT, rom uzrunvelyos mxareTa Soris wamoWrili davis swori da samarTliani gadawyveta, maTi saproceso uflebebis realizaciis sruli SesaZlebloba, procesis principebis amoqmedeba, mxareTa da procesis sxva 244

monawileTa pativisa da Rirsebis xelSeuxebloba, agreTve xeli Seuwyos TviT sasamarTlosadmi moqalaqeTa ndobisa da mosamarTleTa mimarT pativiscemis suliskveTebis ganwyobis Camoyalibebas. cxadia, rom sasamarTlos mTavari sxdoma Seasrulebs am amocanas mxolod erTi pirobiT, Tu igi Catardeba kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesebis zusti dacviT. im normebis analizi, romlebic aregulireben mTavari sxdomis Catarebis wesebs, safuZvels gvaZlevs gamovyoT ramdenime ZiriTadi da Tanmimdevrulad mimdinare stadia: 1. mTavari sxdomis gaxsna da misi Catarebis SesaZleblobebis garkveva; 2. saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dawyeba. sasamarTlos moxseneba saqmis arsis Sesaxeb; 3. mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva; 4. mxareTa paeqroba; 5.sxdomis daxurva da gadawyvetilebis gamotana. mTavari sxdomis TiToeuli am stadiis gamoyofas eqneba praqtikuli mniSvneloba Tu daculi iqneba erTi stadiidan meoreze gadasvlis logikuri Tanmimdevruloba, Tu erTi stadiidan meoreze gadasvla xdeba mas Semdeg, roca ukve Sesrulda yvela is moqmedeba, romelic wina stadiaze unda Sesrulebuliyo. xom ar iqneba gamarTlebuli, rom jer mosamarTlem gaakeTos moxseneba saqmis arsis Sesaxeb, warmoadginos mxareTa moTxovnebisa da Sesageblis xasiaTi da Sinaarsi da mxolod amis Semdeg gaarkvios vin gamocxadda an ar gamocxadda sxdomaze da arsebobs Tu ara mxaris an misi warmomadgenlis gamoucxadeblobis sapatio mizezi. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokled ganvixiloT sasamarTlo sxdomis calkeuli stadiis Sinaarsi. II. mTavari sxdomis gaxsna da misi Catarebis SesaZleblobis garkveva rogorc aRvniSneT, sasamarTolo uwyebaSi mTavari sxdomis mowvevis Sesaxeb, miTiTebuli unda iyos gamocxadebis droisa da adgilis Sesaxeb. uwyebiT daniSnul dros sasamarTlo Semodis sxdomis darbazSi. magram, Tu raime mizezis gamo es ver xerxdeba, maSin mosamarTlem an misma TanaSemwem zustad daniSnul dros unda acnobos mxareebs da sxdomaze dasaswrebad mosul pirebs Tu ra mizeziT ar iwyeba sxdoma daniSnul dros da ramdeni SeiZleba daagviandes mis gaxsnas. rodesac sasamarTlo Semodis sxdomis darbazSi, igi xsnis sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomas da acxadebs, Tu romeli saqme iqneba ganxiluli am sxdomaze. dabarebul pirTa gamocxadebis Semowmeba. jer kidev sxdomis dawyebis win (sanam sasamarTlo Semova sxdomis darbazSi), sxdomis mdivanma unda Seamowmos gamosaZaxebel pirTagan vin gamocxadda da arkvevs gamoucxadeblobis mizezebs, kerZod CabardaT Tu ara maT uwyeba da aris Tu ara saqmeSi cnoba imis Sesaxeb, xom ar aris warmodgenili raime cnoba (magaliTad, avadmyofobis Sesaxeb) gamoucxadeblobis mizezebis Sesaxeb da sxva. 245

yovelive amis Sesaxeb sxdomis mdivanma unda moaxsenos sasamarTlos. gamocxadebul pirTa vinaobis dadgena. gamocxadebulTa vinaobas adgens uSualod sasamarTlo (mosamarTle). mxareTa da procesSi monawile sxva pirTa (mowmis, eqspertis, Tarjimnis, specialistis) vinaobis dadgenis mizniT, Tu es aucilebelia, mosamarTles SeuZlia moiTxovos piradobis damadasturebeli dokumenti. Tu mxare an procesSi monawile piri araa saqarTvelos moqalaqe, an kidev moqalaqeobis armqone piria, maSin aseTi piris vinaoba unda Semowmdes ucxo qveynis moqalaqis pasportiT an sxva iseTi dokumentiT, romelic aRiarebulia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT. moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa vinaoba SeiZleba dadasturdes. Tu saqmeSi monawileobs warmomadgeneli, misi uflebamosilebisa da am uflebamosilebaTa farglebis dadgenis mizniT mosamarTle unda gaecnos mindobilobas da Seamowmos misi gacemis wesi. mxareTa, mowmeTa da sxva dabarebul pirTa vinaobis dadgenis Semdeg, mosamarTle, Tu is SesaZleblad Tvlis sxdomis gagrZelebas, winadadebas aZlevs mowmeebs datovon darbazi da daelodon gamoZaxebas. mxareTa Suamdgomlobebis aRZvra da ganxilva. mTavari sxdomis am pirvel stadiaze xdeba mxareTa Suamdgomlobebis aRZvra da ganxilva. amasTan erTad, mxedvelobidan ar SeiZleba gamogvrCes Semdegi garemoeba: sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze dauSvebelia raime werilobiTi Tu nivTieri mtkicebulebebis wardgena, raime Suamdgomlobebis Tu gancxadebebis aRZvra, sarCelis Secvla an sasarCelo moTxovnis gadideba, mowmis dasaxeleba da a.S. magram ukidures SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, roca arsebobs amisaTvis sapatio mizezi, aseTi SuamdgomlobebiT Tu gancxadebebiT mimarTva sasamarTlosaTvis dasaSvebia mxolod mTavari sxdomis sawyis etapze, anu am sxdomis gaxsnis etapze, roca xdeba misi Catarebis SesaZleblobis garkveva. swored sxdomis am sawyis etapze unda gaarkvios sasamarTlom xom ar eqnebaT mxareebs raime Suamdgomloba sasamarTlos winaSe da xom ar arsebobs raime dasabuTebuli Txovna, romlis Sesruleba sxdomis sxva droisaTvis gadadebas saWiroebs. mxedvelobidan ar unda gauSvaT is garemoeba, rom am etapzec, e.i. mTavari sxdomis gaxsnis etapzec, raime axali mtkicebulebebi, Suamdgomlobebi, gancxadebebi SeiZleba miiRos da ganixilos sasamarTlom mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu isini warmodgenili da aRZruli ar iyo am saqmis momzadebis stadiaze sapatio mizeziT, romlis damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba axali mtkicebulebis warmdgens, Tu Suamdgomlobebis aRmZvrel mxares. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu es mxare ver daamtkicebs sapatio mizezis arsebobas, sasamarTlo saerTod ar miiRebs da ar ganixilavs mxaris Suamdgomlobebs. magaliTad, mxares SeuZlia ganacxados acileba mTavari sxdomis gaxsnis stadiaze „Tu aseTi acileba sasamarTlos mier sapatiod cnobili mizeziT ar iyo gancxadebuli saqmis mosamzadebel stadiaze“ (ssk 214-e muxli). mxaris Suamdgomlobis dakmayofilebam SeiZleba saWiro gaxados sxdomis gadadeba, ris Sesaxebac saubari gveqneba am Tavis mesame paragrafSi. III. saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dawyeba. mosamarTlis moxseneba 246

saqmis arsis Sesaxeb mas Semdeg, rac ganxiluli iqneba mxareTa da maT warmomadgenelTa yvela Suamdgomloba (gancxadeba, mosazreba) da sasamarTlo mivad im daskvnamde, rom ar arsebobs saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis safuZveli, daiwyeba meore stadia (etapi) – saqmis arsebiTi ganxilva. ssk 217-e muxlis Tanaxmad „saqmis arsebiTi ganxilva iwyeba saqmis moxsenebiT mosamarTlis mier, romelic unda emyarebodes mxareTa mier warmodgenil masalebs“. es imas niSnavs, rom mosamarTlem mokled, naTlad da yvelasaTvis gasagebad unda Camoayalibos saqmis arsi, mxareTa Soris wamoWrili davis arsi. amisaTvis man Tavis moxsenebaSi zustad unda uCvenos: a) mosarCelis moTxovnis Sinaarsi da xasiaTi sasarCelo gancxadebis mixedviT; b) garemoebebi (faqtebi), romlebzec mosarCele uTiTebs Tavis sasarCelo gancxadebaSi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic realurad warmoadgina man da aris saqmeSi; d) mopasuxis mier warmodgenili werilobiTi Sesageblis, agreTve Segebebuli sarCelis Sinaarsi da xasiaTi. e) garemoebebi (faqtebi), romlebzec mopasuxe amyarebs Tavis Sesagebels (Segebebul sarCels); v) mtkicebulebebi, romlebic warmoadgina mopasuxem am garemoebebis dasadastureblad. mosamarTlis moxseneba saqmis arsis Sesaxeb amiT ar SeiZleba amoiwuros. man Tavis moxsenebaSi unda miuTiTos agreTve, SeuZliaT Tu ara mxareTa mier miTiTebul garemoebebs daasabuTon anu iuridiulad gaamarTlon sasarCelo moTxovna da Sesagebeli (Segebebuli sarCeli), xolo Tu romelime garemoeba kidec rom daadasturdes warmodgenili mtkicebulebiT, ver daasabuTebs iuridiulad am moTxovnas, Tu Sesagebels, amis Sesaxeb unda aRiniSnos mosamarTlis moxsenebaSi. sasamarTlos sruli ufleba aqvs ar gamoiTxovos, ar miiRos, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRo saqmidan amoiRos „mtkicebulebebi, romlebsac saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvT“ (ssk 104-e muxli). saqmis ganxilvis dawyebis aseT wess aqvs Rrma azri da didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba. saqme isaa, rom gadawyvetilebas saqmeze iRebs sasamarTlo. amasTan, igi SeboWilia mxareTa moTxovnis (Sesageblis) farglebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, mxareTa moTxovnebis azrisa da Sinaarsis sworad gagebas sasamarTlos mxriv gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mxareTa sadavo uflebis dacvisaTvis. mxareebs, romlebmac moismines sasamarTlos moxseneba, SeuZliaT daazuston an Sesworeba Seitanon mosamarTlis moxsenebis im nawilSi, romelic maTi moTxovnis (Sesageblis) xasiaTs da farglebs Seexeba, Tu ra Tqma unda mosamarTlem raime sworad ver gaigo. mxareebs da maT warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT agreTve TavianTi mosazrebebi Camoayalibon mosamarTlis mier saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebisa da mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobis Sesaxeb mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis mimarT. SemTxveviTi araa, amitom, rom „ mosamarTlis mier saqmis moxsenebis Semdeg iwyeba mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmena (ssk 218-e muxli). 247

saqarTvelos ssk-is Tanaxmad mxareTa axsna-ganmarteba aris mtkicebulebis (mtkicebis saSualebis) erT-erTi saxe. amitom, igi ganxilulia am wignis im TavSi romelic mtkicebulebebs exeba, amitom Cven aq SevexebiT mxolod mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis im nawils, romelic Seexeba maT mosazroebas saqmis arsis Sesaxeb, mosamarTlis mier moxsenebaSi Camoyalibebul sakiTxebs. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom axsna-ganmartebis win mosamarTlem unda ganumartos mxareebs, rom maT ar gaimeron is, rac ukve iTqva mosamarTlis mier, aramed aRniSnon Tu raime aqvT dasamatebeli an dasazustebeli da ramdenad sworad iyo gagebuli da gadmocemuli maTi moTxovnisa da Sesageblis (Segebebuli sarCelis) Sinaarsi. cxadia, maT SeuZliaT koreqtivebi Seitanon mosamarTlis moxsenebaSi, Tu raime arasworad iyo gagebuli mis mier. mxareebisaTvis SekiTxvebis micemis gziT SeiZleba kidev erTxel dazustdes, Tu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovan romel garemoebebze ar davoben isini da romeli faqtobrivi garemoeba iTvleba sadavod, agreTve, saqmeSi arsebuli romeli mtkicebuleba SeiZleba CaiTvalos sarwmunod da romeli ara da a.S. mxareTa morigebaze sasamarTlo zrunavs jer kidev saqmis momzadebis stadiaze, magram Tu am stadiaze es ver moxerxda, sasamarTlom kvlav unda miiRos zomebi maTi morigebisaTvis da ganumartos mxareebs im upiratesobaze, romelic aqvs mxareTa morigebiT saqmis damTavrebas, gadawyvetilebiT saqmis damTavrebasTan SedarebiT. mxareebs SeuZliaT mTavar sxdomaze axsna-ganmartebis micemis dros wamoayenon axali mosazrebebi da miuTiTon axal garemoebebze. axali iqneba iseTi faqtobrivi garemoebebi da mosazrebebi, romlebic adre ar iyo gamoTqmuli da wamoyenebuli. magaliTad: valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis mizniT mopasuxe b-ani miuTiTebda, rom es valdebuleba Sewyvetilia gaqviTviT. mosarCele a-nim mTavar sxdomaze miuTiTa axal garemoebaze imis Sesaxeb, rom mxareTa SeTanxmebiT valdebulebis Sewyveta gaqviTviT winaswar iyo gamoricxuli (sk 447-e muxli). es aris axali garemoeba, romliTac ar iyo cnobili manamde, saqmis momzadebis stadiaze. amitom, imisaTvis, rom Seamowmos misi namdviloba sasamarTlom jer unda gaarkvios, Tu ratom ar iqna wamoyenebuli es garemoeba momzadebis stadiaze. saqme isaa, rom ssk 219-e muxlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo gaiTvaliswinebs am axal garemoebebs da mtkicebulebebs, Tu cnobs, rom maT Sesaxeb Tavis droze ar iyo gancxadebuli sapatio mizeziT“. uaRresad mniSvnelovania zustad da ganuxrelad iqnes daculi SekiTxvebis micemis rigiToba da wesi. TiToeul mxares SeuZlia SekiTxva misces meore mxares (mis warmomadgenels) mxolod sasamarTlos nebarTviT, magram sasamarTlos nebarTviT mxaris mier micemuli SekiTxva SeuZlia moxsnas sasamarTlom Tu es SekiTxva uadgilo an Seuferebelia da ar emsaxureba saqmis garemoebis gamorkvevas. SekiTxvis moxnis sakiTxi SeuZlia daayenos mxarem, magram mosamarTles es SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiTac. cxadia, rom mosamarTles SeuZlia SekiTxva misces mxares nebismier dros, oRond mas Semdeg, roca mxare daamTavrebs Tavisufali TxrobiT Tavisi axsna-ganmartebis gadmocemas. 248

IV. mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mxareTa axsna-ganmarteba warmoadgens Cveni saproceso kanonmdeblobiT mtkicebulebas, mtkicebis erT-erT damoukidebel saSualebas. aqedan gamomdinare, mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmeniT faqtiurad iwyeba mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva. saqmeSi arsebul sxva mtkicebulebaTa Semowmeba maTi utyuarobis Tu sarwmunoobis TvalsazrisiT sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze warmoebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi Semowmeba ar momxdara am saqmis momzadebis stadiaze. mtkicebulebaTa Semowmebis mizniT sasamarTlom uSualod unda mousminos mxareebs, mesame pirebs, Tanamonawileebs, Seadaros maTi axsnaganmartebebi erTmaneTs; sasamarTlom uSualod unda dakiTxos da mousminos mowmeebs kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. daaTvalieros nivTieri mtkicebulebebi da moaxdinos adgilze daTvaliereba, Tu es ar gaukeTebia saqmis momzadebis stadiaze obieqturi an sxva raime sapatio mizezis gamo. saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis stadiaze SeiZleba wamoiWras iseTi garemoebis dadgenis aucilebloba, romelic specialur codnas moiTxovs. es ukiduresaad arasasurveli SemTxvevaa, magram sxva gza ar arsebobs – sasamarTlom unda daniSnos eqspertiza da, cxadia, unda gadados saqmis ganxilva. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba da eqspertizis daniSvna gamarTlebulia imiT, rom am saqmis winaswari momzadebis stadiaze ar iyo cnobili gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebis Sesaxeb da mxarem sapatio mizeziT ver wamoayena es garemoeba am stadiaze. mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis (Semowmebis) mizniT sasamarTlom unda moaxdinos yvela Sekrebili masalis, saqmeSi arsebuli yvela mtkicebulebis SedarebiTi gamokvleva. Tu aseTi Sedarebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom saqmeSi arsebobs urTierTsawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebebi, sasamarTlom unda aRmofxvras es winaaRmdegoba, risTvisac SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes mxareebisagan ganmeorebiT axsna-ganmartebis miReba, mowmeTa ganmeorebiT dakiTxva, eqspertizis, maT Soris ganmeorebiTi da damatebiTi eqspertizis daniSvna da a.S. mas Semdeg, rac gamokvleuli iqneba yvela warmodgenili mtkicebuleba, sasamarTlo kvlav unda SeekiTxos mxareebs da procesis sxva monawileebs (Tanamonawileebs, mesame pirebs), xom ar surT raime daumaton saqmis masalebs. Tu maT araferi aqvT dasamatebeli sasamarTlo gadadis mxareTa paeqrobaze. V. mxareTa paeqroba. sasamarTlos xelmZRvaneloba mxareTa Sejibrebisadmi mxareTa paeqroba mTavar sxdomaze saqmis ganxilvis erT-erTi saintereso da mniSvnelovani nawilia. paeqrobaSi monawileobis ufleba aqvT mxareebs, Tanamonawileebs, mesame pirebs da warmomadgenlebs: mopaeqreebi saqmeSi arsebuli da ganxiluli mtkicebulebebis analizis safuZvelze gamoTqvamen TavianT mosazrebebs sasamarTlo ganxilvis yvelaze mTavar da ZiriTad sakiTxze: 249

sarCelis (Sesageblis) safuZvlianobis Tu usafuZvlobis, dasabuTebulobisa Tu dausabuTeblobis Sesaxeb. mopaeqre Tavis sityvaSi unda Seecados miuTiTos gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romeli garemoeba (faqti) SeiZleba CaiTvalos dadasturebulad, romeli – ver dasturdeba da vis ekisreboda misi damtkicebis tvirTi da a.S. mopaeqres SeuZlia gamoTqvas Tavisi mosazreba faqtebis iuridiuli Sefasebis Sesaxeb da miuTiTos kanonze, romelic gamoyenebuli unda iqnes. ssk 227-e muxlis me-2 nawili gansazRvravs paeqrobaSi monawileTa rigiTobas. kerZod, pirvelad gamovlen mosarCele da misi warmomadgeneli, Semdeg mopasuxe da misi warmomadgeneli. Semdeg gamodis mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovniT da misi warmomadgeneli. rac Seexeba mesame pirebs damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, isini gamodian im mxaris Semdeg, romlis mxarezec monawileobs procesSi. mas Semdeg, rac paeqrobis yvela monawile warmoTqvams sityvas, maT SeuZliaT xelmeored gamovidnen warmoTqmul sityvasTan dakavSirebiT. ssk 228-e muxlis Tanaxmad aseT xelmeored gamosvlas replika ewodeba, rac ganpirobebulia paeqrobaSi monawile pirisaTvis pasuxis gacemis aucileblobiT. replikis, anu sapasuxo gamosvlis rigiToba unda Seesabamebodes paeqrobaSi monawileobis rigiTobas, oRond imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ukanaskneli replikis ufleba yovelTvis aqvs mopasuxes da mis warmomadgenels. unda aRiniSnos, rom replika – esaa ufleba, romliTac SeuZliaT isargeblon, magram SeuZliaT uari Tqvan masze. mxareTa Sejibrebas, ise rogorc saqmis warmoebas mTlianad xelmZRvanelobs sasamarTlo. aseTi xelmZRvanelobisaTvis sasamarTlos aqvs erTi didi orientiri – samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, romelic amomwuravad gansazRvravs saqmis warmoebis wess da maT Soris mxareTa zepir Sejibrebas. sasamarTlom kargad unda gaacnobieros, rom jer kidev procesis sawyis etapze – sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis momentidan, saqmis momzadebas (werilobiT Sejibrebas), mis ganxilvas (zepir Sejibrebas) da gadawyvetas xelmZRvanelobs sasamarTlo da rom igi uflebas ver miscems Tavis Tavs da miT umetes mxares, daarRvios kanoniT gansazRvruli saqmis warmoebis wesi. mxareTa zepiri Sejibreba saqmis warmoebis yvelaze rTuli nawilia. am dros sWirdeba sasamarTlos gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da principuloba. sasamarTlom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda dauSvas mxareTa mier mwvave da urTierTSeuracmyofeli gamoTqmebi. man unda Seawyvetinos sityva yvelas vinc ar emorCileba. nebismieri gadawyvetileba, romelsac igi miiRebs procesis msvlelobis dros, maSinve unda gamocxaddes. praqtikis analizi srul safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom yovelTvis, roca saqme kargad iyo momzadebuli, saqmis warmoeba mimdinareobda kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT, saqmis ganxilva zedmetad, usargeblod da usafuZvlod ar Wianurdeba – sasamarTlos mTavari sxdoma da saqmis gadawyveta Zalian swrafad, Sesvenebis gareSe mTavrdeba VI. sxdomis daxurva da gadawyvetilebis gamotana 250

paeqrobiT mTavrdeba mTavari sxdoma da sasamarTlo gadis gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad. saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlis win sasamarTlom yovelTvis unda gamoacxados, rom sxdoma damTavrebulia da igi gadis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. jer kidev saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlamde da gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde sasamarTlos ukve unda hqondes Camoyalibebuli Tavisi mosazrebebi saqmeSi arsebul mtkicebulebaTa Sesaxeb. maT Sefasebas sasamarTlo iwyebs jer kidev saqmis momzadebis stadiaze da sasamarTlo sxdomaze, sadac mxareebi zepirad ayalibeben TavianT mosazrebebs am mtkicebulebaTa Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo saTaTbiro oTaxSi kidev erTxel da sabolood afasebs mtkicebulebebs jer erTi maTi sarwmunoobisa Tu utyuarobis TvalsazrisiT da meore – ra daskvnebis gakeTeba SeiZleba maT safuZvelze mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtobqrivi garemoebebis arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb. swored aq – saTaTbiro oTaxSi, gadawyvetilebis Camoyalibebis win, sasamarTlom sabolod unda gaarkvios: a)saqmeSi arsebuli romeli mtkicebuleba unda CaiTvalos sarwmunod (utyuarad) da romeli ara; b) saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romeli garemoeba (romelzec mxareebi amyareben TavianT moTxovnasa da Sesagebels) iTvleba damtkicebulad da romeli ara; g) romeli garemoebebis Sesaxeb ar davoben mxareebi (udavo faqtebi); d)romeli kanoni unda iqnes gamoyenebuli da dakmayofildes Tu ara sarCeli. gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi ar amoiwureba mxolod am sakiTxebis gadaWriT (249-e muxli), magram es is fundamenturi sakiTxebia, romelTa gadaWris gareSe gadawyvetilebis gamotana SeuZlebelia. amasTan erTad sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT pasuxi unda gasces sarCelSi wamoyenebul da ganxilul yvela moTxovnas. rogorc sasarCelo gancxadebidan da sakasacio saCivris Sinaarsidan irkveva – naTqvamia sakasacio sasamarTlos erT-erT ganCinebaSi, mosarCele sasamarTloSi ayenebda or moTxovnas. saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gadawyvetileba, magram axali gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dros ar gadawyvita orive moTxovna, riTac daarRvia ssk 244-e muxlis danawesi. „saqmis xelaxla ganxilvis dros saapelacio palatam unda imsjelos kasatoris orive moTxovnaze da kanonis Sesabamisad gadawyvitos dayenebuli sakiTxebi“.109 kanoni gansazRvravs agreTve kolegiuri sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanis wess, romlis Tanaxmad gadawyvetileba dadgenili unda iqnes xmebis umravlesobiT. arcerT mosamarTles ar aqvs ufleba Tavi Seikavos xmis micemisagan. Tavmjdomare xmas aZlevs mosamarTleebis Semdeg, xolo mosamarTles, romelic ar eTanxmeba umravlesobas, SeuZlia werilobiT Camoayalibos Tavisi gansxvavebuli azri. gansxvavebuli azris werilobiTi Camoyalibebis movaleoba ar arsebobs. gansxvavebuli azris qona mosamarTlis uflebaa da ara movaleoba. Tu gansxvavebuli azri werilobiTaa Camoyalibebuli, igi daerTvis saqmes da misi gacnobis ufleba aqvT mxareebs. mosamarTleebs ufleba ar aqvT gaaxmauron TaTbiris dros gamarTuli msjeloba. 109

susg samoqalaqo saqmeebze. 5. IV

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gadawyvetilebas wers mosamarTle. Tu saqmes ixilavs kolegiuri sasamarTlo, maSin gadawyvetileba SeiZleba daweros erT-erTma mosamarTlem, maT Soris kolegiuri sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarem. rogorc wesi gadawyvetilebas wers momxsenebeli mosamarTle. gadawyvetilebas xels awers yvela mosamarTle, maT Soris mosamarTle, romelic ar eTanxmeba umravlesobiT miRebul gadawyvetilebas da aqvs Tavisi gansxvavebuli azri. kanoni gansazRvravs gadawyvetilebis formas sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba unda Camoyalibdes werilobiTi formiT. gadawyvetileba saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg dauyovnebliv unda iqnes gamotanili da gamocxadebuli. mxolod gansakuTrebiT rTul saqmeebze dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotana SeiZleba gadaidos araumetes 14 dRiT, magram gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili, romelic aseve werilobiTi formiT unda Camoyalibdes, sasamarTlom unda gamoacxados imave sxdomaze. VII. sasamarTlo dadgenilebaTa saxeebi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT sasamarTlom SeiZleba gamoitanos ramdenime saxis dadgenileba, rogoricaa gadawyvetileba, ganCineba, gadaxdis brZaneba, brZaneba lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba – esaa saqarTvelos saxeliT gamotanili sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme arsebiTad wydeba (ssk 243-e muxlis pirveli nawili). sasamarTlos ganCineba – esaa sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme arsebiTad ar wydeba (ssk 284-e muxlis pirveli nawili). gadaxdis brZaneba – esaa davalianebis gadaxdis Sesaxeb saqmis gamartivebuli wesiT miRebuli sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romelic avalebs mowinaaRmdege mxares (movales) gadaixados am brZanebaSi miTiTebuli Tanxa (ssk 303-e muxli). brZaneba lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb – esaa saqmis gamartivebuli wesiT miRebuli sasamarTlos dadgenileba lizingis gamcemis mflobelobaSi lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb (ssk 389-e muxli). ufro dawvrilebiT am dadgenilebebis Sesaxeb saubari gveqneba qvemoT, roca SevexebiT TiToeul maTgans cal-calke. $2. saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba I. cneba da dasaSveboba. saqmis winaswari sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis momzadebis stadia arsebobs imisaTvis, rom ar gaxdes saWiro saqmis ganxilvis anu sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis gadadeba da saqme ganxiluli iqnes erT sxdomaze da, Tu SesaZlebelia, Sesvenebis gareSe. magram, Tu es ver xerxdeba da saWiro xdeba sxdomebis gadadeba sxva droisaTvis, Tanac iseTi mizeziT, romelsac ar eqneboda adgili saqmis kanonis Sesabamisad warmoebis SemTxvevaSi, es imaze migvaniSnebs, rom saqme ar iyo saTanadod momzadebuli, an kidev, mxare cdilobs gaaWianuros saqmis ganxilva, 252

xolo sasamarTlo ver iyenebs im saproceso meqanizms, romlebic gaWianurebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad aris gamiznuli.110 amrigad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra mizeziT da visi SuamdgomlobiT xdeba saqmis ganxilvis sxva droisaTvis gadadeba, Cven SegviZlia zustad da Seucdomlad ganvsazRvros momzadebuli iyo Tu ara saqme sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvisaTvis, romeli mxare cdilobs saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebas da iRebs Tu ara sasamarTlo kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul zomebs saqmis gaWianurebis winaaRmdeg. saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba unda ganvasxvavoT saqmis ganxilvis gagrZelebisagan meore an mesame dRes, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom misi ganxilva ver moeswro imave dRes. saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba – esaa am saqmis ganxilvisaTvis axali sxdomis sxva droisaTvis daniSvna. aqedan gamomdinare, arasworia vuwodoT saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba iseT SemTxvevas, rodesac saqmis ganxilva erT dRes (erT sxdomaze) ver mTavrdeba da amitom grZeldeba momdevno an sxva dRes. magram es iqneba ara gadadeba, aramed saqmis ganxilvis gagrZeleba an Sesvenebis gamocxadeba garkveul dromde. saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi (ssk 216-e muxli). magaliTad, Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvra dasaSvebia saqmis winaswari momzadebis damTavrebamde. amis Semdeg misi aRZvra SeiZleba, Tu es vada gaSvebuli iyo sapatio mizeziT. Tu sasamarTlo cnobs rom aseTi sapatio mizezi arsebobs, maSin is miiRebs dagvianebiT aRZrul Segebebul sarCels, magram dainteresebuli mxaris TxovniT an Tavisi iniciativiT saqmis ganxilva SeiZleba gadaidos im motiviT, rom saWiroa Segebebuli sarCelis gansaxilvelad momzadeba. saqmis ganxilvis gadadebas iTvaliswinebs agreTve ssk 229-e da 233-e muxlebi. amasTan erTad, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqmis ganxilvis gadadebas kanoni pirdapir ki ara, aramed arapirdapir SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes. magaliTad, Tu sasamarTlom eqspertizis daniSvnis Sesaxeb ganCineba gamoitana ara mosamzadebel stadiaze, aramed mas Semdeg, rac dainiSna mTavari sxdoma, an uSualod mTavar sxdomaze, maSin sasamarTlom unda gadados saqmis ganxilva da daelodos eqspertis daskvnis miRebas. aseve, Tu mowmed dabarebuli piri ar gamocxadda sasamarTlo sxdomaze sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos misi iZulebiTi moyvana. cxadia, rom sasamarTlom, Tu aseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo, unda gadados saqmis ganxilva sxva droisaTvis. saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba SeiZleba sasamarTlos iniciativiT an mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT. saWiroa aRiniSnos mxolod is, rom sasamarTlom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda dauSvas saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba, Tu amas miznad aqvs saqmis ganxilvis gaWianureba. II. saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic unda Sesruldes saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis SemTxvevaSi. 110 sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli mizezia mxareTa Suamdgomlobebi mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenis Sesaxeb, mowmis gamoZaxebis Sesaxeb, sasamarTlos mier werilobiTi masalebis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, erT-erTi an orive mxaris gamoucxadebloba, damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris CarTva, saqmis gasacnobad drois micema, Tumca ramdenime Tvea mas Semdeg, rac am saqmis warmoeba mimdinareobs da a.S. ix. T. liluaSvili. samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi, gv. 6776.

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saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba Zalian arasasurveli movlenaa da amis aucilebloba rom ar warmoiSvas saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs yvela saWiro meqanizmebs. magram, miuxedavad amisa, garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas da kanoniT pirdapir an arapirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba aucilebeli gaxdes saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba. amasTan erTad kanoni moiTxovs sasamarTlos mxriv mTeli rigi saproceso moqmedebebis Sesrulebas im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu igi daadgens saqmis ganxilvis gadadebas. kerZod, saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom: 1. unda daniSnos dRe axali sxdomisaTvis da amis Sesaxeb unda acnobos sxdomaze gamocxadebul pirebs, afrTxilebs maT axlad daniSnul sxdomaze gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. yovelive amis Sesaxeb aRiniSneba sxdomis oqmSi, razedac xels aweren es pirebi. am pirebisaTvis damatebiT uwyebis gagzavna saWiro aRar aris. isini iTvlebian gamoZaxebulebad (dabarebulad) kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. rac Seexeba sxdomaze gamoucxadebel pirebs, maT unda gaegzavnoT Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 70-78-e muxlebi). 2. unda dakiTxos gamocxadebuli mowmeebi kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 140-153-e muxlebi). axal sasamarTlo sxdomaze am mowmeTa xelmeored dabareba SeiZleba mxolod aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi. aris Tu ara aseTi aucilebloba-gadawyvets sasamarTlo. 3. unda gaafrTxilos mxareebi, rom Tu maT gaaCniaT damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi, warmoadgino isini sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi – axali sxdomis Catarebamde. am vadas niSnavs sasamarTlo da igi ar SeiZleba daemTxves axlad daniSnuli sxdomis dRes, radgan maT droulad unda gaecnos mowinaaRmdege mxare, raTa mas mieces sruli SesaZlebloba warmoadginos Tavisi mosazrebebi axlad daniSnul sasamarTlo sxdomaze. damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi warudgenloba arTmevs mxares uflebas warmoadginos isini saqmis zepiri (sasamarTlo sxdomaze) ganxilvis dros 4. unda Seasrulos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri sxva moqmedeba, rac misi azriT aucilebelia axlad daniSnul sxdomaze saqmis ganxilvis damTavrebisa da am saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad. saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelic SeiZleba Setanili iqnes oqmSi (ssk 284-e muxli). ganCinebaSi (oqmSi) miTiTebuli unda iyos saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis safuZveli, dRe axali sxdomis Catarebisa, dro ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebisa, agreTve im pirTa xelmowerebi romlebic eswrebian sxdomas da miTiTeba maTi gafrTxilebis Sesaxeb axlad daniSnul sxdomaze gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebis Taobaze. $3. saqmis warmoebis SeCereba saqmis warmoebis SeCereba gansxvavdeba saqmis ganxilvis gadadebisagan: saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba – esaa sxva droisTvis daniSnul 254

sasamarTlo sxdomaze saqmis ganxilvis gadatana, xolo saqmis warmoebis SeCereba – esaa saproceso moqmedebaTa Sewyveta saqmis ganxilvis stadiaze, rac gamowveulia iseTi obieqturi garemoebebiT, romelTa mimarT SeuZlebelia imis winaswar zustad garkveva, Tu rodis Sewyveten isini arsebobas. amitom, saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba yovelTvis unda moxdes garkveuli vadiT, rac praqtikaSi yovelTvis ar sruldeba, xolo saqmis warmoebis SeCereba SeiZleba moxdes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis (movlenis) dadgomamde. saqmis warmoebis SeCereba gansxvavdeba saqmis ganxilvis gadadebisagan sakanonmdeblo mowesrigebis TvalsazrisiTac, norma, romelic awesrigebs saqmis ganxilvis gadadebas, aris miTiTebiTi norma (ssk 216-e muxli), romelic uTiTebs sxva normebze, romlebic iTvaliswineben aseTi gadadebis SemTxvevebs, xolo normebi, romlebic awesrigeben saqmis warmoebis SeCerebas, ar warmoadgenen miTiTebiT normebs. isini TviTon Seicaven im safuZvlebis amomwurav CamonaTvals, romlebic iwveven saqmis SeCerebas. es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTloebs ar aqvT ufleba gaafarTovn an Sekvecon am safuZvlebis wre. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis savaldebulo da fakultatur (arasavaldebulo) safuZvlebs. saqmis warmoebis savaldebulo safuZvlebis amomwurav CamonaTvals Seicavs ssk 279-e muxli. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adgili aqvs am muxlSi CamoTvlil erT-erT garemoebas – sasamarTlo valdebulia SeaCeros warmoeba. magaliTad: sasamarTlo ganixilavs davas zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. saqmis sasamarTloSi warmoebis procesSi gardaicvala mosarCele (fizikuri piri). sasamarTlo valdebulia SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba, risTvisac gamoaqvs ganCineba. aRsaniSnavia, rom fizikuri piris gardacvaleba mxolod maSin iwvevs saqmis warmoebis SeCerebas, rodesac kanoni uSvebs uflebamonacvleobas. magaliTad: moqalaqem aRZra memkvidreobiTi urTierTobidan gamomdinare sarCeli da gardaicvala. sasamarTlo SeaCerebs saqmis warmoebs, radgan sk 1306-e muxlis Tanaxmad, memkvidreoba SeiZleba gadavides uflebamonacvleze. magram, Tu kanoni ar uSvebs uflebamonacvleobas, maSin mxaris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom ki ar unda SeaCeros, aramed Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba. magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli samuSaoze aRdgenis Sesaxeb, magram saqmis warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg igi gardaicvala. sasamarTlom saqmis warmoeba unda Sewyvitos, radgan kanoni ar uSvebs aseT SemTxvevaSi uflebamonacvleobas; a-nis nacvlad samuSaoze ver „aRadgenen“ mis uflebamonacmles (ssk 272-e muxlis „e“ qvepunqti). ssk 279-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad SeCereba xdeba „iuridiuli piris arsebobis Sewyvetisas“. sinamdvileSi iuridiuli piris arsebobis Sewyveta xdeba iuridiuli piris likvidaciis dros. 255

magram, likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi uflebamonacvleoba ar warmoiSoba (sk 39-e muxli, „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-14 muxli). aqedan gamomdinare, iuridiuli piris arsebobis Sewyvetisas saqmis warmoebis SeCerebas araviTari azri ar aqvs. amitom, iuridiuli piris arsebobis „SewyvetaSi“ unda vigulisxmoT am iuridiuli piris reorganizacia (SeerTeba, mierTeba, gayofa, gamoyofa, gardaqmna). saqmis warmoeba SeCerdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adgili hqonda iuridiuli piris reorganizacias, romlis Sedegad warmoiSveba uflebamonacmleoba. kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs saqmis warmoebis savaldebulo SeCerebis sxva safuZvlebsac, rogoricaa mxaris mier qmedunarianobis dakargva, mxareTa yofna armiaSi, saqmis ganxilvis SeuZlebloba sxva saqmis gadawyvetamde, sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva im kanonis konstituciurobis Taobaze, romelic gamoyenebuli unda iqnes am saqmis gadawyvetisas (ssk 279-e muxli). saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis arasavaldebulo safuZvlebis amomwurav CamonaTvals Seicavs ssk 280-e muxli. aseTi safuZvlebia: a) mxaris yofna vadian samxedro samsaxurSi an gawveulia raime saxelmwifo movaleobis Sesasruleblad: b) mxaris yofna xangrZliv samsaxurebriv mivlinebaSi; g) mxaris yofna samekurnalo dawesebulebaSi an aris avad, ris gamoc ar aqvs sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis saSualeba; d) mopasuxis Zebnis gamocxadeba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi; e) eqspertizis daniSvna sasamarTlos mier. am muxlSi CamoTvlili garemoebebis arsebobisas sasamarTlo araa valdebuli SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba. sxvanairad aq CamoTvlil garemoebebs saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis fakultatur safuZvlebs uwodeben. SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba Tu gadados saqmis ganxilva, damokidebulia mosamarTlis mixedulebaze. magaliTad: sasamarTlom daniSna eqspertiza. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra sirTulis gamokvlevaa Casatarebeli, sasamarTlos SeuZlia gansazRvros vada da ki ar SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba, aramed gadados saqmis ganxilva. - saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis arasavaldebulo safuZvlebs Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs mxaris avadmyofoba. praqtikaSi arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, roca mxare namdvilad mZimedaa daavadebuli da arc Cans raime perspeqtiva misi axlo momavalSi gamojanmrTelebisa. arada mowinaaRmdege mxare saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebiT naxulobs did zarals. avadmyofi mxare ki araviTar ganzraxvas, miandos saqmis warmoeba advokats (warmomadgenels) ar amJRavnebs. Tu aseTi piri mosarCelea, mizanSewonili iqneba saqmis warmoebis SeCereba mis gamojanmrTelebamde, magram, Tu aseTi piri mopasuxea, sasamarTlom 82-e muxlis analogiiT mas unda dauniSnos misive ojaxis romelime wevri saproceso warmomadgenlad, xolo Tu ojaxis wevrebs Soris aseTi piri ar arsebobs, maSin sxva nebismieri piri, romelic SeZlebs avadmyofi mopasuxis interesebis dacvas. aseTi pirisaTvis saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna SeiZleba moxdes mas Semdeg, rodesac sasamarTlo SesTavazebs mas dauniSnos advokati saxelmwifos xarjze (Tu mas am xarjebis anazRaureba ar 256

SeuZlia), xolo avadmyofi mopasuxe amis kategoriuli winaaRmdegia (ssk 47-e muxlis me-2 nawili). rac Seexeba mopasuxis Zebnis gamocxadebas (ssk 280-e muxlis „d“ punqti), jer-jerobiT kanoni amas ar iTvaliswinebs. SeiZleba mopasuxis Zebnis gamocxadeba ama Tu im kategoriis saqmeze mxolod momavalSi iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. amJamad mxolod saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb kanonis 30-e muxli iTvaliswinebs policiis meSveobiT movalis Zebnis gamocxadebis SesaZleblobas garkveuli kategoriis saqmebze gamotanili da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebis mizniT. SeCerebuli saqmis warmoeba ganaxldeba im garemoebaTa acilebis Semdeg, romlebmac gamoiwvies warmoebis SeCereba. magaliTad, Tu saqmis warmoeba SeCerebuli iyo imis gamo, rom mxarem dakarga qmedunarianoba an gardaicvala, maSin saqmis warmoeba ganaxldeba, rodesac qmeduunaro mxares daeniSneba warmomadgeneli an dadgindeba gardacvlili piris uflebamonacvle (ssk 281-e muxli). SeCerebuli saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelSic miTiTebuli unda iyos saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis dRe. mxareebs unda ecnoboT saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb, saqmis ganxilvis dRisa da im Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romlebic SeiZleba moyves mis gamoucxadeblobas (ssk 72-e muxli). saqmis ganxilva gagrZeldeba im etapidan, romel etapzec igi SeCerda, e.i. SeCerebuli saqmis ganxilva Tavidan ar daiwyeba. $4. saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvis Taviseburebani saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili saqmeebis ganxilva warmoebs samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. amasTan erTad, ssk-si Seicavs am kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis zogierT damatebas, romelic ganapirobebs maTi ganxilvis Taviseburebas. 1. erT-erTi, SeiZleba iTqvas, fundamenturi Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvis dros gacilebiT ufro farTod, vidre sxva kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvisas, gamoiyeneba samZebro principi. riT SeiZleba aixsnas es? saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis sferos, magram am urTierTobebis ganviTarebiTa da simtkiciT dainteresebulia mTeli sazogadoeba. am sosazrebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas is garemoeba, rom sasamarTlo romelic ixilavs konkretul saojaxo - samarTlebriv davas, miniWebuli aqvs ufleba TviTon, Tavisi iniciativiT miiRos yvela zoma, raTa daadginos saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebi da gamoitanos samarTliani gadawyvetileba, kerZod: a) sasamarTlos SeuZlia TviTon gansazRvros mtkicebis sagani, e.i. im garemoebaTa wre, romelTa dadgenis gareSe SeuZlebelia saqmis sworad gadawyveta; b) TviTonve Tavisi iniciativiT gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi, romlebzec mxareebs ar miuTiTebiaT, magram, romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtebis dasadgenad.

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2. meore Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvis dros Zlier SezRudulia sarCelebis gaerTianeba, maTi sxva xasiaTis moTxovnebTan SeerTeba da ganxilva. saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili davebis dros sarCelebis gaerTianeba an ramdenime moTxovnis SeerTeba dasaSvebia, magram mxolod erTi pirobiT, Tu es moTxovnebi saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidanaa warmoSobili. magaliTad, ganqorwinebis saqmis gadawyvetasTan erTad meuRleebs SeuZliaT moiTxovon qonebis gayofa, radgan orive es moTxovna wesrigdeba saojaxo samarTliT. sasamarTlom unda ganixilos es moTxovnebi, magram ganqorwinebis saqmesTan erTad ar SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, magaliTad, ganxilul iqnes sesxis an qiravnobis urTierTobidan warmoSobili moTxovnebi, radgan aseTi moTxovnebi ar ganekuTvneba saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobil moTxovnebs. 3. Tu sasamarTloSi qorwinebis Sewyvetis Taobaze saqmis warmoebis dros gardaicvala erT-erTi meuRle, sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba, radgan aRaraa procesSi mowinaaRmdege mxare, xolo uflebamonacvleobas am SemTxvevaSi, kanoni ar uSvebs (ssk 272-e muxlis „e“ qvepunqti). 4. saqmis ganxilvis procesSi, jer kidev sabolao gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxareTa Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze, miiRos droebiTi gankargulebebi, raTa moawesrigos: a) Svilis mimarT mSobelTa zrunvis sakiTxi; b) erT-erTi mSoblis urTierToba bavSvTan; g) bavSvis aRsazrdelad gadacema erT-erTi mSoblisaTvis; d) bavSvis Senaxvis valdebuleba; e) biniT sargeblobis sakiTxi da sxva (ix. ssk 255-e muxli). es droebiTi gankargulebebi sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCinebis formiT, romelic SeiZleba miRebul iqnes mxareTa Seutyobineblad, saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe, magram Tu sasamarTlos miaCnia, mas SeuZlia es sakiTxebi mxareTa monawileobiT ganixilos. am ganCinebebis gasaCivreba ar SeiZleba, magram sasamarTlos, romelmac es ganCineba gamoitana, SeuZlia mxareTa gancxadebis safuZvelze TviTon gaauqmos an Secvalos Tavisi ganCineba. 5. garkveuli TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsic. mxareTa Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze sasamarTlos SeuZlia gadawyvitos: a) qorwinebaSi dabadebul bavSvze mSobelTa saerTo zrunvis sakiTxi; b) erT-erTi mSoblis bavSvTan urTierTobis sakiTxi; d) bavSvis rCenis sakiTxi; e) meuRleTa urTierTrCenis sakiTxi (ssk 356-e muxli). es CamonaTvali, romelsac Seicavs ssk 356-e muxli, araa amomwuravi. ganqorwinebis an qorwinebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb saqmeTa ganxilvisas, sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos da gadawyvitos sxva sakiTxebic, rogoricaa magaliTad, Svilebis sacxovrebeli adgili, qonebis gayofis sakiTxi, baTilad cnobili qorwinebiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxi da a. S. (samoq. kodeqsis 1128-e, 1130-e, 1147-e muxlebi). erToblivad ganxiluli moTxovnebis mimarT sasamarTlos gamoaqvs erTiani gadawyvetileba, sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs am gaerTianebuli moTxovnebidan calke gamoyos esa Tu is moTxovna. Tu es calke gamoyofili moTxovna Seexeba qorwinebaSi dabadebul bavSvze mSobelTa saerTo zrunvis sakiTxs an erT-erTi mSoblis bavSvTan urTierTobis sakiTxs, maSin am sakiTxebze sasamarTlos gamoaqvs 258

ganCinebebi, romlebze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. calke gamoyofil sxva sakiTxebze sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba. $5. reketuli qonebis CamorTmevis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis ganxilvis Taviseburebani garkveul Taviseburebebs iTvaliswinebs kanonmdebloba im saqmeebis ganxilvisaTvis, romlebic dakavSirebulia reketuli qonebis CamorTmevasTan da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan. reketi - esaa Semosavlis an sxvagvari qonebrivi sargeblis sistematurad miRebis mizniT warmoebuli araerTjeradi da organizebuli saqmianoba, romelic dakavSirebulia ganzrax danaSaulis CadenasTan. saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia agreTve reketuli qonebis cneba: reketeuli qoneba - esaa reketidan miRebuli qoneba, am qonebidan miRebuli Semosavali, reketidan miRebuli Semosavlis SeZenili qoneba, agreTve reketuli dajgufebis, reketiris, reketiris ojaxis wevris, axlo naTesavis an dakavSirebuli piris Semosavali, romlis marTlzomierad miRebis damadasturebeli sabuTi, an sxva mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs. am kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvis dros moqmedebs samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili saqmeTa warmoebis wesebi, garda zogierTi gamonaklisebisa. kerZod: 1. reketuli qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis Taobaze sarCelis aRZvris ufleba aqvs prokurors, reketiris mimarT sasamarTlos ganaCenis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan 30 dRis vadaSi (ssk 3562-e muxli). amrigad, sarCelis aRZvra dasaSvebia, Tu arsebobs sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni gamotanili reketiris mimarT. garda amisa, saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs prokuroris mier sarCelis aRZvris xandazmulobis vadas: sarCeli unda aRiZras ganaCenis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. Tu prokurori am vadaSi ar aRZravs sarCels, sarCelis aRZvris ufleba gaqarwyldeba da sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar miiRos dagvianebiT aRZruli, anu xandazmuli sarCeli. 2. faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba mosarCeles anu prokurors, romelsac „aqvs sarCelis aRZvris ufleba“ (ssk 3563-e muxlis me-2 punqti). es imas niSnavs, rom mosarCele prokurors evaleba daamtkicos, rom sadavo qoneba (Semosavlebi) marTlac reketiTaa miRebuli. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom reketiri ivaraudeba sadavo qonebis (Semosavlebis) marTlzomier SemZenad sanam mosarCele prokurori ar daamtkicebs, rom qoneba sinamdvileSi reketiTaa miRebuli? ara ar niSnavs! saqme isaa, rom ssk 3563-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mosamarTle qonebas cnobs reketulad, Tu saqmis warmoebis procesSi, saTanado mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis safuZvelze, gairkveva, rom qoneba miRebulia reketidan .. an ar arsebobs qonebis marTlzomieri saSualebiT miRebis damadasturebeli sabuTi an sxva mtkicebuleba“.

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rogorc vxedavT, Tu mosarCele prokurorma ver daamtkica rom qoneba reketulia, maSin reketirma unda daamtkicos rom qoneba marTlzomieradaa mis mier SeZenili. amasTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa ssk 3565-e muxlis me-2 punqti, romlis Tanaxmad „Tu qonebis reketuloba nawilobriv dadasturdeba, saxelmwifos gadaecema mopasuxis qonebis is nawili, romlis arareketulobas mopasuxe sasamarTlos wesiT ver daadasturebs“. rogorc vxedavT, mosarCele prokurori movalea daamtkicos qonebis reketuloba, magram Tu ver daamtkicebs, maSin reketirze (mopasuxeze) gadadis damtkicebis tvirTi da man unda daamtkicos, rom sadavo qonebis arareketuloba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sarCeli dakmayofildeba da qoneba CamoerTmeva reketirs. 3. am kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvis erT-erTi Tavisebureba mdgomareobs agreTve imaSi, rom reketiris, misi ojaxis wevris, axlo naTesavis an dakavSirebuli piris mimarT SeZileba gamocxaddes Zebna. magram, es xels ver SeuSlis dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas. aseTia reketuli qonebis CamorTmevis zogierTi Tavisebureba. sxva mxriv, am saqmeebis ganxilvisas gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebi.

Tavi XIV 260

sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba $1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis cneba da saxeebi I. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis cneba da mniSvneloba rogorc wesi, uflebebi, romlebic miniWebuli aqvT samarTlis subieqtebs, xorcieldeba yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe, xolo movaleobebi, romlebic maT ekisrebaT – nebayoflobiT. magram cxovrebaSi gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi da arc ise iSviaTad, rodesac movaleoba ar sruldeba da ufleba irRveva. aseT SemTxvevaSi samarTlis subieqtebs Soris wamoiWreba dava, romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis qmnis uflebis droebiT ganusazRvrelobas. Tavis mxriv, aseTi viTareba iwvevs imas, rom samarTlis regulirebuli urTierToba veRar viTardeba sasurveli mimarTulebiT, irRveva kanoniT gansazRvruli wesrigi (marTlwesrigi), warmoiSoba dava (konfliqti) da a.S. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom samarTlis mowesrigebuli urTierTobidan warmoSobili dava sworad da swrafad gadawyvetiT didaa dainteresebuli ara marto modave mxareebi, aramed TviT saxelmwifoc, romelic ar SeiZleba ar zrunavdes imaze, rom misi qveynis pirebs Soris sufevdes marTlwesrigi da kanoniereba. swored am zrunvis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa sasamarTlo, romelic, rogorc saxelmwifo organo, iqmneba da arsebobs imisaTvis, rom ganaxorcielos marTlmsajuleba, ganixilos da gadawyvitos pirTa Soris wamoWrili dava. uflebis dasacavad piris sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva, anu drois da finansuri resursebis TvalsazrisiT am Zvirad Rirebuli procedurisaTvis mimarTva, ukve TavisTavad gulisxmobs imas, rom TviTon mxareebma ver SeZles mSvidobianad moegvarebinaT erTmaneTs Soris wamoWrili dava. magram, es imas ar niSnavs, rom sasamarTlom aRar unda ecados gadawyvitos mxareTa dava mSvidobianad, morigebiT. mxareTa Soris wamoWrili davis morigebiT damTavreba yovelTvis iTvleboda da dResac iTvleba am davis gadawyvetis yvelaze saukeTeso saSualebad. swored amitom evaleba sasamarTlos miiRos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela zoma mxareTa morigebisaTvis, saqmis mSvidobianad damTavrebisaTvis (ssk 205-e da 218-e muxlis me-3 naw.). mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo amas ver miaRwevs – man unda ganixilos saqme da gamoitanos Tavisi gadawyvetileba, romelic, marTalia, unda pasuxobdes kanonis moTxovnebs, iyos swori da samarTliani, magram miuxedavad amisa, igi mainc aris mxareebisaTvis Tumca maRalavtoritetuli organo, magram, gamoricxuli, r mainc sxvis mier gamotanili gadawyvetileba. amitom, srulebiTac araa gamoricxuli, rom gadawyvetilebiT, Tu orive mxare ara erT-erTi mainc darCes ukmayofilo, xolo dava maT Soris faqtobrivad kvlav gagrZeldes. miuxedavad yovelive amisa, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT mxareTa Soris wamoWrili dava iTvleba iuridiulad erTxel da samudamod gadaWrilad da mxareebs, miuxedavad imisa eTanxmebian isini am gadawyvetilebas Tu ara, ufleba aRar aqvT kvlav aRZran sasamarTloSi (da aramarto sasamarTloSi), igive dava. 261

ra aris sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba? sasamarTlo, rogorc cnobilia, araa erTad-erTi organo, romelsac gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba. gadawyvetileba, rogorc garegnulad gaformebuli aqti (dokumenti), gamoaqvT agreTve sxvadasxva kerZo Tu sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebs, am iuridiuli pirebis calkeul struqturul qvedanayofebs. ise, rogorc sasamarTloebs, am organoebsac gadawyvetilebebi gamoaqvT TavianTi kompetenciis farglebSi. magram sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi gansxvavdebian sxva organoebis gadawyvetilebebisagan imiT, rom erT-erTi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanas win uswrebs saqmis (davis) ganxilva im wesebis zustad da ganuxrelad dacviT, romlebic damkvidrebulia samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT da romlebic uzrunvelyofen modave mxareTa uflebebis dacvas, meorec – sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba unda emyarebodes kanons, unda iyos dasabuTebuli faqtobrivad da iuridiulad. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba efuZnebodes mizanSewonilobas. Tu ar arsebobs kanoni, romelic awesrigebs sadavo urTierTobas, sasamarTlom unda gamoiyenos kanonis an samarTlis analogia da mesame – arsebobs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobis Semowmebis mwyobriv sistema da dainteresebul mxares SeuZlia Tavisuflad mimarTos am sistemas (apelacias, kasacias). sasamarTlos, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamoaqvs sxvadasxva formis dadgenileba (gadawyvetileba, ganCineba, gadaxdis brZaneba). pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme wydeba arsebiTad sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetilebis formiT (ssk 243-e muxli). amrigad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba – esaa kanoniT dadgenili wesiT saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad sasamarTlos mier miRebuli marTlmsajulebis aqti, romelic pasuxobs kanoniT wayenebul moTxovnebs da romliTac saqme wydeba arsebiTad. gavrcelebuli da savsebiT swori Sexedulebis Tanaxmad gadawyvetilebis daniSnuleba ar amoiwureba mxolod da mxolod konkretul pirTa darRveuli (sadavo) uflebis dacviT. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas aqvs ufro farTo funqcia – igi xels uwyobs marTlwesrigis damkvidreba, samarTaldarRvevis profilaqtikas, pirTa aRzrdas kanonebis ganuxrelad Sesrulebisa da Tanacxovrebis wesebis pativiscemis sulikveTebiT. II. gadawyvetilebis saxeebi gadawyvetilebaTa saxeebad dayofa sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT xdeba. Tu gadawyvetilebebs davyofT sasarCelo moTxovnis Sinaarsis (xasiaTis) mixedviT, maSin miviRebT Semdegi saxis gadawyvetilebebs: 1. mikuTvnebiTi (anu aRsrulebiTi) gadawyvetileba; 2. aRiarebiTi (anu cnobis Sesaxeb) gadawyvetileba da 3. gardaqmniTi (anu kontradiqtoruli) gadawyvetileba. magaliTad: a-ni moiTxovs b-nis binidan gamosaxlebas. sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba a-nis sasarCelo moTxovnis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb da daadgina b-anis sadavo binidan gamosaxleba. es gadawyvetileba ganekuTvneba mikuTvnebiT (aRsrulebiT) gadawyvetilebaTa jgufs. 262

meore

magaliTi:

a-ni moiTxovs im nawarmoebis Tanaavtorad cnobas (aRiarebas), romlis avtorad miCneulia b-ani. sasaarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba a-nis sasarCelo moTxovnis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb da cno igi sadavo nawarmoebis (gamogonebis) avtorad. es gadawyvetileba miekuTvneba aRiarebiT gadawyvetilebaTa jgufs.

mesame magaliTi: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT ba-nis winaaRmdeg ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT daakmayofila sarCeli. es gadawyvetileba miekuTvneba gardaqmniT gadawyvetilebaTa jgufs, radgan am gadawyvetilebiT Sewyda mxareTa Soris arsebuli urTierToba. imis mixedviT, Tu ra moculobiT aris gadawyvetili sasarCelo moTxovna, ssk amkvidrebs sasamaraTlo gadawyvetilebaTa ramdenime saxes, rogoricaa: 1. saboloo gadawyvetileba; 2. nawilobrivi gadawyvetileba; 3. winaswari (Sualeduri) gadawyvetileba. 1. saboloa anu sruli gadawyvetileba (ssk 243-e muxli), ewodeba iseT gadawyvetilebas, romelic Tumca SeiZleba jer kidev ar iyos Sesuli kanonier ZalaSi, da, maSasadame, dasaSvebia misi gasaCivreba, magramMSeicavs pasuxs mosarCelis sasarCelo moTxovnaze mTlianad da amomwuravad. amrigad, sabolao am gadawyvetilebebs imitom ki ar ewodeba, rom isini Sevidnen kanonier ZalaSi da veRar gansaCivrdebian, aramed imitom, rom sasamarTlom daamTavra saqmis ganxilva da miiRo gadawyvetileba yvela im moTxovnis mimarT, romelic mosarCeles hqonda wamoyenebuli Tavisi sarCeliT: magaliTad, a-nim moiTxova b-anisagan sesxad micemuli Tapnxis (valis) dabruneba am sesxisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul procentTan erTad. sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba yvela am moTxovnis mimarT. es gadawyvetileba iqneba sabolao (sruli) damoukideblad imisa, mTlianad daakmayofila sarCeli Tu nawilobriv, mTlianad uari uTxra sarCelis dakmayofilebaze, Tu nawilobriv daakmayofila da nawilobriv uari uTxra moTxovnaze. aq mTavari isaa, rom sasamarTlom mTlianad gasca pasuxi Tavis gadawyvetilebiT mosarCelis sasarCelo moTxovnas. 2. nawilobrivi gadawyvetileba (ssk 245-e muxli) es iseTi gadawyvetilebaa, romelic mxolod nawilobrivad pasuxobs mosarCelis moTxovnas im pirobiT, rom sxva moTxovnis nawilze pasuxi gacemuli iqneba sxva dros da sxva gadawyvetilebiT. nawilobrivi gadawyvetilebis gamotana dasaSvebia sarCelebis obieqturi (ssk 182-e muxli), subieqturi (ssk 85-e muxli) gaerTianebis dros da Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvris SemTxvevaSi (ssk 188-e muxli). magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis mimarT Sesanaxad mibarebuli nivTis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb. ba-nim (Semnaxvelma), Tavis mxriv, aRZra Segebebuli sarCeli SenaxvisaTvis 263

gaweuli xarjebis 200 laris odenobiT am nivTis mimbarebelze, e.i. mosarCele a-nize dakisrebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba da daakmayofila mosarCelis sarCeli, xolo Segebebuli sarCelis gadawyveta gadaitana sxva droisaTvis, vinaidan mis mimarT yvelaferi araa garkveuli. rogorc wesi, ZiriTad da Segebebul sarCelze gamodis erTiani gadawyvetileba, magram Tu garkveulia da mzadaa gadasawyvetad erT-erTi maTgani (ZiriTadi an Segebebuli sarCeli), sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos nawilobrivi gadawyvetileba am erT-erTi sarCelis mimarT. 3. winaswari (Sualeduri) gadawyvetileba (ssk 246-e muxli) – esaa iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelic gamodis sarCelis mxolod erT-erTi elementis kerZod, misi safuZvlis mimarT. sarCelis safuZvelSi Sedian da mas qmnian faqtiuri garemoebebi, romlebsac emyareba da romlebic faqtobrivad asabuTeben (amarTleben) mis meore elements – sarCelis sagans (sasarCelo moTxovnas). aseTi winaswari gadawyvetilebis gamotana SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moTxovnis faqtobrivi safuZveli dadgenilia, xolo TviTon moTxovnis moculobis (odenobis) dadgena dakavSirebulia damatebiTi masalebis SegrovebasTan, mravalricxovan gaangariSebebTan, moTxovnili sagnebis odenobis da xarisxis gansazRvrasTan da a.S. magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis mimarT 100, 000 laris odenobiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, rac gamowveuli iyo Sesanaxad mibarebuli nivTebis ganadgurebiT da dazianebiT. dadasturda, rom nivTebi marTlac iyo mibarebuli Sesanaxad da rom am nivTebis nawili ganadgurda xanZris Sedegad, rac gamowveuli iyo b-nis uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT, xolo nawili mibarebuli nivTebisa Zlier dazianda. magram TviTon moTxovnis moculobis (odenobis) dadgena dakavSirebulia mravalricxovan gaangariSebebTan, nivTebis moculobis, odenobisa da xarisxis gansazRvrasTan da a.S. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos winaswari gadawyvetileba da dadgenilad cnos faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs moTxovnas, xolo TviTon moTxovnis moculobis gansazRvra sxva droisaTvis gadados. winaswari gadawyvetileba aris preidiciuli gadawyvetileba, radgan am gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebi aRar saWiroeben kvlav dadgenas meore gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas, romelic moTxovnis moculobas gansazRvravs. gadawyvetilebebs yofen agreTve alternatiul da fakultatur gadawyvetilebebad. alternatiuli gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba efuZnebodnen mxolod alternatiul valdebulebebs, kerZod, sk 374-e muxlis Tanaxmad Tu 264

ramdenime valdebulebidan unda Sesruldes erT-erTi, arCevis ufleba aqvs movales. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba unda emyarebodes aseT arCevans. fakultatur gadawyvetilebad iTvleba gadawyvetileba qonebis naturiT mikuTvnebis Sesaxeb, Tu masSi miTiTebuli iqneba am qonebis Rirebuleba, romelic unda gadaxdes mopasuxes, Tu gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebisas mas es qoneba ar aRmoaCndeba (ssk 253-e muxli). magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis mimarT roialis dabrunebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom daakmayofila sarCeli da gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilSi miuTiTa am roialis Rirebulebaze, rac ganisazRvra 10,000 lariT, romlis gadaxda daekisra mopasuxe b-anis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebisas masTan ar aRmoCndeba roiali (rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs ssk 253-e muxli). germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi gadawyvetilebebis dayofa saxeebad xdeba agreTve sxva niSnis mixedviTac.magaliTad, Tu gadawyvetileba gamotanilia orive mxaris procesSi monawileobis Sedegad, e.i. SejibrebiTobis Sedegad, aseT gadawyvetilebebs uwodeben kontradiqtorul (davis Sedegad miRebul) gadawyvetilebebs. Tu gadawyvetileba miRebulia mxolod erTi mxaris monawileobiT, aseT gadawyvetilebas uwodeben udavo gadawyvetilebas. (die unst reitige urtail). aseT gadawyvetilebaTa saxeebs ganekuTvneba dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, gadawyvetileba mopasuxis mier sarCelis cnobis safuZvelze da gadawyvetileba mosarCelis mier sarCelze 111 uarisTqmis safuZvelze. gadawyvetilebaTa aseT saxeebad dayofa SeiZleba Cvens procesSiac iqnes gaziarebuli, oRond imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Tu mosarCele ambobs uars sarCelze, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ara gadawyvetileba, aramed ganCineba saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxebb arsebobs agreTve gadawyvetilebaTa saxeebad dayofa sxva niSnebis mixedviTac, magram ZiriTadad yvelaze farTodaa aRiarebuli gadawyvetilebis zemoT aRniSnul saxeebad dayofa. III. gadawyvetilebis

Sinaarsi

gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi unda pasuxobdes kanoniT gansazRvrul moTxovnebs, kerZod, ssk 249-e muxlis Tanaxmad gadawyvetileba Sedgeba Sesavali, aRwerilobiTi, samotivacio da sarezolucio nawilebisagan. gadawyvetilebis TiToeul am nawils aqvs Tavisi mniSvneloba da isini unda Camoyalibdes gadawyvetilebaSi ise, rogorc amas moiTxovs kanoni da im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es muxli gvTavazobs. gadawyvetilebis Sesavali. gadawyvetilebis am nawilSi aRiniSneba misi gamotanis dro da adgili, misi gamomtani sasamarTlos dasaxeleba da Semadgenloba, sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivani, mxareebi, warmomadgenlebi, davis sagani. 111

W. Luke. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 352-358.

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aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac gadawyvetilebaSi araa miTiTebuli misi gamotanis adgili. aseT SemTxvevaSi iTvleba, rom misi gamotanis adgili aris sasamarTlos misamarTi. rac Seexeba sasamarTlos dasaxelebas igi unda emTxveodes oqmSi miTebuli sasamarTlos Semadgenlobas. marTalia iSviaTad, magram praqtikaSi gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlos dasaxeleba gadawyvetilebaSi ar emTxveva oqmSi miTiTebul sasamarTlo Semadgenlobas. aseTi garemoeba SeiZleba gaxdes gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZveli, im motiviT, rom es gadawyvetileba gamotanilia ara im mosamarTleebis mier, romlebmac sxdomis oqmis mixedviT ganixiles saqme, aramed sxva mosamarTleebis (mosamarTlis) mier, anu arakanonieri sasamarTlos arakanonieri Semadgenlobis mier (ssk 396-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqti). aseve, gadawyvetilebis miRebis TariRi unda emTxveodes im dRes, roca sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba. kanoni uflebas aZlevs sasamarTlos gadados motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotana 14 dRiT (ssk 257-e muxli). amitom motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis daTariReba im ricxviT, romliTac TariRdeba sxdomis damTavrebulad gamocxadeba da gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis gamocxadeba, dauSvebelia da aranairi aucilebloba amisaTvis ar arsebobs. aRwerilobiTi nawili. gadawyvetilebis am nawilSi mokled magram naTlad da gasagebad unda aRiniSnos: a) sasarCelo moTxovnis Sinaarsi, is Tu ras moiTxovs mosarCele mopasuxisagan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosarCelem sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebis dros Secvala Tavisi sasarCeloo moTxovna anu sarCelis sagani, maSin aRwerilobiT nawilSi unda aRiniSnos Tu konkretulad raSi gamoixateba aseTi cvlileba; b) garemoebebi, romlebsac emyareba sarCeli, anu sarCelis safuZveli. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mosarCelis mier miTiTebul faqtebs Soris aris iseTi faqtebic, romlebic iuridiulad ver asabuTeben sasarCelo moTxovnas. aseTi faqtebis mimarT arc unda Segrovdes mtkicebulebebi. isini arc Sedian mtkicebis saganSi, magram sasamarTlom unda aRniSnos am faqtebis Sesaxeb aRwerilobiT nawilSi da miuTiTos, rom maT ar aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis; g) mtkicebulebebi, romlebic warmoadgina mosarCelem sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebis dasadastureblad. Tu sasamarTlom ar miiRo mosarCelis mier warmodgenili mtkicebuleba imis gamo, rom igi dauSvebelia an ar aqvs mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis (ssk 102-e muxlis me-3 nawili, 104-e muxli), amis Sesaxebac unda aRiniSnos aRwerilobiT nawilSi. amis Semdeg gadawyvetilebis aRwerilobiT nawilSi aseve naTlad da rac SeiZleba gasagebad unda aRiniSnos: a) mopasuxis Sesageblis mokle Sinaarsi (roca mopasuxe ar cnobs sarCels); b) garemoebebi (faqtebi), romlebsac emyareba Sesagebeli, xolo Tu am garemoebebs Soris aris iseTebic, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT iuridiulad daasabuTon Sesagebeli, amis Sesaxebac unda iyos miTiTebuli aRwerilobiT nawilSi; g) mtkicebulebebi, romlebic warmoadgina mopasuxem Tavis Sesageblis dasadastureblad, maTi dasaSvebobisa da gankuTvnadobis Sesaxeb. igive unda iTqvas Segebebuli sarCelisa da mesame piris sarCelis Sinaarsis gadmocemaze, Tu isini iyo aRZruli. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mopasuxe, romelic ar cnobs sarCels, uaryofs mosarCelis moTxovnas da mis mier miTiTebul faqtebs, Semoifargleba mxolod ubralo uaryofiT da TviTon mas raime 266

mtkicebuleba ar warmoudgenia. aRwerilobiT nawilSi unda iyos miTiTebuli amis Sesaxebac. aRwerilobiT nawilSi unda aRiniSnos imis Sesaxebac mosarCelis mier miTiTebul romel faqtebs ar uaryofs mopasuxe da, maSasadame, cnobs maT arsebobas (ararsebobas). samotivacio nawili. ssk 244-e muxli Seicavs praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mniSvnelovan danawess: gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas sasamarTlo afasebs mtkicebulebebs, gansazRvravs saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani romeli garemoebaa dadgenili da romeli – daudgeneli, romeli kanoni unda iqnes gamoyenebuli am saqmeze da dakmayofilebuli unda iqnes Tu ara sarCeli. marTlac, am muxlSi miTiTebuli azrobrivi saqmianobis Sesrulebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba gadawyvetilebis gamotana. magram es muxli gansazRvravs mxolod gadawyvetilebis CamoyalibebisaTvis winaswar Casatarebel samuSaoTa xasiaTs da arafers ambobs imis Sesaxeb unda aisaxos Tu ara am saqmianobis Sedegebi uSualod gadawyvetilebaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es muxli gansazRvravs gadawyvetilebis miRebis teqnologias, magram ar moiTxovs miRebuli gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebagamarTlebas. moTxovnas miRebuli gadawyvetilebis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebis Sesaxeb Seicaven ssk-is sxva muxlebi (ssk 257-e, 370-e, 397-e muxlebi) da maT Soris 249-e muxlis me-4 nawili. mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia sasamarTlos ar daasabuTos Tavisi gadawyvetileba da Semoifarglos mxolod sarezolucio nawilis CamoyalibebiT: Tu mxareebi moiTxoven gadawyvetilebas dasabuTebis gareSe im motiviT, rom eTanxmebian mas da uars amboben mis gasaCivrebaze. ibadeba kiTxva: ra faqtorebma gansazRvres gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis moTxovna kanonmdeblis mxriv? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ratom moiTxovs kanonmdebeli, rom gadawyvetileba faqtobrivad da iuridiulad motivirebuli iyos? aq SeiZleba ramdenime ZiriTad (mTavar) faqtorze miuTiToT: 1. saxelmwifo dainteresebulia aramarto mxareTa Soris wamoWrili konfliqtis iuridiuli gadawyvetiT, aramed maT Soris arsebuli daZabulobisa da gamwvavebuli urTierTobis faqtobrivi SewyvetiTac. es ki SeiZleba miRweul iqnes aramarto arsebiTad swori, aramed dasabuTebuli (motivirebuli) gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT. dausabuTebelma da maSasadame, aradamajerebelma (Tumca SeiZleba arsebiTad sworma) gadawyvetilebam faqtiurad SeiZleba kidev ufro daZabos mxareTa Soris manamde isedac gamwvavebuli urTierToba, warmoSvas axali konfliqtebi da a.S. 2. mxolod dasabuTebul gadawyvetilebas SeuZlia daarwmunos mxareebi gamoyenebuli kanonebis samarTlianobaSi, imaSi rom saqmis garemoebebi sasamarTlom Seafasa ara Tavisi SexedulebiT, aramed kanonis safuZvelze. aq mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom Tu mxareebi ver darwmunda gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobaSi da sisworeSi isini iwyeben brZolas kanoniT daSvebuli yvela saSualebiT aseTi gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisaTvis. es ki zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebis saCivrebiT gadatvirTvis erT-erTi mizezia. 267

3. moTxovna, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba aramarto swori, aramed faqtobrivad da iuridiulad dasabuTebuli iyos, warmoadgens TviT mosamarTleebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebis erT-erT efeqtian saSualebas, radgan aseTi viTareba maT akisrebs damatebiT movaleobas ufro meti pasuxismgeblobiT moekidon kanonmdeblobisa da misi gamoyenebis praqtikis analizs da Sesabamisi iuridiuli literaturis Seswavlas, gadawyvetilebaSi daskvnebis naTlad, gasagebad da logikuri TanmimdevrobiT Camoyalibebas.112 bolos, ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT h. boelingisa da l. Wanturias mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad didia sajaro interesi samoqalaqo davis calkeul SemTxvevebSi, sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba icodes, Tu ra gadawyvetilebebi gamoaqvT misi saxeliT da ra aris maTi safuZveli. mxolod awonil-dawonil da damajereblad dasabuTebul gadawyvetilebas aqvs Sansi miRebuli iqnes sazogadoebis mier da rom dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba emsaxureba ara calkeuli mosamarTlis gamarTlebas, aramed zogadad qmnis warmodgenas marTlmsajulebaze.113 gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobis aseTi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare cxadia, rom sasamarTloebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcion gadawyvetilebis faqtobriv da iuridiul dasabuTebulobas, mis motivirebas faqtebiT da kanoniT. gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili mTlianad sasamarTlos Semoqmedebaa. aq aisaxeba sasamarTlos SemecnebiTi msjeloba gadawyvetilebisaaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb, romelic miiReba Tavisufali, anu sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmeniT mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis Sedegad, agreTve SefasebiTi msjeloba, am dadgenili (aRiarebuli) faqtebis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, romelic yalibdeba kanonis (samarTlebrivi normis) safuZvelze am faqtebis sasamarTlos mier Sefasebis Sedegad. amrigad, samotivacio nawilSi miTiTebuli unda iyos: a) faqtebi, romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba am saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis da romlebic dadgenilad cno sasamarTlom an imis gamo, rom ar davoben mxareebi, an, rac igivea, aRiara mxarem; b) faqtebi, romlebic dadgenilad cno sasamarTlom mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebiT; g) mtkicebulebebi, romlebsac emyareba sasamarTlo da am mtkicebulebaTa mokle analizi; d) mtkicebulebebi, romlebic uaryo sasamarTlom maTi arasarwmunobis gamo. mas Semdeg, rac zedmiwevniT naTlad, gasagebad da amomwuravad iqneba miTiTebuli faqtobriv garemoebebze, romlebic sasamarTlom CaTvala dadgenilad da dadasturebulad, sasamarTlom unda miuTiTos im materialur-samarTlebriv normaze, romlis mixedviTac Seafasa am normis gamoyenebis aucilebloba da mizanSewoniloba. sarezolucio nawili. ssk-is 249-e muxlis me-5 nawili Seicavs zogad miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori unda iyos gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis Sinaarsi. kerZod, sarezolucio nawili „unda Seicavdes sasamarTlos daskvnas sarCelis dakmayofilebis an sarCelze mTlianad an nawilobriv uarisTqmis Sesaxeb...“ marTlac, im SemTxvevaSi, 112

dawvrilebiT ix. T. liluaSvili „sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebuloba“. krebuli „sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTlisa da procesis aqtualuri sakiTxebi“ Tb. 1977 w. gv. 3-30. 113 hain boelingi, lado Wanturia. samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis meTodika. g-ba „jisiai“, Tb. 2003, gv. 70-77

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rodesac sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom sarCelze uari unda eTqvas mosarCeles,mas SeuZlia Semoifarglos gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilSi imaze miTiTebiT, rom uari eTqvas mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. magram, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlo akmayofilebs sarCels, mas ukve ar SeuZlia Semoifarglos sarezolucio nawilSi mxolod imis aRniSvniT, rom mosarCelis sarCeli dakmayofildes. gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis aseTnairad Camoyalibeba iwvevs misi aRsrulebis SeuZleblobas, vinaidan ar aris garkveuli, Tu ras moiTxovs konkretulad mosarCele Tavisi sarCeliT, romelic daakmayofila sasamarTlom. aseT SemTxvevaSi saWiro xdeba mivmarToT TviT sarCels da gavarkvioT sasarCelo moTxovnis arsi. magram vin unda gaakeTos es? sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels amis ufleba ar aqvs: man unda aRasrulos gadawyvetileba, romlis sarezolucio nawili mTlianad gadadis saaRsrulebo furcelSi. raxan aRmasrulebelma ar icis konkretulad ra moqmedeba unda Seasrulos valdebulma pirma, is verc SeZlebs aRasrulos gadawyvetileba. maSasadame, es unda gaakeTos gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom. magram amis gakeTeba dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT. ssk 261-e muxlis „b“ punqtis Tanaxmad, Tu sasamarTlos, romelmac daakmayofila sarCeli, ar miuTiTebia gadasaxdeli Tanxis odenoba, gadasacemi qoneba, an moqmedeba, romelic mxarem unda Seasrulos – sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos damatebiTi gadawyvetileba. damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis ki kanoni gansazRvravs wess; cxadia, rom yovelive es qmnis damatebiT sirTuleebs, dakavSirebulia damatebiT xarjebTan da sabolao angariSSi iwvevs saqmis dasrulebis uzomod gaWianurebas. amitom, sarezolucio nawilis Camoyalibebas sasamarTlom gansakuTrebuli yurad Reba unda miaqcios da ecados igi Camoayalibos imperatiuli formiT, maqsimalurad naTlad da absoluturad 114 amomwuravad. sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebas iRebs im sasarCelo moTxovnebis mimarT, romlebic warmoadgina mosarCelem. zemod ukve ganvixileT sakiTxi sarCelis saxeebis Sesaxeb da aRvniSneT, rom mikuTvnebiTi (aRsrulebiTi) sarCelebis gverdiT arseboben aRiarebiTi da gardaqmniTi sarCelebi. gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsze gansakuTrebiT ki mis sarezolucio nawilis Sinaarsze uSualo gavlenas axdens sasarCelo moTxovnis xasiaTi, is Tu ras moiTxovs mosarCele: raimes mikuTvnebas, uflebis (samarTlebrivi urTierTobis) arseboba-arasebobis dadgenas, Tu aseTi urTierTobis gardaqmnas. gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis Sinaarsi damokidebulia imaze, gamoaqvs sasamarTlos saboloo, nawilobrivi Tu winaswari (Sualeduri) gadawyvetileba (ssk 243-e, 245-e, 246-e muxlebi). sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT winaswari gadawyvetileba. winaswari anu Sualeduri ewodeba iseT gadawyvetilebas, romelic gamodis sarCelis mxolod erT-erTi elementis – misi safuZvlis mimarT anu im faqtebis mimarT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs mosarCelis moTxovnas. aseT gadawyvetilebas aqvs preidiciuli (winaswargadamwyveti) Zala sasamarTlos momdevno meore gadawyvetilebisaTvis, romelic 114

gadawyvetilebis aRwerilobiTi, samotivacio da sarezolucio nawilebis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelobaze da meTodebze uaRresad saWiro rekomendaciebs gvTavazobs h.boelingisa da l. Wanturias zemod dasaxelebuli wigni.

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moTxovnis moculobas gansazRvravs (ssk 246-e muxlis me-2 nawili). aqedan gamomdinare, winaswari gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilSi unda zustad da amomwuravad mieTiTos, Tu am saqmis saboloo gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romeli faqtiuri garemoeba cno sasamarTlom dadgenilad. bolos gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilSi aucileblad unda aRiniSnos sasamarTlo xarjebis mxareTa Soris ganawilebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, aucileblad unda iyos miTiTebuli romeli mxarisagan da ra odenobiT unda iqnes gadaxdevinebuli es xarjebi, agreTve, romeli mxarea ganTavisuflebuli am xarjebisagan. sarezolucio nawilSi aucileblad unda mieTiTos, Tu ra wesiT SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba da romel sasamarTloSi SeiZleba saCivris Setana. IV. gadawyvetilebis nakli da misi gasworebis wesi gadawyvetilebas SeiZleba aRmoaCndes nakli, romelic am gadawyvetilebis sxvadasxva nawils SeiZleba axasiaTebdes. nakli SeiZleba gamoixatos imiT, rom gadawyvetileba ar emyareba kanons, romliTac sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanela misi gamotanis dros, an masSi araa miTiTebuli faqtebze, romlebsac es gadawyvetileba emyareba, an kidev, araa miTiTebuli im qonebaze, romelic mopasuxem unda daubrunos mosarCeles, araa miTiTebuli im konkretul moqmedebaze, romelic unda Seasrulos mopasuxem da a.S. mTeli rigi naklovanebebisa da xarvezebisa, romlebic gaaCnia gadawyvetilebas, SeiZleba gamoasworos mxolod zemdgomma sasamarTlom an uSualod, an gaauqmos saCivris safuZvelze naklovanebiani gadawyvetileba da daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad. magram, aris mTeli rigi naklovanebebisa, romlebic SeuZlia gamoasworos uSualod am gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom. kanoni miuTiTebs aseT naklovanebebze da gansazRvravs maTi gamosworebis wess. 1. gadawyvetilebaSi usworobaTa da aSkara ariTmetikuli Secdomebis gasworeba (ssk 260-e muxli). aq mxedvelobaSia usworobisa da Secdomebis gasworeba gadawyvetilebaSi, romelic ukve gamoecxadaT mxareebs. Tu gadawyvetilebaSi usworoba da Secdomebi gamovlinda mis gamocxadebamde, maSin maTi gasworeba xdeba sxva wesiT, romelsac iTvaliswinebs ssk 247-e muxli. am muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu usworoba da Secdoma gamovlinda gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebamde, maSin TviTon gadawyvetilebaSi SeiZleba gakeTdes es Sesworeba (Casworeba).115 magram, Tu aseTi naklovanebani gamovlinda gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis Semdeg, maSin misi gamosworebisaTvis gamotanili unda iqnes ganCineba. Sesworebis Setana dasaSvebia rogorc mxareTa iniciativiT, ise sasamarTlosa da aRmasruleblis iniciativiTac. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba emyareba principul debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom gadawyvetilebis gamomtan sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs Secvalos an gaauqmos Tavisi 115

ix. T. liluaSvili, v. xrustali. ssk komentari, Tb. 2004, gv. 215.

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gadawyvetileba, garda kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebisa. aqedan gamomdinare, dauSvebelia gadawyvetilebaSi iseTi Sesworebis Setana, romelic arsebiTad cvlis gadawyvetilebas, mis azrsa da Sinaars. dasaSvebia magaliTad gvaris, saxelis Tu saxelwodebis dazusteba, agreTve ariTmetikuli uzustobis gasworeba, romlebmac gamoiwvies gadasaxdevinebeli Tanxis odenobis aSkara Semcireba an gadideba. magaliTad, aklia cifri „0“ an sxva romelime cifri, rac ise cvlis Tanxis odenobas, rom aSkarad ar Seesabameba saqmis masalebs da moTxovnis odenobas, ris Sesaxebac iyo msjeloba sasamarTlos sxdomaze. gadawyvetilebaSi Sesworebis Setanas aqvs azri am gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebamde (mikuTvnebiT gadawyvetilebaSi). rac Seexeba aRiarebiT gadawyvetilebebs, romelTa aRsruleba ar xdeba, maTSi Sesworebis Setana araa Semofargluli raime vadiT. 2. damatebiTi gadawyvetileba (ssk 261-e muxli). damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis aucilebloba SeiZleba warmoiSvas im SemTxvevaSi, roca ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba araa srulyofili da ar Seicavs pasuxs yvela im sakiTxze, romelic ganxilvis sagani iyo sasamarTlo procesSi. damatebiTi gadawyvetilebiT yvela im naklovanebebis gamosworeba, romelic gaaCnia ZiriTad gadawyvetilebas cxadia ar SeiZleba. zogjer naklovanebebi iseTia, rom aucilebelia misi gauqmeba da axali gadawyvetilebis gamotana. amitom, bungebrivia ibadeba kiTxva: ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis naklovanebebis gamosworeba damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT, ise rom ar gauqmdes ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba? am kiTxvaze pasuxs gvaZlevs ssk 261-e muxli, romelic Seicavs damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis pirobebs da romelTa gaTvaliswineba savaldebuloa sasamarTlosaTvis. pirveli pirobis Tanaxmad, damatebiTi gadawyvetileba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iqnes gamotanili, Tu am saqmeze gamotanili ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba ar Seicavs pasuxs mxaris iseTi moTxovnis mimarT, romelic marTalia iyo ganxilvis sagani, warmodgenili iyo mtkicebulebebi am moTxovnis faqtobrivi dasabuTebisaTvis, e.i. moxda misi ganxilva am kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT, magram sasamarTlos ratomRac gamorCa mxedvelobidan mieRo gadawyvetileba am konkretuli moTxovnis mimarT. magaliTad, sasamarTlom gamoitana gadaSwyvetileba mopasuxeze valis gadaxdevinebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb, magram ar miiRo gadawyvetileba procentebis Sesaxeb, romlis Taobaze mosarCelem waradgina mtkicebulebebi, moismina mxareTa axsna-ganmartebebi da a.S. an kidev, mosarCelem moiTxova mopasuxis binidan gamosaxleba da masze binis qiris gadaxdevinebis dakisreba. sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT daadgina mopasuxis binidan gamosaxleba, magram araferi Tqva (gamorCa) masze binis qiris gadaxdevinebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis gadawyvetaze. meore pirobis Tanaxmad, damatebiTi gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gamotanili iqnes im SemTxvevaSiac, rodesac sasamarTlom marTalia daadgina, rom dakmayofildes sasarCelo moTxovna, magram ar miuTiTa arc am moTxovnis odenoba da arc misi saxeoba. magaliTad, daadgina gadauxados mopasuxem Tanxa, an gadasces nivTi, magram ar miuTiTa ra 271

odenobis Tanxa gadaixados an ra saxis qoneba gadasces. an kidev, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mopasuxem Seasrulos mosarCelis sasargeblod moqmedeba, magram ar miuTiTa Tu konkretulad romeli moqmedeba (amoaSenos tixari, moangrios kedeli, amoqolos fanjara da a.S.). mesame piroba dakavSirebulia sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawilebasTan. ssk 249-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili unda Seicavdes miTiTebas sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawilebis Taobaze. Tu mosamarTles gamorCa es da gadawyvetileba Seicavs xarvezs am TvalsazrisiT, maSin igi SeiZleba Seivsos damatebiTi gadawyvetilebiT. praqtikaSi ufro gavrcelebulia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac aRZruli iyo ramdenime moTxovna, sasamarTlom ganixila yvela es moTxovna, magram erT-erTi moTxovnis mimarT gadawyvetileba ar iqna miRebuli. damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis aucilebloba SeiZleba warmoiSvas rogorc ZiriTadi moTxovnis, ise Segebebuli sarCelisa da mesame piris sarCelis mimarTac. damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis sakiTxi SeiZleba daisvas ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebidan 7 dRis ganmavlobaSi. am muxlis danawesi ise unda gavigoT, rom ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebas eswrebodnen mxareebi. magram, Tu gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebas ar eswrebodnen mxareebi, an erT-erTi mxare, maSin 7dRiani vadis dena unda daiwyos im dRidan, rodesac mxares Cabarda motivirebuli gadawyvetileba. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT 7 dRiani vadis dena unda daiwyos im dRidan, saidanac iwyeba gadawyvetilebis saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT gasaCivrebis vadis dena. am vadis arc gagrZeleba da arc aRdgena ar daiSveba. Tu es vada gaSvebuli iqna da damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis SesaZlebloba daikarga, maSin mxares SeuZlia gaasaCivros ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba, moiTxovos misi gauqmeba da saqmis xelmeored ganxilva im motiviT, romlebic miTiTebulia ssk 261-e muxlis pirveli nawilis „a“ da „@b“ qvepunqtebSi, xolo sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawilebis sakiTxi TviTon zemdgom sasamarTlosac SeuZlia ise, rom ar gaauqmos gadawyvetileba. damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis sakiTxs sasamarTlo wyvets saqmeTa ganxilvis saerTo wesis dacviT, kerZod igi niSnavs sxdomas, ris Sesaxebac atyobinebs mxarebes. maTi gamoucxadebloba ver daabrkolebs damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanas, ver gaxdeba dauswrebeli damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis safuZveli. damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasma da ganxilva ver SeaCerebs ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlas da misi vadis denis SeCerebas. TviTon damatebiTi gadawyvetileba Sedis kanonier ZalaSi im wesiT da im vadebSi, rogorc ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba (ssk 264-e muxli) da misi gasaCivreba SeiZleba imave wesiT, ra wesiTac saCivrdeba ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba (ssk 369-e muxli). damatebiTi gadawyvetileba aris ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebis organuli nawili, magram Tu igi ar gasaCivrebula iTvleba, rom am nawilSi ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba ar gasaCivrebula da igi Sedis kanonier ZalaSi. Tu sasamarTlos azriT ar arsebobs damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis pirobebi, mas gamoaqvs ganCineba damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis 272

gamotanaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, romelzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana (ssk 414-420-e muxlebi). 3. gadawyvetilebis ganmarteba (ssk 262-e muxli). rogorc zemoT aRiniSna gadawyvetileba unda iyos naTeli da gasagebi yvelasaTvis da gansakuTrebiT imaTTvis, visac igi uSualod exeba. amasTan erTad, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac gadawyvetileba mTlianad an misi romelime nawili araa gasagebad Camoyalibebuli, zogjer ki Seicavs urTierTgamomricxav an Seusabamo debulebebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia misi ganmarteba imis aucileblad gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ganmartebis saxiT ar moxdes gadawyvetilebis ZiriTadi azrisa da Sinaarsis Secvla. gadawyvetilebis ganmarteba rom ganxorcieldes aucilebelia, jererTi – mxaris Suamdgomloba amis Sesaxeb da meore – gadawyvetileba jer ar aRsrulebula, roca sakiTxi exeba aRsrulebiT da ara aRiarebiT gadawyvetilebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dauSvebelia im gadawyvetilebis ganmarteba, romelic aRsrulebulia. kanoni ar gansazRvravs vadas, Tu ramden dReSi SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis Sesaxeb sasamarTloSi gancxadebiT mimarTva. es imas niSnavs, rom aseTi gancxadebiT SeiZleba mimarTon sasamarTlos nebismier dros – motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanidan mis aRsrulebamde. ganmartebas axdens is sasamarTlo (mosamarTle), romelmac igi gamoitana. Tu is sasamarTlo Semadgenloba (mosamarTle) ar aris, maSin ganmartebas gaakeTebs am sasamarTlos sxva Semadgenloba (mosamarTle). ganmartebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelic aris gadawyvetilebis organuli nawili da Caekereba saqmeSi. ganmartebis aucilebloba SeiZleba warmoiSvas aramarto gadawyvetilebis, aramed ganCinebis mimarTac. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganmartos ganCineba ssk 262-e muxlis analogiiT. dauSvebelia gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis formiT gadawyvetilebis Secvla an axali gadawyvetilebis miReba. $2. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala I. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis cneba formaluri da materialuri kanonieri Zala gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT mTavrdeba saqmis ganxilva sasamarTloSi da am saqmeze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis mTeli procesi. ufro metic, sasamarTlos, romelmac es gadawyvetileba gamoitana, ufleba ar aqvs Secvalos igi, xolo mxareebs, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom am gadawyvetilebiT Seilaxa maTi interesi, SeuZliaT agreTve uari Tqvan mis gasaCivrebaze da nebayoflobiT aRasrulon gadawyvetileba. amasTan erTad, arc gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis uflebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba ar SeiZleba dausruleblad gaiWimos droSi da arc am gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba ar SeiZleba mTlianad damokidebuli iyos mxaris nebasurvilze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, garkveul etapze sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetileba aRar SeiZleba gasaCivrdes, xolo Tu mxareebi mas ar asruleben nebayoflobiT, igi unda aRsruldes iZulebiTi wesiT, roca sakiTxi exeba aRsrulebiT gadawyvetilebebs. rac 273

Seexeba aRiarebiT da gardaqmniT gadawyvetilebebs, am gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili uflebebi Tu samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi aRar SeiZleba sadavo gaxadon mxareebma. es ki SesaZlebelia mas Semdeg, roca gadawyvetileba Seva kanonier ZalaSi, SeiZens kanonis Zalas. ras niSnavs gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala? gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala – esaa gadawyvetilebis Tviseba, romelsac igi iZens garkveuli, kanoniT zustad gansazRvruli pirobebis safuZvelze da romlis ZaliT es gadawyvetileba aRar SeiZleba gasaCivrdes, sarCeli, romlis mimarTac igi gamotanilia aRar SeiZleba xelmeored iqnes ganxiluli, gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtebi da samarTlebrivi urTierTobani aRar SeiZleba sadavo gaxadon mxareebma da igi SeiZleba iZulebiT aRsruldes, Tu sakiTxi aRsrulebiT gadawyvetilebas exeba. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben gadawyvetilebis formalur da materialur kanonier Zalas. 1. gadawyvetilebis formaluri kanonieri Zala. gadawyvetilebis formaluri kanonieri Zala – esaa gadawyvetilebis Tviseba, romlis ZaliT igi aRar SeiZleba gasaCivrdes, xolo mxareTa Soris wamoWrili dava iTvleba gadaWrilad. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis formaluri kanonieri Zala gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 264-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba Sedis kanonier ZalaSi: 1. Tu dauSvebelia misi saapelacio an sakasacio wesiT gasaCivreba; aseTi gasaCivreba dauSvebelia or SemTxvevaSi: a)rodesac raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze saCivari ar aRemateba 1000 lars, da b) rodesac mxareebma uari Tqves kanoniT dadgenili wesiT gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebaze (ssk 250-e muxli). cxadia, araa gamoricxuli rom miuxedavad gasaCivrebaze uarisTqmisa, mxarem mainc gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba. zemdgomma sasamarTlom aseTi saCivari ganuxilvelad unda datovos misi dauSveblobis gamo, xolo saCivris Setana ver SeaCerebs gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlas. 2. Tu gasulis gasaCivrebis kanoniT dadgenili vada da am vadaSi ar iyo Semotanili saCivari. saqarTvelos ssk-si ar iTvaliswinebs gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis vadis aRdgenas (gagrZelebas). amitom, saCivari Setanili am vadis darRveviT ganuxilvelad unda darCes. 3. Tu saapelacio sasamarTlom, romelmac ganixila saCivari ucvlelad datova gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba, xolo saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb Sevida kanonier ZalaSi. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba kanonier ZalaSi Sedis: 1. rodesac dauSvebelia misi sakasacio wesiT gasaCivreba (ssk 391-e muxli). 2. rodesac dasaSvebia saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis sakasacio wesiT gasaCivreba, magram igi ar iyo gasaCivrebuli kanoniT dadgenil erTTvian vadaSi (ssk 397-e muxli). gasaCivrebis vadis aRdgenas (gagrZelebas) kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs, amitom dagvianebiT Setanili saCivari ganuxilvelad unda darCes. 274

3. rodesac sakasacio sasamarTlom ar miiRo warmoebaSi, dauSveblad cno sakasacio saCivari (391-e muxli). an ucvlelad datova saapelacio sasamarTlos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba. rac Seexeba sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs, isini kanonier ZalaSi Sedian dauyovnebliv da maTi gasaCivreba ar daiSveba. 2. gadawyvetilebis materialuri kanonieri Zala. gadawyvetilebis materialuri kanonieri Zala – esaa gadawyvetilebis Tviseba, romlis ZaliT arc sasamarTlos da arc mxareebs, romlebsac es gadawyvetileba exebaT, aRar SeuZliaT saeWvo an sadavo gaxadon sxva procesSi es gadawyvetileba. gadawyvetilebis materialuri kanonieri Zala damkvidrebulia saqarTvelos ssk 266-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, mxareebs, agreTve maTi uflebamonacvleebs ar SeuZliaT xelaxla ganacxadon sasamarTloSi igive sasarCelo moTxovnebi imave safuZvelze, agreTve sadavo gaxadon sxva procesSi gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtebi da samarTlebrivi urTierTobani“.116 gadawyvetilebis materialuri kanonieri Zalis konkretuli gamovlinebaa samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli wesiT, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo ar miiRebs sarCels, an Tu SecdomiT miiRebs Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas, Tu arsebobs sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba gamotanil davaze imave mxareebs Soris, imave saganze da imave safuZvlebiT (ssk 186-e da 272-e muxlis „b“ punqti). II. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis obieqturi farglebi vrceldeba Tu ara gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala mTlianad gadawyvetilebaze Tu mxolod mis erT-erT elementze anu mis nawilze? samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba ara mTlianad gadawyvetilebaze, aramed mxolod mis im nawilze, romelsac gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawils uwodeben. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili – esaa sakuTriv gadawyvetileba, romelic Seicavs pasuxs sasarCelo moTxovnaze: dakmayofildes Tu ara sarCeli, konkretulad ra moqmedeba unda Seasrulos mopasuxem, Tu sarCeli dakmayofilda (gadasces mosarCeles garkveuli Tanxa, daubrunos mas nivTi da a.S.), romeli ufleba Tu samarTlebrivi urTierToba cno sasamarTlom dadgenilad an rogor

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d.i. polumordvinovis SexedulebiT gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi moqmedeba, rac gamoixateba misi saboloobiT im procesSi, romelSiac igia gamotanili – aris gadawyvetilebis formaluri kanonieri Zala. gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi moqmedeba, romlis ZaliT igi iZens saboloo xasiaTs aramarto im procesisaTvis, romlis Sedegad iqna gamotanili, aramed mis farglebs gareTac – aris gadawyvetilebis materialuri kanonieri Zala. ix. i. polumordvinovi. dasax. naSromi, gv.38 igive mosazrebas iziarebs cnobili germaneli iuristi prof. h.Saki. misi azriT formaluri kanonieri Zala warmoadgens davis damTavrebas am sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis, xolo materialuri kanonieri Zala – icavs miRebul Sedegs xelyofisagan ufro mogvianebiT ix. h. Saki. dasax. naSromi gv. 445.

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SeiZleba gardaiqmnas urTierToba (aRiarebiTi da gardaqmniTi gadawyvetilebebiT) da a.S. rac Seexeba gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawils, romelic warmoadgens am gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis fundaments da romelSic aisaxeba faqtobrivi garemoebebi da samarTlebrivi urTierTobani, romlebic sasamarTlom dadgenilad cno da romlebic samarTlebrivi Sefasebis Sedegad safuZvlad daedo sarezolucio nawils, igi ar warmoadgens kanonieri Zalis obieqts, masze ar vrceldeba kanonieri Zala.117 saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsma da amJamad saqarTvelos 1997 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsma gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala gaavrcela aramarto gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilze, aramed mis samotivacio nawilzec. kerZod, ssk 266-e muxlis Tanaxmad gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg mxareeebs, agreTve maT uflebamonacvleebs ar SeuZliaT xelaxla ganacxadon sasamarTloSi igive sasarCelo moTxovnebi, imave safuZvelze, agreTve, „sadavo gaxadon sxva procesSi gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtebi da samarTlebrivi urTierTobani“. amave kodeqsis 106-e muxlis Tanaxmad damtkicebas ar saWiroeben faqtebi, romlebic dadgenilia erT samoqalaqo saqmeze sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT, Tu sxva samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilvisas igive mxareebi monawileoben. amrigad, ar iwvevs eWvs, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili, romliTac dadgenilia faqtiuri garemoebebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sarezolucio nawils, Sedis kanonier ZalaSi.118 amasTan dakavSirebiT ibadeba praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani kiTxva: SeuZlia Tu ara mxares gaasaCivros gadawyvetilebis mxolod samotivacio nawili am gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilisagan damoukideblad, anu ise, rom ar moiTxovos gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis Secvla („SecvaleT samotivacio nawili, magram ar SecvaloT sarezolucio nawili“). 117

aseTi Sexeduleba, romelic emyareba germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobas, farTodaa gavrcelebuli germaniis saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi. ix. Rosenberg, Schwab, Gottvald, Zivilprozessrecht. 1993, s. 926 В.Голасовски. Окончательность судебных решении и их пересмотр по немецкому праву. Сборник 1ой кавказской конференции судей 2002, стр. 65-77. qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi aseT Sexedulebas anviTarebda d.i. polumordvinovi. ix. misi „Мотивы судебных решении“ журнал „Соверское государство и право“. 1947 ню стр. 28-35 SemdgomSi man Secvala Tavisi Sexeduleba da aRniSna, rom rezoluciasTan erTad, gadawyvetilebis motivi Sedis kanonier ZalaSi. misi azriT, gadawyvetilebis motivirebisaTvis sasamarTlo: a)adgens im faqtebis arsebobas, romlebzec damokidebulia modave mxareTa Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSoba, Secvla an Sewyveta; b) gansazRvravs kanons, romelic gamoyenebuli unda iqnes am dadgenili faqtebis mimarT; g)akeTebs logikur daskvnas, romlidanac gamomdinareobs misi sarezolucio nawili. arc kanonze miTiTeba, arc misi logikuri daskvnebi ar SeiZleba Sevides kanonier ZalaSi. rac Seexeba gadawyvetilebis motivs, faqtebisa da modave mxareTa Soris arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis dadgenis nawilSi, romelic warmoadgens am gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis safuZvels – igi Sedis kanonier ZalaSi. ar SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili movwyvitoT im faqtiur garemoebebs, romlebic am rezoluciis uSualo safuZvels warmoadgenen. ix. d.i. polumordvinovi, gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala. (rusul enaze). Tb. 1964. gv. 171-172. 118 amasTan dakavSirebiT v. xrustalma gaakeTa mniSvnelovani da arsebiTad swori daTqma: kanonier ZadaSi Sedis gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawiliT dadgenili mxolod is faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebic kanonis Tanaxmad asabuTeben, amarTleben sarezolucio nawils. ix. v. xrustali dasax. naSromi, gv. 12

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msjelobis Tanmimdevrulad ganviTarebis logika Cven gvTavazobs am sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyvetas: raxan samotivacio nawiliT dadgenili faqtebi da samarTlebrivi urTierToba dadgenilad CaiTvleba sxva saqmezec da sxva procesSi, mxares romlisTvisac xelsayrelia gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili, magram araa xelsayreli gadawyvetilebis motivi anu faqtebis aseTnairad dadgena, unda SeeZlos gaasaCivros mxolod samotivacio nawili da moiTxovos misi gauqmeba (Secvla), ise rom sarezolucio nawili ucvlelad darCes. logikurad es marTlac asea, magram arsebiTad es ar SeiZleba dauSvaT Semdegi mosazrebebis gamo: gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili organuladaa dakavSirebuli mis samotivacio nawilTan, romelic emsaxureba sarezolucio nawilis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebas, warmoadgens mis safuZvels (fundaments). gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilis mis sarezolucio nawilisagan mowyvetis SemTxvevaSi sarezolucio nawili rCeba absoluturad dausabuTebeli, ris gamoc igi tovebs TviTnebur da intuiciur STabeWdilebas. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu saCivris safuZvelze zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTlo auqmebs gadawyvetilebis mxolod samotivacio nawils, man TviTon, an sasamarTlom, romelmac saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad daubruna, unda daadginos sxva iseTi faqtebi da samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romelic gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebuli sarezolucio nawilis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebas emsaxureba. magram Tu es ver moxerxda an imis gamo, rom es sxva faqtebi ver dadasturda, an kidev imis gamo, rom saCivris ganmxilveli sasamarTlo araa faqtebis damdgeni sasamarTlo (sakasacio sasamarTlo), maSin gadawyvetileba rCeba samotivacio nawilis gareSe, igi aRar pasuxobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs, kargavs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis mniSvnelobas da aRar SeiZleba aRsruldes. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: 1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis obieqturi farglebi vrceldeba am gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilze, romelic Seicavs sasamarTlos daskvnas sasarCelo moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze, an masze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, agreTve sasamarTlos mier dadgenil samarTlebriv urTierTobaze da faqtebze, romlebic safuZvlad daedo sarezolucio nawils, anu gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilze. 2. gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili faqtebis arseboba ararsebobis Sesaxeb, rogorc am gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis safuZveli da masTan organulad dakavSirebuli, ar SeiZleba am sarezolucio nawilisagan mowyvetiT da misgan damoukideblad gasaCivrdes, radgan misi gauqmebiT safuZveli gamoecleba sarezolucio nawils, gamoiwvevs mis faqtiur gauqmebasac. 3. gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilis kanonieri Zalis Sedegi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am gadawyvetilebiT dadgenil samarTlebriv urTierTobebs da faqtebs aqvT preidiciuli (winaswargadamwyveti) mniSvneloba sxva samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvisas, romelSic igive mxareebi monawileoben. III. gadawyvetilebis droiTi farglebi. 277

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba am gadawyvetilebiT dadgenil faqtobriv garemoebebze, romlebsac adgili hqondaT gadawyvetilebis gamotanis momentisaTvis. faqtebi, romlebic warmoiSven amis Semdeg warmoadgenen axal faqtebs, romlebic SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos axal sarCels an mis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Sesagebels. cxadia, rom am axal faqtebze anu gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg warmoSobil faqtebze, am gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala ver gavrceldeba. magaliTad: sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba, romliTac uari uTxra mosarCeles ganqorwinebaze im motiviT, rom marTalia mopasuxe zogjer zomaze met alkoholur sasmelebs iRebs, magram is araa Cveuli alkoholiki da jer kidev arsebobs ojaxis SenarCunebis Sansi. am gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg mosarCelem kvlav mimarTa sasamarTlos igive sasarCelo moTxovniT da im motiviT, rom mopasuxe kvlav agrZelebs ufro meti intensiurobiT alkoholis miRebas da uxeSad eqceva ojaxis wevrebs. sasamarTlom unda miiRos es sarCeli gansaxilvelad, radgan faqtebi, romlebzec miuTiTebs mosarCele Tavisi moTxovnis dasasabuTeblad, warmoiSva pirveli gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg da amitom, isini sxva faqtebad unda miviCnioT. IV. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis subieqturi farglebi. 1. mxareebi gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis subieqturi farglebi gulisxmobs im pirTa wris gansazRvras, romlebzedac vrceldeba gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba mosarCeleze, mopasuxeze, mesame pirebze damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT. unda aRiniSnos, rom jer kidev gasuli saukunis 40-iani wlebis bolos qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi prof. d.i. polumordvinovma Tavis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi daasabuTa mosazreba, rom sasamarTlo davaSi monawileoba unda vcnoT iseT aucilebel pirobad, romlis mixedviT SeiZleba ganisazRvros im pirTa wre, romlebzec vrceldeba kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis moqmedeba da rom sawinaaRmdego mosazreba iqneboda didi usamarTloba, ramdenadac gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala gavrceldeboda iseT pirebze, romlebic ar monawileobdnen procesSi, romlebmac SeiZleba arc ki icodnen am gadawyvetilebis arsebobis Sesaxeb.119 d.i. polumordvinovis am mosazrebam Tavisi asaxva hpova samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi, romlis Tanaxmad saqmis ganxilva da gadawyvetilebis miReba „erT-erTi mxaris dauswreblad, romelsac ar 119

d.i. polumordvinovi. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 139-140.

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miuRia Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT“ warmoadgens am gadawyvetilebis saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT gauqmebis absolutur safuZvels (ssk 394-e muxlis „b“ punqti). amave kodeqsis 422-e muxlis pirveli nawilis „b“ punqtis Tanaxmad kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili „Tu erT-erTi mxare, an Tu mas kanonieri warmomadgeneli sWirdeba, aseTi warmomadgeneli ar iyo mowveuli saqmis ganxilvaSi.“ amrigad, saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileoba warmoadgens mxareebze da mesame pirebze damoukidebeli moTxovniT gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedebis gavrcelebis savaldebulo pirobas. ras niSnavs „saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileoba“? iTvleba, rom mxare monawileobda saqmis ganxilvaSi, Tu mas gaegzavna Setyobineba kanoniT (ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT) dadgenili wesiT saqmis ganxilvisa da mTavari sxdomis dRis daniSvnis Sesaxeb. aucilebeli araa, rom igi TviTon gamocxaddes sxdomaze da uSualod miiRos monawileoba saqmis ganxilvaSi. mas SeuZlia saqme awarmoos sasamarTloSi piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT (ssk 93-e muxlis me-2 nawili). aqedan gamomdinare, iTvleba rom mxare monawileobda saqmis ganxilvaSi, maSinac, rodesac TviTon uSualod ar gamocxadebula, magram gamocxadda misi warmomadgeneli. daskvna: iTvleba, rom mxare (mesame piri) monawileobda saqmis ganxilvaSi: a) Tu mas gaegzavna Setyobineba mTavar sxdomaze saqmis ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 70-78-e muxlebi) damoukideblad imisa, gamocxadda Tu ara sxdomaze; b) Tu saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobis misaRebad Setyobineba gaegzavna mxaris warmomadgenels dadgenili wesiT, damoukideblad imisa, gamocxadda Tu ara igi sxdomaze. mxaris (warmomadgenlis) mouwvevlobas da mowveuli mxaris (warmomadgenlis) gamoucxadeblobas sxvadasvanairi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba (ssk 229-230-e muxlebi da 394-e muxlis „b“ punqti). 2. mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis procesSi monawileobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas aRvniSneT, rom maTze vrceldeba gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala mxolod erTi pirobiT, Tu isini Cabmuli iyvnen procesSi (saqmis ganxilvaSi). amis dasasabuTeblad miuTiTeT aramarto imaze, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebamde yovel pirs aqvs ufleba mousminon sasamarTloSi, aramed agreTve samoqalaqo kodeqsis 706-e muxlze, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu mesame piri Cabmuli iqneba procesSi maSin mis mimarT ukumoTxovnis wayenebisas mas aRar eqneba ufleba amtkicos, rom ukumoTxovnis wamyenebels usafuZvlod daekisra zianis anazRaureba. magram Tu igi ar iyo Cabmuli procesSi (ar iyo saTanadod gafrTxilebuli procesis Sesaxeb), maSin mas ufleba aqvs amtkicos, rom ukumoTxovnis aRmZvrel mosarCeles usafuZvlod daekisra zianis anazRaureba. es imas niSnavs, rom faqtebis dadgenis nawilSi gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba mesame pirze damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, Tu igi Cabmuli iyo saqmis ganxilvaSi. swored amitom, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis mimarT iqneba aRZruli regresuli sarCeli, mas aRar SeuZlia amtkicos, rom misi monawileobiT ganxilul saqmeze gamotanili 279

gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtebi ar Seesabameba sinamdviles (anu moiTxovos am faqtebis xelmeored dadgena). amiT amoiwureba gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis farglebi damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris mimarT. mesame piri ar aris mxare da mas ar SeiZleba daekisros raime moqmedebis Sesruleba romelime mxaris mimarT da mas ar SeiZleba raime miekuTvnos romelime mxarisagan. mis winaaRmdeg an mis mier romelime mxaris winaaRmdeg aRZruli sarCelis igiveobriobis sakiTxi adre ganxilul da gadawyvetil sarCelTan ar SeiZleba daisvas. TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 184-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad sadavo nivTis gasxviseba an moTxovnis daTmoba ver moaxdens zegavlenas procesis msvlelobaze da rom „sadavo sagnis SemZens an im pirs, visac moTxovna dauTmes, ufleba ar aqvs mowinaaRmdege mxaris Tanxmobis gareSe Caebas procesSi im mxaris nacvlad, romelmac gaasxvisa davis sagani an daTmo moTxovna. maT SeuZliaT Caeban procesSi mesame pirebad damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe“. am muxls mxedvelobaSi aqvs iseTi viTareba, rodesac sadavo sagnis gasxviseba an uflebis daTmoba moxda procesis msvlelobis dros, saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis dros. aq Cven saqme gvaqvs uflebamonacvleobis klasikur SemTxvevasTan (ssk 92-e muxli), rodesac sasamarTlom unda SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba saqmeSi uflebamonacvlis Cabmis mizniT (ssk 279-e muxli). magram ssk 184-e muxlis me-3 nawili akeTebs gamonakliss im TvalsazrisiT, rom uflebamonacvles anu sadavo sagnis SemZens an im pirs visac moTxovna dauTmes, ufleba ar aqvs daikavos im mxaris adgili, vinc gaasxvisa davis sagani an daTmo moTxovna. maT SeuZliaT Secvalon mxare procesSi mxolod mowinaaRmdege mxaris TanxmobiT. Tu aseTi Tanxmoba aris da moxda mxareTa Secvla, maSin yvelaferi SeiZleba martivad gadawydes: gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala gavrceldeba uflebamonacvleze, romelmac Secvala mxare procesSi. magram, Tu aseTi Secvla ar ganxorcielda da uflebamonacvle Caeba procesSi mesame pirad damoukidebeli moTxovniT, maSin gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala am mesame pirze gavrceldeba imis mixedviT aris Tu ara igi sadavo sagnis Tu uflebis keTilsindisieri SemZeni.120 3. uflebamonacvle ssk 92-e muxlis mixedviT uflebamonacvleoba dasaSvebia procesis nebismier stadiaze, kerZod sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebidan gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde, gadawyvetilebis gamotanidan mis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde da gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan mis aRsrulebamde. Tu uflebamonacvleobis safuZvlebi (ssk 92-e muxli) warmoiSva gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde – sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebis dros, maSin sasamarTlom unda SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba sanam dadgindebodes uflebamonacvleoba da Caebmebodes uflebamonacvle saqmeSi (ssk 279-e muxli).121 uflebamonacvlisaTvis procesSi mis ix. В. Галасовски. dasax. naSromi, gv.. 69. gamonaklisi wesia gaTvaliswinebuli ssk 184-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad Tu uflebamonacvleobis safuZvelia davis sagnis gasxviseba an moTxovnis daTmoba, maSin uflebamonacvles 120 121

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daSvebamde Sesrulebuli yvela moqmedeba savaldebuloa im odenobiT, rac savaldebulo iqneboda im pirisaTvis, romelic man Secvala (ssk 92e muxlis me-2 nawili). es imas niSnavs, rom gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba uflebamonacvlezec miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar monawileobda saqmis ganxilvaSi, romlis mimarTac gamotanilia gadawyvetileba. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 266-e muxlSi,M romlis Tanaxmad gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg mxareebs agreTve maT uflebamonacvleebs ar SeuZliaT xelaxla ganacxadon sasamarTloSi igive sasarCelo moTxovnebi. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu uflebamonacvleoba warmoiSva gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg – aRsrulebis stadiaze, maSin mis mimarT gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis sakiTxebi SeiZleba mogvardes gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis wesiT (ssk 262-e muxli). II. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedebis Sewyveta saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs uaRresad mniSvnelovan debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba an Secvla dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi da im wesiT, rac dadgenilia kanoniT (ssk 265-e muxli). ssk-si ar iTvaliswiebs gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis vadis gagrZelebas (aRdgenas). amitom, gasaCivrebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg gadawyvetileba Sedis kanonier ZalaSi. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedeba Sewydeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebiT (restitucia). kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT an ganCinebiT damTavrebuli saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba dasaSvebia mxolod maSin, roca arsebobs gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis an axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis safuZvlebi (ssk 421-e muxli). saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebas eZRvneba am wignis specialuri Tavi, amitom am sakiTxebze aq ar SevCerdebiT. 2. kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia sasamarTlos mier dadgenili perioduli gadasaxadebis Secvla. magaliTad, mSobels, romelic arasrulwlovani Svilis sasargeblod ixdis aliments, ufleba aqvs „aRZras sarCeli sasamarTlos mier dadgenili alimentis odenobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb (sk 1221-e muxli), aseve ,.Tu Seicvala mSoblebis an Svilebis materialuri Tu ojaxuri mdgomareoba – sasamarTlos SeuZlia erT-erTi maTganis sarCeliT Secvalos alimentis dadgenili odenoba“ (sk 1222-e muxli). cxadia, rom sarCeli sasamarTlos mier adre gamotanili gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili alimentis odenobis Semcirebis Tu gadadebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba emyarebodes iseT faqtiur garemoebebs, romlebic warmoiSven am adre gamotanili gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg. kanonmdebeli miuTiTebs mxolod zogad kriteriumze: Tu Seicvala SeuZlia Caebas procesSi im mxaris nacvlad, romelmac gaasxvisa davis sagani an daTmo moTxovna. Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare amis winaaRmdegia, maSin mas SeuZlia Caebas procesSi mxolod mesame pirad damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe.

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mSoblebis an Svilebis materialuri da ojaxuri mdgomareoba mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom daadgina im Tanxis odenoba, romlebic unda gadaixadon mSoblebma Tu Svilebma (sk 1221, 1222, 1230, 1231-e muxlebi).122 3. garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba udavo warmoebis wesiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedebis Sewyveta. udavo warmoebis wesiT saqmeTa ganxilvis Taviseburebas eZRvneba Tavi XX. aq mokled avRniSnavT Semdegs: a) zogierT, kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi da safuZvliT, sasamarTlos, romelmac gamoitana gadawyvetileba udavo warmoebis wesiT, SeuZlia TviTonve gaauqmos es gadawyvetileba. magaliTad, ugzo-ukvalod dakargulad aRiarebuli an gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli moqalaqis gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo axali gadawyvetilebiT auqmebs Tavis winandel gadawyvetilebas (ssk 321-e, 326-e muxlebi). b) zogjer sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT ganxorcielebuli Sedegis gauqmebisaTvis sakmarisia ara gadawyvetilebis, aramed mxolod mis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis Tu Sedegis gauqmeba (ssk 348-e muxli). magaliTad, ssk 327-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos meurvis Tu meurvis ojaxis wevris gancxadebiT da fsiqiatriuli eqspertizis daskvnis safuZvelze gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba gamojanmrTelebuli piris qmedunarianad aRiarebisa da masze meurveobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, ise rom ar gaauqmos adre gamotanili gadawyvetileba am piris qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb. $3. sasamarTlo ganCineba I. ganCinebis miReba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba naTlad da garkveviT mijnavs erTmaneTisagan sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisa da sasamarTlo ganCinebis gamoyenebis sferoebs: saqmis arsebiTad gadawyvetis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba, xolo saqmis ganxilvis dros wamoWril calkeuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba (ssk 284-e muxli).123 saqmis ganxilvis procesSi ki wamoiWreba uamravi sakiTxi, romelTa gadaWris gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba saqmis ganxilva da gadawyvetilebis 122

2002 wlis TbilisSi Catarebul mosamarTleTa konferenciaze germanelma mosamarTlem v. golosovskim aRniSna, rom garda Cvens mier zemod miTiTebuli SemTxvevebisa germaniis kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtika iTvaliswinebs gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedebis Sewyvetis SesaZleblobas, agreTve sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi saCivris Setanis SemTxvevaSi, roca es pirdapiraa gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT da roca gadawyvetilebas iyeneben sayovelTaod aRiarebuli moralis normebis sawinaaRmdegod (germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 826-e muxli). ix. В.Голасовски. Окончательность судебных решении и их персемотр по немецкому праву. Сборник 1-ой кавказской конференции судей 2002, стр. 72-73. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtika analogiur SemTxvevebs ar iTvaliswinebs. 123 germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi da Sesabamisad iuridiul literaturaSi gadawyvetilebebisa da ganCinebebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna xdeba imis mixedviT gamoaqvs sasamarTlos Tavisi dadgenileba zepiri ganxilvis Sedegad Tu zepiri ganxilvis gareSe: dadgenilebebi, romlebsac sasamarTlo iRebs zepiri ganxilvis gareSe, miiReba ganCinebis (der Beschlus) formiT, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iSviaTi gamonaklisebisa, rodesac ganCineba SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes zepiri ganxilvis Sedegadac. ix. Schellhamer. Zivilprozeß, Gesetz, Praxis, Fälle 1996 s. 328.

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gamotana. magaliTad, sarCels (gancxadebas) aqvs xarvezi da igi unda Seivsos, mopasuxes unda gadaegzavnos sarCelis da masze TandarTuli dokumentebis aslebi, saWiroa Catardes adgilze daTvaliereba, unda dainiSnos eqspertiza, unda moxdes sarCelis uzrunvelyofa, saWiroa saqmis ganxilvis sxva droisaTvis gadadeba, mxaris TxovniT unda moxdes mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxova an mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa da a.S. yvela amgvar sakiTxze sasamarTlos gamoaqvs dadgenileba ganCinebis formiT. ganCinebis formiT TavianTi dadgenilebebi gamoaqvT zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebsac, magram maT Sesaxeb saubari gveqneba qvemoT, rodesac SevexebiT apelaciisa da kasaciis sakiTxebs. II. ganCinebis miRebis wesi raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebSi, romlebic pirveli instanciiT ganixilaven maT gansjadobas mikuTvnebul saqmeebs, rogorc gadawyvetilebebi, ise ganCinebebi gamoaqvv erTpirovnulad mosamarTles. sasamarTlo sistemis yvela sxva rgolSi, kerZod, saapelacio da sakasacio sasamarTloebSi, saqmeebs ganixilaven kolegiurad. amitom, Tu ganCineba gamoaqvs sasamarTlos kolegiur Semadgenlobas, mas xels awers am Semadgenlobis yvela mosamarTle. amasTan erTad, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli ama Tu im sakiTxis gadawyveta an calkeuli saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba daevalos kolegiuri sasamarTlos romelime mosamarTles. magaliTad, sarCelis miReba (ssk 187-e muxli), saqmis momzadeba (ssk me-200 muxli), mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa (ssk 113-e muxli), adgilze daTvaliereba (ssk 122-e muxli) da sxva, SeiZleba daevalos kolegiuri sasamarTlos erT-erT mosamarTles. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ganCineba gamoaqvs erTpirovnulad mosamarTles, romelic aseve erTpirovnulad awers xels am ganCinebas. nebismieri ganCineba SeiZleba miRebul iqnes rogorc calke saproceso dokumentis saxiT, ise oqmSi SetaniT. saTaTbiro oTaxSi oqmis Sedgena ar warmoebs. amitom, Tu sasamarTlo gavida saTaTbiro oTaxSi ganCinebis gamosatanad, maSin aseTi ganCineba calke saproceso dokumentis saxiT unda gamovides. saTaTbiro oTaxSi SeiZleba gavides saqmis erTpirovnulad ganmxilveli mosamarTlec, magram ara imitom, rom vinmes moeTaTbiros, aramed, Tu mis winaSe mxaris mier dasmuli sakiTxis gadawyveta moiTxovs saqmis faqtobriv da samarTlebriv analizs. cxadia, rom ganCineba, romelic Setanilia sxdomis oqmSi, unda pasuxobdes kanonis moTxovnebs (285-e muxli). mxares SeuZlia moiTxovos am oqmidan ganCinebis amonabeWdi, Seitanos am ganCinebaze kerZo saCivari, Tu kanoni iTvaliswinebs misi gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobas. mizanSewonilad unda CaiTvalos yvela im ganCinebis calke saproceso dokumentis saxiT Camoyalibeba, romlebzec dasaSvebia kerZo saCivris Setana. sasamarTlos ganCineba, damoukideblad imisa miRebulia igi calke dokumentis saxiT Tu oqmSi SetaniT, miRebisTanave unda gamocxaddes. ssk 286-e muxli Seicavs praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovan danawess: mxareebs, romlebic ar eswrebian ganCinebis gamocxadebas, egzavnebaT ganCinebis aslebi saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis, 283

sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebisa Tu saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb, misi gamotanidan araugvianes 5 dRisa. am muxlis danawesi ar SeiZleba gavigoT ise, TiTqos mxareebs egzavnebaT mxolod aq miTiTebuli ganCinebebi. ssk 286-e muxli gansazRvravs mxolod vadas (5 dRes), romlis ganmavlobaSiac mxares, romelic ar eswreboda zemod aRniSnuli ganCinebebis gamocxadebas, unda gadaegzavnos isini. saerTod ki, yvela ganCineba, romelzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana, aucileblad unda gadaegzavnos im mxares romelic ar eswreboda aseTi ganCinebis gamocxadebas. aucileblad unda iqnes miRebuli mxedvelobaSi is garemoeba, rom ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setanis vada iwyeba ganCinebis gadacemis momentidan, roca mis gamocxadebas ar eswreboda mxare (ssk 416-e muxli); ganCinebis gadacemis momentad iTvleba misi aslis mxarisaTvis Cabareba uSualod sasamarTloSi, an misi mxarisaTvis gadagzavna kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 70-78-e muxlebi). III. ganCinebis Sinaarsi da kanonieri Zala sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis analogiurad, sasamarTlo ganCinebis Sinaarsic ganisazRvreba kanoniT (ssk 285-e muxli). kerZod, garda im Cveulebriv da cnobil rekvizitebs Soris, romlebic unda aisaxos sasamarTlos mier gamotanil nebismier dokumentSi (misi mimRebi sasamarTlos dasaxeleba, Semadgenloba, mxareebis dasaxeleba da a.S.), sasamarTlo ganCinebaSi unda aisaxos sakiTxi romelzec miRebuli iqna ganCineba, motivebi da kanonebi, romlebiTac xelmZRvanelobda sasamarTlo, sasamarTlos dadgenileba (sarezolucio nawili) da ganCinebis gasaCivrebis wesi. ganCinebis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebis dros sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobs samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normebi. magaliTad: a-nim, romlis sarCelic miRebuli aqvs sasamarTlos warmoebaSi, mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom am gancxadebis ganxilvis Sedegad miiRo ganCineba da ssk 198-e muxlis me-2 nawilis „a“ punqtis Tanaxmad yadaRa daado mopasuxis qonebas.124 ganCinebis gamotanis dros sasamarTlom SeiZleba ixelmZRvanelos materialur samarTlebrivi normebiTac. magaliTad, Tu materialuri samarTali ar uSvebs uflebamonacvleobas, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas ara saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb, aramed saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ganCinebis samotivacio nawilSi miuTiTebs ssk 272-e muxlis „e“ punqtze da Sesabamis materialur samarTlebriv normaze. magaliTad, gamomcemloba d-onim aRZra sarCeli mweral g-anis mimarT zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, rac gamowveuli iyo xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul vadaSi nawarmoebis gamomcemlobisaTvis warudgenlobiT. saqmis ganxilvis 124

sasamarTlo praqtikis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT Cvens mier SemuSavebuli iqna sasamarTlo ganCinebaTa nimuSebi (formularebi). ix. T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi. praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo, me-4 gamocema, T. 2005 w.

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procesSi mwerali g-ani gardaicvala. sasamarTlom Tavisi ganCinebiT Sewyvita saqmis warmoeqa, radgan sk 453-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad movalis gardacvaleba iwvevs valdebulebis Sewyvetas, Tu „Sesruleba SeuZlebelia misi piradi monawileobis gareSe“. Sedian Tu ara ganCinebebi kanonier ZalaSi? am kiTxvaze dadebiTad unda vupasuxoT: sasamarTlos ganCinebebi savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad da maTi Seusrulebloba iwvevs garkveul araxelsayrel Sedegs im mxarisaTvis, romelmac igi ar Seasrula. magaliTad, a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis mimarT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. sarCelSi ar iyo miTiTebuli faqtobriv garemoebebze, romlebic asabuTeben a-nis sasarCelo moTxovnas, agreTve mtkicebulebebze, romlebic daadastureben am faqtebs. sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba sarCelis xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb ssk 185-e muxlis Tanaxmad da dauniSna 10dRiani vada mosarCeles am xarvezis Sesavsebad. Tu mosarCele a-ni ar Seavsebs xarvezs am 10 dRian vadaSi, maSin sasamarTlom ssk 185-e muxlis Tanaxmad sarCeli umoZraod unda datovos da daubrunos mosarCeles. arseboben ganCinebebi, romlebic SeiZleba gasaCivrdes kerZo saCivriT. isini kanonier ZalaSi Sedian gasaCivrebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, Tu ar iyvnen gasaCivrebuli, xolo, Tu gasaCivrebuli iyvnen mas Semdeg, roca sasamarTlo uars etyvis momCivans saCivris dakmayofilebaze. arseboben agreTve ganCinebebi, romlebzec kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba. aseTi ganCinebebi dauyovnebliv Sedian kanonier ZalaSi.125

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dawvrilebiT kerZo saCivris Sesaxeb ix. Tavi XXII

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Tavi

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dauswrebeli warmoeba $1. dauswrebeli warmoebis cneba da mniSvneloba samoqalaqo procesSi (sasarCelo warmoebaSi) yovelTvis gvyavs ori urTierTdapirispirebuli interesis mqone mxare - mosarCele da mopasuxe). am ori mxaris aqtiuri monawileoba saqmis ganxilvaSi uzrunvelyofilia maTi interesiT: mosarCelis interesi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sasamarTlom daakmayofilos sarCeli, gamoitanos misTvis sasurveli (xelsayreli) gadawyvetileba, xolo mopasuxis interesi esaa mosarCelisaTvis sarCelze uarisTqma sasamarTlos mier anu misTvis xelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotana. am interesebis realizaciisaTvis mxareebs miniWebuli aqvT Sesabamisi saproceso uflebebi. samoqalaqo procesis erT-erTi Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saproceso uflebebis gamouyenlobas SeiZleba moyves araxelsayreli Sedegi im mxarisaTvis, romelmac es ufleba ar gamoiyena, magram mis mimarT gamoricxulia raime saxelmwifoebrivi iZulebis RonisZiebis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, mxaris erT-erTi saproceso uflebaa monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi. am uflebas Seesabameba sasamarTlos movaleoba Seatyobinos mxares saqmis ganxilvis dRis Sesaxeb ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT. saqmis ganxilva da gadawyveta mxaris Seutyobineblad da gamouZaxeblad unda dakvalificirdes rogorc saqmis ganxilva mxaris monawileobis gareSe, mis dauswreblad, rac gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absoluturi safuZvelia (ssk 394-e muxli). orive mxaris monawileobas procesSi aqvs mravalmxrivi mniSvneloba maT Soris im TvalsazrisiTac, rom saSualebas gvaZlevs srulyofilad avamoqmedoT SejibrebiTobis principi, davadginoT saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi. magram, rogor SeiZleba moviqceT, roca saqmis ganxilvaze ar cxaddeba erT-erTi mxare? saqmis ganxilva da am saqmeze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba ar SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos erT-erTi mxaris, kerZod mopasuxis nebasurvilze. amitom, saqme unda iqnes ganxiluli da gadawyvetili. magram rogor? sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdebloba am sakiTxs sxvadasxvanairad wyvets. aris qveynebi, romelTa samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba uSvebs erT-erTi mxaris gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas oRond saqmis masalebis mixedviT. es imas 286

niSnavs, rom dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gamotanili iqnes gamoucxadebeli mxaris sasargeblodac, Tu saqmis masalebi amis safuZvels iZlevian.126 zogierTi qveynis saproceso kanonmdebloba uSvebs erT-erTi mxaris gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis SesaZleblobas im mxaris winaaRmdeg, romelic ar gamocxadda saqmis ganxilvaze (da ara saqmis masalebis mixedviT).127 saqarTvelo swored aseTi qveynebis kategorias ganekuTvneba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad erT-erTi mxaris gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamoucxadebeli mxaris sawinaaRmdegod da saqmis masalebis miuxedavad. amrigad, dauswrebeli warmoeba - es iseTi warmoebaa, romlis dros saqmis ganxilvaSi ar monawileobs erT-erTi mxare - mosarCele an mopasuxe, romlebic gafrTxilebulebi iyvnen kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. saqmis dauswrebeli warmoebis mniSvneloba mTlianad ganpirobebulia saqmeze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisa da am saqmis ganxilvis damTavrebis interesebiT. cxadia, rom roca sasamarTlo procesze eswreba mxolod erTi mxare, saqmis garemoebebis srulad da sworad dadgena TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, radgan ar gvyavs mowinaaRmdege mxare, romelsac SeeZlo Tavisi interesebidan gamomdinare gaeqarwylebia meore mxaris mtkicebulebebi mosazrebebi, wamoeyenebia Tavisi faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi da a.S. am TvalsazrisiT dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba Sorsaa srulyofisagan, magram uaRresad saWiro ramaa, radgan erTad-erTi iseTi qmediTiT instrumentia, romliTac SesaZlebelia brZola arakeTilsindisier mxaresTan, romelic yovelnairad cdilobs saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebas. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, igi aris agreTve sasjeli arakeTilsindisierebisaTvis da waxaliseba keTilsindisierebisaTvis, razec naTlad miuTiTebs kanonis moTxovna imis Sesaxeb, rom dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisaTvis da saqmis ganaxlebisaTvis srulebiTac ar kmara wagebuli mxaris ubralo protesti (saCivari), da rom amisaTvis aucilebelia dadasturdes aramarto gamoucxadeblobis mizezebis sapatioba, aramed isic, rom mas ar SeeZlo droulad (dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde) ecnobebina sasamarTlosaTvis am mizezebis Sesaxeb (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT).

$2. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis zogadi winapirobebi I. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis cneba da safuZveli saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, Tumca ukve iSviaTad, magram mainc SevxvdebiT iseT „dauswrebel gadawyvetilebebs“, romlebic 126 127

ix. ГПК Российской федерации 2003 г. гл. 22. magaliTad aseTi qveynebia germania da avstria

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gamotanilia saqmis masalebis mixedviT da im mxaris sazianod romelic gamocxadda da monawileoba miiRo saqmis ganxilvaSi. aseTi gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis kategorias. misi gasaCivrebis wesic gansxvavebuli iqneba dauswrebeli gasaCivrebis wesisagan. aseTi „dauswrebeli“ gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT. dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba - esaa gamoucxadebeli mxaris winaaRmdeg gamotanili gadawyvetileba, romelic emyareba mxolod gamoucxadeblobas da ara saqmis masalebs. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas safuZvlad udevs varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom gamoucxadebeli mxare uars ambobs Tavis moTxovnaze mowinaaRmdege mxaris mimarT (roca mosarCele ar gamocxadda), an aRiarebs (cnobs) faqtiur garemoebebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sasarCelo moTxovnas, (roca ar cxaddeba mopasuxe). gamoucxadebel mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanilia dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, SeuZlia gaaqarwylos varaudi, romelic safuZvlad udevs am gadawyvetilebas da, maSasadame, moiTxovos misi gauqmeba da saqmis ganaxleba Tu daamtkicebs, rom ar arsebobda dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis winapirobebi. II. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis zogadi winapirobebi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis winapirobebi rogorc mosarCelis, ise mopasuxis mimarT saerToa, garda zogierTi gamonaklisisa, ris Sesaxebac saubari gveqneba qvemoT. ganvixiloT es zogadi winapirobebi: G a) winapirobebi, romlebsac adgili aqvT saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis dawyebamde. 1. gamoucxadebeli mxare mowveuli iyo saqmis ganxilvaSi da mas droulad da kanoniT dadgenili wesiT ecnoba sasamarTlo sxdomis dRis Sesaxeb (ssk 233-e muxlis „a“ punqti). mowveulad iTvleba mxare, romelsac uwyeba gaegzavna da Cabarda 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT. mxareTa Setyobinebas am wesebis dacviT eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba: sarCelis ganxilva da gadawyveta kanoniT dadgenili wesiT mxaris Seutyobineblad, unda Sefasdes rogorc saqmis ganxilva mxaris monawileobis gareSe, rac gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absoluturi safuZvelia (ssk 394-e muxli). dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba kanonis darRveviT miRebulad CaiTvleba da unda gauqmdes im SemTxvevaSic, roca sasamarTlos uwyebaSi araa miTiTeba gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebze, anu imis Sesaxeb, rom gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi gamotanili iqneba dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba (ssk 72-e muxlis „z“punqti). 2. adgili ar aqvs raime dauZlevel Zalas an sxva iseT movlenebs, romlebsac SeeZloT xeli SeeSalaT sasamarTloSi mxaris droulad gamocxadebisaTvis ( ssk 233-e muxlis „b“ punqti). mxaris gamocxadebisaTvis am xelisSemSleli garemoebebis arsebobis Sesaxeb cnobili unda iyos sasamarTlosaTvis. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu romeli wyaroebidan miiRo sasamarTlom es cnobebi uSualo aRqmis gziT, (magaliTad miwisZvra, wyaldidoba da a.S.) Tu presisa, radios Tu 288

televiziis meSveobiT. mTavaria, rom sasamarTlos hqondes informacia am movlenebis Sesaxeb. 3. gamoucxadebel mxares droulad ecnoba saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis Sesaxeb. (ssk 233-e muxlis „g“ punqti). ssk-si did mniSvnelobas aniWebs mxareebisaTvis saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis Sesaxeb cnobebis droulad miwodebas. kerZod, sasamarTlos evaleba droulad gadaugzavnos mopasuxes sarCelisa da TandarTuli sabuTebis aslebi, agreTve yvela sxva masala, romelic Seicavs informacias im faqtiuri garemoebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic wamoyenebulia mis winaaRmdeg mosarCelis mier, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlos evaleba droulad gadaugzavnos mosarCeles mopasuxis mier warmodgenili werilobiTi Sesagebeli da sxva masalebi (ssk 203-e muxli). „droulad ecnobos“ imas niSnavs, rom mxarem aseTi informacia unda miiRos saqmis momzadebis stadiaze, xolo gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, am stadiis damTavrebis Semdeg, magram im angariSiT, rom man SeZlos moemzados mTavari sxdomisaTvis. 4. arsebobs sarCelis aRZvris yvela winapiroba da igi miRebulia sworad (ssk 233-e muxlis „d“ punqti). sarCelis aRZvris winapirobebi CamoTvlilia ssk 186-e muxlSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu es winapirobebi ar arsebobs, sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos sarCeli gansaxilvelad. magram Tu sarCeli SecdomiT iqna miRebuli sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba (ssk 272-e muxli), an datovos sarCeli ganuxilvelad (ssk 275-e muxli), imis mixedviT, sarCelis aRZvris romeli winapiroba ar arsebobs. b) winapirobebi, romlebic warmoiSvebian saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis dros. 5. sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamocxadebuli mxare uars ambobs monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi (ssk 232-e muxli). praqtikaSi adgili aqvs iseT SemTxvevas, rodesac mxare gamocxadda sasamarTlo sxdomaze, magram ara im ganzraxviT, rom monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi. aseTi ganzraxva iqedan Cans, rom sxdomaze gamocxadebuli mxare uars ambobs monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi. aseTi mxare iTvleba gamoucxadebel mxared (ssk 232-e muxli) da mis mimarT SeiZleba gamotanili iqnes dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. praqtikaSi ufro xSirad adgili aqvs iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac gamocxadebuli mxare uars ar ambobs saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobaze, acxadebs sasamarTlos winaSe ama Tu im Suamdgomlobas, xolo rodesac sasamarTlo uars eubneba aseTi Suamdgomlobis dakmayofilebaze, igi, protestis niSnad tovebs sxdomas. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos unda SeeZlos gamoitanos mis winaaRmdeg dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba erTi aucilebeli pirobis dacviT: yoveli saqmis ganxilvis dawyebis wina (ssk 217-e muxli) sasamarTlom unda gaafrTxilos mxareebi, rom saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobis miuRebloba an sxdomis mitoveba sasamarTlos nebarTvis gareSe, miCneuli iqneba rogorc gamoucxadebloba da maT mimarT gamotanili iqneba dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. 6. mosarCelis mier miTiTebuli faqtebi iuridiulad ar amarTleben mis moTxovnas (ssk 230-e muxlis me-2 nawili). Tu gamocxadda mosarCele, magram ar gamocxadda mopasuxe, sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi iTvleba damtkicebulad, magram mosarCelis sasargeblod dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis 289

gamotanisaTvis aucilebelia am faqtebis iuridiuli Sefaseba. Tu aseTi Sefasebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom es faqtebi amarTleben moTxovnas, iuridiulad asabuTeben moTxovnas, sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas mosarCelis sasargeblod. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas, romliTac uars etyvis sxdomaze gamocxadebul mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. es iqneba ara dauswrebeldi aramed Cveulebrivi gadawyvetileba, romelic SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT. aseTia dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis winapirobebi. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu sasamarTlosaTvis cnobili gaxda, rom ar arsebobs erT-erTi winapiroba igi gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis sxva droisaTvis gadadebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg binidan gamosaxlebis Sesaxeb im motiviT, rom igi ar ixdis binis qiras. sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda mosarCele. sasamarTlosaTvis cnobili gaxda, rom adgili hqonda stiqiur movlenebs, romlebsac SeeZloT xeli SeeSalaT mosarCelis gamocxadebisaTvis, romelic am stiqiuri movlenebis zonaSi imyofeboda. miuxedavad sxdomaze gamocxadebuli mopasuxis Suamdgomlobisa, sasamarTlom ar gamoitana dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da gadado saqmis ganxilva sxva droisaTvis. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis winapirobebi obieqturad arsebobda (magaliTad, mxares SeemTxva avaria an mZimed daavadda da sxva), magram ar iyo cnobili sasamarTlosaTvis da amitom gamoitana kidec dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. aseT SemTxvevaSi dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT SeiZleba gauqmdes da saqmis warmoeba ganaxldes. III. dauswrebelil gadawyvetileba mosarCelis gamocxadeblobis gamo Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda mosarCele da gamocxadda mopasuxe sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba ori pirobis erTdroulad arsebobisas: pirveli - sasamarTloze gamocxadebuli mopasuxe Suamdgomlobs sasamarTlos winaSe (es Suamdgomloba unda aisaxos oqmSi an daerTos saqmes, Tu werilobiT iyo warmodgenili), raTa man gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamoucxadebeli mosarCelis winaaRmdeg, e.i. gamoitanos gadawyvetileba sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb. meore - mosarCeles gagzavnili da Cabarebuli hqonda Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (70-78-e muxlebi), anu arsebobs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis yvela winapiroba da sasamarTlos ar miuRia mosarCelisagan cnoba gamoucxadeblobis mizezebis Sesaxeb (ssk 241-e muxli). Tu es pirobebi ar arsebobs sasamarTlo ver gamoitans dauswrebell gadawyvetilebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gadadebs saqmis ganxilvas sxva droisaTvis (ssk 216-e muxli). mas SeuZlia 290

agreTve datovos sarCeli ganuxilvelad (ssk 229-e muxlis me-2 nawili da 275-e muxlis „g“ punqti). amrigad, Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamocxadebuli mopasuxe winaaRmdegia dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis, an sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis, sasamarTlo ver gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas da verc sarCels datovebs ganuxilvelad. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi: Tu saqmis ganxilvis sxva droisaTvis gadadebis Semdeg daniSnul sxdomaze kvlav ar gamocxadda mosarCele, xolo am sxdomaze gamocxadebuli mopasuxe kvlav ar moiTxovs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos miuxedavad amisa mainc gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba? am kiTxvaze dadebiTad unda vupasuxoT: ssk 229-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad „mosarCelis ganmeorebiT gamoucxadeblbis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas“. es imas niSnavs, rom mopasuxis Tanxmoba dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze, moarCelis ganmeorebiT gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, saWiro araa. sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos daswrebeli gadawyvetileba. xom ar gamoiwvevs es mopasuxis interesebis Selaxvas? dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba yovelTvis arais gamoucxadebeli mxarisaTvis araxelsayreli da gamocxadebuli mxarisaTvis momgebiani. amitom, dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT arasdros ar SeiZleba Seilaxos sasamarTlo procesze damswre mxaris interesebi. IV. dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi srul safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom ufro xSirad dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotana xdeba mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo. mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotana SesaZlebelia sami pirobis erTdroulad arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. am sami pirobidan ori igivea, rac mosarCelis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, kerZod: 1. gamocxadebuli mosarCelis Tanxmoba dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze da 2. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis zogadi pirobebis arseboba, romelTa Sesaxeb zemoT gvqonda saubari amasTan erTad, mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis saWiroa mesame piroba: mosarCelis mier sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi iuridiulad unda amarTlebdes (asabuTebdes) mosarCelis sasarCelo moTxovnas (ssk 230-e muxlis me-2 nawili). amrigad, mosarCelis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo „ar ixedeba arc kanonSi da arc saqmeSi“. mas gamoaqvs dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba mTlianad sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb. mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi ki sakiTxi sxvanairad dgas. imisaTvis, rom man gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba winaswar unda Seasrulos azrobrivi procedura: mosarCelis mier miTiTebuli faqtebi, romlebic mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo 291

damtkicebulad iTvlebian, amarTleben Tu ara samarTlebrivad mis sasarCelo moTxovnas. amrigad, mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ar ixedeba saqmeSi, ar amowmebs da ar afasebs mtkicebulebebs, vinaidan es saWiro araa, radgan gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebi damtkicebulad iTvleba, magram „ixedeba kanonSi“ raTa misces am damtkicebulad CaTvlil faqtebs iuridiuli Sefaseba. Tu aseTi Sefasebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom aRniSnuli faqtebi amarTleben Sesabamisi kanonis Tanaxmad mosarCelis moTxovnas, sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas sarCelis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos Cveulebrivi gadawyvetileba sarCelze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb. magaliTi 1. a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis mimarT binidan gamosaxlebis Sesaxeb. am moTxovnis safuZvlad a-nim miuTiTa, rom bina ekuTvnis mas sakuTrebis uflebiT, massa da mopasuxe b-ans Soris dadebulia binis qiravnobis xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmad mopasuxem yovelTviurad unda gadauxados 300 lari. miuxedavad amisa, mas ar gadauxdia qira 5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi, riTac daarRvia Tavisi saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba. mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo faqtebi imis Sesaxeb, rom mosarCele aris gaqiravebuli binis mesakuTre, rom mxareebs Soris dadebulia qiravnobis xelSekruleba, rom am xelSekrulebis ZaliT mopasuxem yovelTviurad unda ixados qira 300 laris odenobiT da rom mas es qira ar gadauxdia 5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi - damtkicebulad unda CaiTvalos. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 562-e muxlis meore nawilis „a“ punqtisa da amave kodeqsis 558-e muxlis Tanaxmad aRniSnuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi samarTlebrivad amarTleben mosarCelis moTxovnas. sarezolucio

nawili:

dakmayofildes a-nis sasarCelo moTxovna. mopasuxe b-ani gamosaxldes sadavo binidan da mis mier dakavebuli oTaxi gamonTavisuflebuli saxiT Cabardes mosarCeles. sasamarTlo xarjebi 100 laris odenobiT daekisros mopasuxe b-anis. magaliTi 2. a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova mTeli misi uZravi (orsarTuliani sacxovrebeli saxli, romelic TbilisSi mdebareobs da miwis nakveTi) da moZravi qonebis („kamazis“ markis satvirTo avtomanqana, saZinebeli aveji, karadebi da WaRebi) mikuTvneba da mopasuxisa da misi ojaxis wevrebis binidan gamosaxleba. Tavisi sasarCelo moTxovna imiT daasabuTa, rom misi „opel-omegas“ 1999 wlis gamoSvebis avtomanqanas, romlis Rirebuleba Seadgens 6000 lars, dayenebuli 292

iyo quCis ukiduresad marjvena mxares, sadac dasaSvebia manqanebis dayeneba, daejaxa mopasuxis satvirTo avtomanqanas, romelsac TviT mopasuxe marTavda da daaziana igi, rom aucilebelia Zvirad Rirebuli remontis Catareba mis aRsadgenad. sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda mopasuxe. sasamarTlom daadgina sarezolucio nawili uari eTqvas mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze, radgan faqtiuri garemoebebi, romlebsac igi emyareba Tavisi moTxovnis dasasabuTeblad marTalia iTvleba damtkicebulad mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo, magram kanoni ar ukavSirebs am faqtebs zianis mimyeneblisagan mTeli uZrav-moZravi qonebis gadacemas dazaralebulisaTvis (mosarCelisaTvis) da, maSasadame ver amarTleben samarTlebrivad mis moTxovnas (ssk 230-e muxli. sasamarTlo xarjebi 100 laris daekisros mosarCeles. zemoT Cven avRniSneT, dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba esaa gamoucxadebeli mxaris winaaRmdeg gamotanili gadawyvetileba. amitom, zemoT moyvanili gadawyvetileba, romelic gamotanilia sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze gamocxadebuli da procesSi monawile mosarCelis winaaRmdeg - araa dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. igi Cveulebrivi „daswrebuli“ gadawyvetilebaa. ar aris gamoricxuli iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac mosarCelis mier miTiTebuli garemoebebi nawilobriv amarTleben moTxovnas, xolo nawilobriv ar amarTleben. magaliTad, a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova valis dabruneba 20 000 laris odenobiT, romelic sesxad hqonda mas gadacemuli, agreTve mopasuxis sacxovrebeli saxlis auqcionze gayidva, romelic ipoTekiT iyo datvirTuli da am saxlidan mopasuxisa da misi ojaxis wevrTa gamosaxleba. Tavisi moTxovna mosarCelem imiT daasabuTa, rom gadasca mopasuxes sesxad 20 000 lari da sesxis uzrunvelyofis mizniT ipoTekiT datvirTa mopasuxis sacxovrebeli saxli. ukve dadga sesxis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valis dabrunebis vada, magram movale ar abrunebs mas. sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda mopasuxe. sasamarTlom gamoitana „gadawyvetileba dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba“. romliTac moTxovnis is nawili, romelic gamarTlebulia iuridiulad sk 623-e muxlis Tanaxmad, kerZod msesxebelma daabrunos vali, dakmayofildes, xolo moTxovnis is nawili, romelic araa gamarTlebuli iuridiulad (mopasuxisa 293

da misi ojaxis wevrebis binidan gamosaxleba) ar dakmayofildes. V. orive mxaris gamoucxadebloba. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ar cxaddeba arcerTi mxare da maTi warmomadgenlebi. rogor SeuZlia moiqces sasamarTlo aseT SemTxvevaSi? ssk-is mtkice da erTmniSvnelovnad Camoyalibebuli pozicia am sakiTxze aseTia: Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxaddeba arcerTi mxare, romlebsac gaegzavnaT Setyobineba ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 231-e muxli). amrigad, orive mxaris gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilva ki ar unda gadados, aramed sarCeli ganuxilvelad unda datovos. magram amisaTvis man winaswar unda Seamowmos aris Tu ara saqmeSi cnoba romelic adasturebs, rom mxareebs da maT warmomadgenlebs namdvilad CabardaT uwyeba ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom unda gadados saqmis ganxilva, ris Sesaxebac igi atyobinebs mxareebs. sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb saubari gveqneba qvemoT. avRniSnavT mxolod imas, rom sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Semdeg mosarCeles ar erTmeva ufleba kvlav aRZras igive sarCeli.

$3. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba. I. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb saCivris Sinaarsi. saCivari dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb (saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze) Tavisi SinaarsiT gansxvavdeba rogorc saapelacio, ise sakasacio da kerZo saCivrebisagan. mTavari gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze SeiZleba emyarebodes mxolod da mxolod imas, rom sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamoucxadebloba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT. sapatio mizezebs Soris SeiZleba dasaxelebuli iyos iseTi garemoebebi, rogoricaa miZime avadmyofoba, stiqiuri movlenebi, romlebmac xeli SeuSales mis sasamarTloSi gamocxadebas, Setyobinebis (uwyebis) miuRebloba da a.S. amrigad, saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze ar SeiZleba emyarebodes garemoebebs, romlebic asabuTeben mis usworobas arsebiTad, 294

mis Seusabamobas saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebTan, radgan dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba miiReba ara saqmis masalebis safuZvelze, aramed mxaris gamoucxadeblobis gamo. amitom, gamarTlebuli da axsnili unda iqnes is, rasac es gadawyvetileba efuZneba - gamoucxadebloba, kerZod gamoucxadeblobis sapatioba (ssk 238-e muxlis „g“ punpdqti). saapelacio da sakasacio saCivrisagan dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze saCivari imiTac gansxvavdeba, rom am saCivars ixilavs da gadawyvetilebas iRebs is sasamarTlo romelmac gamoitana dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. am mxriv gamonaklisia meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, romlis Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari. saCivris Sinaarsi, garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, unda pasuxobdes ssk 238-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul sxva moTxovnebsac, maT Soris saCivris Semtani piris Txovnas Tu ra farglebSi unda Seicvalos gadawyvetileba. aq saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba mTlianad gasauqmebeli iyos, radgan mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac igia gamotanili, marTlac hqonda sapatio mizezi gamoucxadeblobisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, Tu igi ar moiTxovs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis mTlianad gauqmebas, sasamarTlom, dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare, ar unda gaauqmos es gadawyvetileba mTlianad da datovos igi ucvlelad im nawilSi romlis gauqmebasac mxare ar moiTxovs. magaliTad: dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebiT mopasuxe d-onis daekisra valis - 10 000 laris da procentis - 600 laris gadaxda mosarCelis sasargeblod. im motiviT, rom sasamarTlo sxdomaze daswrebis mizniT mgzavrobisas mas SeemTxva avaria, rasac adasturebs mis mier warmodgenili cnobebi, man moiTxova am gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba mxolod nawilobriv, kerZod im nawilSi, romelic procentebis gadaxdas exeba. sasamarTlom daadgina am nawilSi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba da saqmis ganaxleba. II. saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmeba pirveli moqmedeba, romelic unda Seasrulos sasamarTlom saCivris miRebis Semdeg - esaa am saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmeba. amisaTvis man unda gamoarkvios arsebobs Tu ara saCivris dasaSvebobis pirobebi. es pirobebia: 1. daculia Tu ara dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis vada. es vada aris 10 dRe da misi gamoTvla iwyeba im dRidan, rodesac mxares Cabarda dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis asli ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT. am 10 dRiani vadis gasvlis Semdeg dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba Sedis kanonier ZalaSi da igi SeiZleba aRsruldes iZulebiTi wesiT. vadis gagrZeleba (aRdgena) ar SeiZleba. 2. Seitana Tu ara saCivari uflebamosilma pirma. ssk 236-e muxliT gansazRvravs Tu vis SeuZlia gaasaCivros dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da romel sasamarTloSi SeiZleba misi gasaCivreba (mxedvelobaSia pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba). am 295

muxlis Tanaxmad saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze SeuZlia Seitanos mxarem, romlis winaaRmdegac is gamotanilia, xolo misi gasaCivreba unda moxdes im sasamarTloSi, romelmac is gamoitana. 3. pasuxobs Tu ara saCivris Sinaarsi kanonis moTxovnebs (ssk 238-e muxli). Tu saCivari xarveziania anu is ar pasuxobs yvela im moTxovnas, romelic miTiTebulia kanonSi (238-e muxlSi), maSin momCivans unda mieces vada am xarvezis SesavsebaT. Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, saCivris miRebaze uari unda eTqvas misi dauSveblobis gamo (ssk 239-e muxlis me-3 naw.) magaliTad: a-nim Seitana saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze, romelic imiT daasabuTa, rom igi ar Seesabameba saqmis masalebs, ar emyareba faqtobriv da samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, ris gamoc arsebiTad usworo da usamarTloa. sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba da momCivans dauniSna vada xarvezis Sesavsebad, radgan ssk 238-e muxlis „g“ punqtis Tanaxmad saCivari dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba efuZnebodes „garemoebebs, romlebic adastureben, rom sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamoucxadebloba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT“ da ara am gadawyvetilebis faqtobriv da samarTlebriv dausabuTeblobas. 4. gadaxdilia Tu ara saxelmwifo baJi aseTia dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebaze da saqmis ganaxlebaze saCivris dasaSvebobis pirobebi. Tu am pirobebis Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba,. rom saCivari araa dasaSvebi, an am saCivris xarvezi sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi ar iqna Sevsebuli sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sarCelis miRebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis gamo (ssk 239-e muxlis me-3 naw). am ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom dasaSvebobis yvela piroba arsebobs, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saCivris gansaxilvelad miRebis Sesaxeb, romelSic unda aRiniSnos saqmis xelaxla ganxilvis dRe, ris Sesaxebac atyobinebs mxareebs. III. saCivris dasabuTebulobis anu dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZvlebis Semowmeba rogorc aRvniSneT, saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmeba warmoebs mxareTa Seutyobineblad da maTi monawileobis gareSe. rac Seexeba saCivris dasabuTebulobis Semowmebas, anu dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZvlebis Semowmebas, aseTi Semowmeba SeiZleba moxdes mxolod sasamarTlo sxdomaze mxareTa savaldebulo SetyobinebiT. am sxdomaze sasamarTlo arkvevs marTla hqonda adgili Tu ara saCivarSi miTiTebul garemoebebs, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas. Tu aseTi Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom 296

ar arsebobs saCivarSi miTiTebuli da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisaTvis (saCivari usafuZvloa), maSin sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba saCivris dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb da dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb ( ssk 240-e muxlis me-2 naw) am ganCinebaze SeiZleba saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivaris Setana (ssk 240-e muxlis me-3 naw.) Tu aseTi Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom arsebobs garemoeba, romelic safuZvlad udevs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb saCivars, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas „dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb“.128 am ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba. saCivris dakmayofilebisa da dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Semdeg saqmis ganxilva SeiZleba imave sxdomaze gagrZeldes, Tu erTerTi an orive mxare motivirivebul uars ar acxadebs amis winaaRmdeg da Tu arsebobs saqmis ganxilvis yvela piroba, kerZod, Tu saWiro araa mowmeebis, eqspertebis, specialistebis da a.S. mowveva da dakiTxva. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqmis ganxilva imave sxdomaze araa SesaZlebeli, sasamarTlo axlo momavalSi niSnavs mTavar sxdomas, ris Sesaxebac iqve acnobebs mxareebs da afrTxilebs maT gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rasac oqmSi xelismoweriT adastureben mxareebi. am sxdomaze gamoucxadebel pirebs sasamarTlo atyobinebs axali sxdomis dRis Sesaxeb kanoniT (ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT) dadgenili wesiT. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom am sxdomaze ar gamocxaddes mxare, romelmac Semoitana saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetZvilebaze, an misi mowinaaRmdege mxare. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos gamoaqvs dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, ris Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari. IV. meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da misi gasaCivrebis wesi ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mxarem, romelmac Semoitana saCivari dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb, kvlav ar gamocxaddes daniSnul dros sasamarTlos sxdomaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gamoitans mis mimarT meore dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas. rogoria meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis winapirobebi? 1. imave piris mimarT, romelmac Semoitana saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze ukve arsebobs erTi dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. aqedan gamomdinare, dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, romelic Tumca meored gamoaqvs sasamarTlos magram ara im piris mimarT, vizec adre iyo gamotanili pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba - ar iqneba meore 128

sxva mosazrebas anviTarebs prof. h. hainrixsi, romelic Tvlis, rom Tu saCivari dasabuTebulia da gamoucxadeblobis mizezi marTlac sapatioa, sasamarTlom axali gadawyvetilebiT Secvalos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba an ucvlelad datovos igi, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom arsebiTad sworia, Cven vTvliT, rom saqmis ganaxleba procesualurad da logikuradac SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba araa gauqmebuli da igi kvlav ZalaSia. amitom, Tu dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gasauqmebelia igi jer unda gauqmdes da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba saqmis arsebiTad ganxilva da axali gadawyvetilebis miReba

297

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. amasTan, mniSvneloba ar aqvs es pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gauqmebulia Tu ara. 2. mimdinareobs sasamarTlos sxdoma ara saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmebis mizniT, aramed am saCivris safuZvlianobis Semowmebis mizniT, an sxdoma, romelzec dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Semdeg ganixileba saqme arsebiTad. 3. arsebobs zogadad dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis yvela winapiroba, anu ar arsebobs misi gamotanisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli xelisSemSleli garemoebebi (ssk 233-e muxli). rogoria meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Sedegebi. 1. mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanilia meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba ufleba ar aqvs imave sasamarTloSi gaasaCivros es gadawyvetileba, rogorc es xdeba pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis mimarT. 2. mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanilia meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, SeuZlia gaasaCivros igi mxolod zemdgom sasamarTloSi anu saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT (ssk 242-e muxli). 3. meore dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze Setanili saapelacio saCivari SeiZleba emyarebodes imas, rom ar arsebobda ganmeorebiT dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi winamZRvrebi (ssk 366-e muxlis me-2 naw). 4. sasamarTlo xarjebi daekisreba momCivans, miuxedavad imisa, moigo man saqme Tu ara.

Tavi XVI saqmis damTavreba gadawyvetilebis gamotanis gareSe $1. saqmis damTavrebis formebi sasamarTloSi gansaxilvelad Semosuli saqmis damTavrebis tradiciuli da yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli forma - esaa saqmis 298

damTavreba gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT. gadawyvetileba esaa sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme wydeba arsebiTad. magram sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba araa saqmis damTavrebis erTad erTi forma. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba uSvebs saqmis warmoebis damTavrebas sxva formiTac. kerZod samoqalaqo saqmis warmoeba SeiZleba damTavrdes: 1. sasamarTlos ganCinebiT saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da 2. sasamarTlos ganCinebiT sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb. gadawyvetilebis gamoutanlad saqmis warmoebis damTavrebis es ori forma gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan rogorc safuZvlebiT, ise Tavisi SedegebiT. amitom mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT isini calk-calke. 1. saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis safuZvlebi da Sedegebi saqmis warmoebis Sewyveta sasamarTlos SeuZlia rogorc mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT, ise Tavisi iniciativiTac. saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis safuZvlebi amomwuravadaa miTiTebuli ssk 272-e muxlSi. es safuZvlebi aseTia: 1. saqme ar eqvemdebareba sasamarTlos uwyebrivad (saqmis arasaqveuwyeboba), misi ganxilva sxva uwyebis kompetenciaSi Sedis. magaliTad, aRZrulia sarCeli samoqalaqo kodeqsis 529-e muxlis arakonstituciurobis Sesaxeb, romelic Cuqebis gauqmebasa da gaCuqebuli qonebis ukan gamoTxovas iTvaliswinebs. sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos es sarCeli, magram Tu SecdomiT miiRo man unda Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba da ganCinebaSi amis Sesaxeb miuTiTos, rom saqme sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi Sedis. erTmaneTSi ar unda agverios uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba da gansjadoba. uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba pasuxobs kiTxvaze: eqvemdebareba Tu ara saqme saerTo sasamarTloebs uwyebrivad. am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxis Semdeg wamoiWreba meore sakiTxi: romelma konkretulma sasamarTlom unda ganixilos es saqme? am kiTxvaze pasuxs gvaZlevs gansjadoba. SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom saqme eqvemdebareba sasamarTlos uwyebrivad, magram ar aris im sasamarTlos gansjadi, romelSic Setanilia sarCeli. magaliTad, sarCeli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb Setanilia vakesaburTalos raionul sasamarTloSi, magram igi unda yofiliyo Setanili didubis raionul sasamarTloSi, radgan mopasuxe am saqmeze cxovrobs am raionSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom saqme unda gadadagzavnos gansjad sasamarTloSi (didube-CuRureTis raionul sasamarTloSi), rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs ssk 23-e muxli. 2. arsebobs sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba an ganCineba imave sarCelze (ssk 272-e muxlis „b“ punqti), amrigad, am safuZvliT saqmis warmoebis Sewyveta dasaSvebia: a) Tu arsebobs kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba igive sarCelze. sarCeli igivea, Tu igivea sasarCelo moTxovna (sarCelis sagani), sarCelis safuZveli da igi aRZrulia imave mxareebs Soris. Tu erT-erTi elementi sxvaa, magaliTad, moTxovna igivea, magram safuZveli sxvaa, an kidev, yvelaferi da maT Soris mosarCele igivea, magram mopasuxe sxvaa da a.S. sasamarTlom saqme unda ganixilos: b) Tu arsebobs kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos ganCineba saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb im 299

safuZvliT, rom igive sarCelis mimarT mxareebi morigdnen an mosarCelem uari Tqva sarCelze. magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-nis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova 1000 laris odenobiT valis dabruneba im safuZvliT, rom man asesxa b-anis es Tanxa da dadga misi dabrunebis dro. sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvis dros mosarCele a-nim uari Tqva Tavis moTxovnaze, sasamarTlom ssk 272-e muxlis „g“ punqtis Tanaxmad gamoitana ganCineba saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. am ganCinebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg mosarCelem kvlav aRZra igive sarCeli imave mopasuxis mimarT. sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos sarCeli, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRo, Sewyvitos Tavisi ganCinebiT saqmis warmoeba, roca gairkveva, rom aRZrulia igive sarCeli. 3. mosarCelem uari Tqva sarCelze. dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare mosarCeles ufleba aqvs gankargos Tavisi uflebebi. sarCelze uaris Tqma aris uflebis gankargvis aqti. amitom, sasamarTlom aseT SemTxvevaSi unda gamoitanos ganCineba saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, radgan aRar arsebobs davis sagani, romlis mimarT sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos Tavisi gadawyvetileba. sarCelze uarisTqma, rogorc mosarCelis mier Tavisi materialursamarTlebrivi uflebis gankargva, unda ganvasxvavoT mosarCelis mier am etapze sarCelis ganxilvaze uarisTqmisagan, romlis dros igi moiTxovs mis mier Semotanili sarCelis ukan dabrunebas (sarCelis gamoxmoba). aseT SemTxvevaSi saqmis Sewyveta dauSvebelia, radgan mosarCele uars ki ar ambobs Tavis sasarCelo moTxovnaze, aramed ubralod ar surs am etapze misi sarCelis ganxilva. sarCelis gamoxmoba xels ar uSlis igive sarCelis xelmeored aRZvras. 4. mxareTa morigeba (ssk 272-e muxlis „d“ punqti). mxareTa morigeba - esaa urTierTdaTmobis gziT mxareTa Soris dadebuli garigeba, romelic axleburad gansazRvravs maT uflebebsa da movaleobebs. morigebiT saqmis damTavreba, ise rogorc sarCelze uarisTqma, dispoziciurobis principis erT-erTi konkretuli gamovlinebaa (ssk me-3 muxli). mxareTa morigebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelic detalurad gansazRvravs morigebis pirobebs. am ganCinebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg igi SeiZleba iZulebiT aRsruldes, Tu romelime mxare arRvevs am morigebis pirobas. 5. uflebamonacvleobis dauSvebloba(ssk 272-e muxlis „e“ punqti) Tu mxared myofi fizikuri piri gardaicvala sasamarTlom unda SeaCeros saqmis ganxilva uflebamonacvlis dadgenamde (ssk 279-e muxli). magram, Tu uflebamonacvleoba materialur-samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare dauSvebelia, sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba. magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos misi meuRlis b-anis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova misgan sarCos miReba. saqmis ganxilvis procesSi mosarCele gardaicvala. sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saqme, radgan, sarCos miRebaze uflebamosili piri gardaicvala da mis nacvlad sxva pirs sarCos miRebaze ufleba ar aqvs. 300

rac Seexeba iuridiul pirs, Tu mxared myofi iuridiuli piris likvidacia moxda, sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba, radgan iuridiuli piris likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi uflebamonacvleoba ar warmoiSveba. 6. arsebobs mxareTa Soris dadebuli saarbitraJo SeTanxmeba (ssk 272-e muxlis „v“ punqti). davis kerZo arbitraJis an samediatoro sasamarTlosaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb mxareTa SeTanxmebas aqvs iuridiuli Zala, amitom, Tu am SeTanxmebis erT-erTi mxare mainc mimarTavs sasamarTlos sarCeliT, sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos es sarCeli, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRebs, unda Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba. aseTia saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvlebi. saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelic Sedis kanonier ZalaSi aqedan gamomdinare yvela Tavisi SedegebiT. amasTan erTad, saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetas ukavSirdeba Zalian seriozuli Sedegi: saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlosaTvis xelmeored mimarTva davaze imave mxareebs Soris, imave saganze da imave safuZvliT ar SeiZleba (ssk 273-e muxli) II. sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis safuZvlebi da Sedegebi sarCelis ganuxilvelad datoveba sasamarTlos SeuZlia rogorc Tavisi iniciativiT, ise mxareTa gancxadebiT. sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis safuZvlebs gansazRvravs ssk 275-e muxli. es safuZvlebi aseTia: 1. sarCeli (gancxadeba) Seitana qmeduunaro pirma (ssk 275-e muxlis „a“ punqti) qmeduunarod iTvleba arasrulwlovani (ssk 81-e muxlis me-2 naw.), agreTve, srulwlovnebas miRweuli, magram sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piri. aseTi pirisagan sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos sarCeli, magram Tu SecdomiT miiRo da mxolod Semdeg gamoirkva, rom mosarCele aris qmeduunaro, romelsac ar yavs kanonieri warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlos SeuZlia aseT mosarCeles dauniSnos saproceso warmomadgeneli (ssk 82-e muxlis me-2 nawili). Tu saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna mizanSewonilad ar miaCnia, sasamarTlo sarCels ganuxilvelad datovebs. 2. sarCelis Setana arauflebamosili piris mier (ssk 275-e „b“ punqti) arauflebamosili piri - es iseTi piria, romelic mimarTavs sasamarTlos ara Tavisi, aramed sxvisi uflebis dasacavad, magram amisaTvis mas ar gaaCnia am sxva pirisagan saTanadod gaformebuli uflebamosileba. cnobilia, rom mxares SeuZlia saqme awarmoos sasamarTloSi piradad an warmoadgenlis meSveobiT, magram warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba unda gaformdes kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 96-e muxli). erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT araflebamosili piri da arasaTanado mosarCele. arasaTanado mosarCele 301

- es is piria, romelic moiTxovs „Tavisi“ iseTi uflebis dacvas, romelic sinamdvileSi misi ki ara, sxvisi uflebaa da, maSasadame, mas ar aqvs moTxovnis ufleba. arauflebamosili piri Tavisad ar asaRebs uflebas, romlis dacvasac is moiTxovs, man icis, rom mimarTavs sasamarTlos sxva piris uflebis dasacavad, magram ar aqvs amisaTvis saTanadod gaformebuli uflebamosileba. 3. mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba ( ssk 275-e, „g“ punqti) mosarCelis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos gamoaqvs dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, oRond Tu amis Sesaxeb Suamdgomlobs mopasuxe. magram, Tu mopasuxe dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis winaaRmdegia, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia datovos sarCeli ganuxilvelad, oRond amisaTvis saWiroa isev mopasuxis Tanxmoba. Tu aseTi Tanxmoba ar aris, sasamarTlo gadadebs saqmis ganxilvas. 4. orive mxaris gamoucxadebloba (ssk 275-e, „d“ punqti). Tu sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze arcerTi mxare da maTi warmomadgenlebi ar gamocxadden, romlebsac gaegzavnaT Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, maSin sasamarTlo sarCels ganuxilvelad datovebs (ssk 231-e muxli). cxadia, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia gadados saqmis ganxilva sxva droisaTvis da kvlav gaugzavnos Setyobineba mxareebs. magram, es damokidebulia sasamarTlos mixedulebaze. 5. imave an sxva sasamarTloSi aris igive saqme imave mxareebs Soris (ssk 275-e, „e“ punqti). sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis es safuZveli emyareba princips, rom ar SeiZleba erTi da igive sarCeli orma (an metma) sasamarTlom ganixilos. amitom, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom erTi da igive sarCeli aRZrulia imave an sxva sasamarTloSi (es ki savsebiT mosalodnelia alternatiuli gasjadobis dros), erT-erTma sarCeli ganuxilvelad unda datovos. sarCeli ganuxilvelad unda datovos im sasamarTlom, romelSic ufro gvian Sevida sarCeli. amis garkveva ar warmoadgens sirTules, Tu miRebulia ganCineba sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb. Tu aseTi ganCineba ar iyo miRebuli, maSin unda gairkves, romel sasamarTloSi ufro adre gavida 5 dRe sarCelis Semosvlidan, romlis gasvlis Semdeg sarCeli warmoebaSi miRebulad iTvleba (ssk 183-e muxli). sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romliTac mTavrdeba saqmis warmoeba. am ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. im garemoebaTa aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebas, mosarCeles SeuZlia kvlav aRZras igive sarCeli saerTo wesis dacviT.

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nakveTi mesame gamartivebuli warmoeba Tavi XVII Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis ganxilva $1. Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis ganxilvis Taviseburebani I. gansjadoba Tamasuqi - esaa fasiani qaRaldi, dokumenti, romliTac misi gamcemi piri kisrulobs upirobo valdebulebas gadaixados TamasuqSi naCvenebi Tanxa piradad an sxva pirs avalebs mis gadaxdas. Ceki - esaa dadgenili formis fasiani qaRaldi, romelic Seicavs Cekis gamcemis werilobiT davalebas sabanko dawesebulebisadmi da gaanaRdos CekSi aRniSnuli Tanxa.129 ssk 301-e muxlis Tanaxmad Cekis Taobaze aRZruli saqmeebis ganxilvisas gamoyenebuli unda iqnes Tamasuqis Taobaze aRZruli saqmeebis warmoebis wesebi. aqedan gamomdinare, yovelive, rac Tamasuqis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT iqneba aRniSnuli mTlianad ganekuTvneba Cekis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis ganxilvasac. sarCeli Tamasuqis Taobaze SeiZleba aRiZras rogorc im sasamarTloSi, romlis teritoriazec unda moxdes gadaxda, ise sasamarTloSi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sarCeli mimarTulia erToblivad ramdenime Tamasuqvaldebulis mimarT, maSin sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras rogorc im sasamarTloSi, romlis teritoriazec unda moxdes gadaxda, ise nebismier sasamarTloSi erTerTi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT (ssk 294-e muxli). amrigad, Tamasuqis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis mimarT daSvebulia alternatiuli gansjadoba, romlis Tanaxmad arCevanis gakeTeba SeuZlia TviTon mosarCeles. II. Tamasuqis Sesaxeb sarCelebis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi Tamasuqis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebi Cveulebrivi sarCelebia da isini unda pasuxobdnen sarCelis miRebis yvela winapirobas. amasTan erTad ssk-si iTvaliswinebs garkeul Taviseburebebs. es Taviseburebani SemdegSi mdgomareobs: 1. sarCelSi miTiTebuli unda iyos mosarCelis Txovna imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTlom es sarCeli ganixilos gamartivebuli wesiT, rogorc es dadgenilia ssk XXXIII TaviT (ssk 292-e muxli). 2. sarCels Tan unda daerTos Tamasuqis asli. Tu aseTi asli ar erTvis sarCels, sasamarTlo ver miiRebs mas warmoebaSi gamartivebuli 129

Tamasuqisa da Cekis cnebaTa aseTi ganmartebebi Camoyalibebulia saqarTvelos kanonebSi „Cekis Sesaxeb“ da „Tamasuqis Sesaxeb“. ix. „normatiuli aqtebis krebuli“ wigni III. Tb. 1996, gv. 188 da 202

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wesiT gansaxilvelad. sasamarTlos SeuZlia dauniSnos mosarCeles vada xarvezis Sesavsebad da Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, datovebs sarCels umoZraod (ssk 185-e muxli). Tamasuqis aslis sarCelTan erTad wardgena ar aTavisuflebs mosarCeles movaleobisagan warmoadginos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvisas Tamasuqis dedani. am dedani Tamasuqis warmoudgenlobas SeiZleba moyves sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqma (ssk 135-e muxli). 3. yvela werilobiTi dokumenti, romelic adasturebs faqtiur garemoebebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sarCels, aslebis an dednis saxiT unda daerTos sarCels. mtkicebulebebad dasaSvebia mxolod werilobiTi dokumentebi da mxareTa axsna-ganmarteba. 4. mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis zogadi principidan gamomdinare warmodgenili unda iqnes mxolod iseTi dokumentebi, romlebiTac kanonis moTxovnaTa mixedviT SeiZleba dadasturdes esa Tu is faqti. magaliTad, Tu dasadgenia Tamasuqis gadaxdaze uari, aseTi uari SeiZleba dadasturdes „oficialuri oqmiT“ aqceptebis an gadaxdaze uaris protestiT.130 rogorc aRvniSneT, gadawyvetilebas Tamasuqis (Cekis) Taobaze aRZruli sarCelis gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvis Sesaxeb iRebs uSvalod mosarCele. amisaTvis mas ar Wirdeba arc mopasuxis da arc mosamarTlis Tanxmoba. mTavaria mxolod is, rom man daicvas am wesiT sarCelis aRZvrisa da misi warmoebis kanoniT dadgenili wesebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari uTxras mosarCeles gamartivebuli wesiT saqmis warmoebaze (roca ar arsebobs am wesiT saqmis warmoebis winapirobebi). mosarCeles SeuZlia agreTve uSualod da calmxrivad, mopasuxis Tanxmobis gareSe, uari Tqvas gamartivebuli wesiT sarCelis ganxilvaze am saqmis ganxilvis damTavrebamde, e.i. gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde. Tu man ganacxada aseTi uari, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba gamartivebuli wesiT saqmis ganxilvis Sewyvetisa da am saqmis saerTo sasarCelo wesiT ganxilvis Sesaxeb. aseTi ganCinebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom unda moamzados saqmis ganxilva ise rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs ssk me-200-207-e muxlebi, xolo momzadebis Semdeg daniSnos sasamarTlo sxdoma saqmis saerTo sasarCelo wesiT ganxilvis mizniT. III. saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesi gamartivebuli wesiT saqmis ganxilvis dros am saqmis winaswari momzadeba sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvisaTvis ar xdeba. sasamarTlo niSavs mTavar sxdomas da atyobinebs amis Sesaxeb mxareebs, e.i. mosarCeles da mopasuxes. kanoni gansazRvravs vadas uwyebis Cabarebidan sasamarTlo sxdomamde. es vada sxvadasxvanairia imis mixedviT Tu sad cxovroben mxareebi. Tu mxareebi cxovroben an Tu maTi adgilsamyofelia im sasamarTlos teritoria, romelmac unda ganixilos sarCeli gamartivebuli wesiT, maSin uwyeba maT unda CabardeT sasamarTlos sxdomis dawyebamde aranakleb 24 saaTiT adre. magram, Tu 130

„Tamasuqis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 38-e muxli.

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uwyeba unda Cabardes am teritoriis farglebs gareT, maSin es vada ganisazRvreba minimum sami dRiT (ssk 295-e muxli). rogorc cnobilia kanoni iTvaliswinebs sarCelebis rogorc obieqtur, ise subieqtur SeerTebas. magram kanoni krZalavs Tamasuqis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis an sxva pretenziebis gamo aRZrul sxva sarCelebTan SeerTebas (ssk 298-e muxli). kanoni krZalavs agreTve Segebebuli sarCelebis aRZvras. es imas niSnavs, rom Tamasuqis Taobaze aRZruli sarCeleisagan Tavis dacva SesaZlebelia mxolod SesagebliT, magram ara Segebebuli sarCeliT. mopasuxes ufleba aqvs moiTxovos saqmis damatebiTi warmoeba, Tu Tvlis, rom misi uflebebi Seilaxa an ver ganxorcielda saqmis gamartivebuli warmoebis gamo. aseTi moTxovna mopasuxes SeeuZlia wamoayenos Tavisi werilobiTi SesagebliT, romelic warmoadgens saqmis damatebiTi warmoebis safuZvels. saqmis damatebiTi warmoebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelzec kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba. mopasuxis werilobiTi Sesagebeli (protesti) imis moTxovniT, rom Catardes saqmeze damatebiTi warmoeba, ver SeaCerebs avtomaturad gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlas da aRsrulebas. sasamarTlos SeuZlia SeaCeros am gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba Tavisi ganCinebiT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mopasuxem moiTxova ara damatebiTi warmoeba, aramed Semoitana saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivari, maSin gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla da aRsruleba warmoebs ise, rogorc nebismieri sxva gadawyvetilebisa (Tssk 264-e muxli). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlo akmayofilebs mopasuxis Txovnas saqmis damatebiTi warmoebis Sesaxeb, maSin sasamarTlom unda moamzados saqme da Caataros aseTi damatebiTi saproceso moqmedebebi. damatebiTi warmoebis Sedegad SeiZleba gamoirkves rom saqmis gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvis safuZvelze miRebuli da mopasuxis mier gaprotestebuli gadawyvetileba arsebiTad sworia. maSin sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb. magram, Tu damatebiTi warmoebis dros gamoirkveva, rom gadawyvetileba arasworia, radgan am gadawyvetilebiT dakmayofilda mosarCelis dausabuTebeli da usafuZvlo moTxovna, maSin gamartivebuli wesiT miRebul gadawyvetilebas auqmebs misi gamomtani sasamarTlo da Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT uars eubneba mosarCeles misi moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze. aseTi gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas ukavSirdeba Semdegi Sedegebi: a) sasamarTlo xarjebi daekisreba mosarCeles (ssk 53-e muxlis pirveli nawili); b) moxdeba gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sebruneba, Tu igi aRsrulebuli iyo; g) mosarCeles daekisreba im zianis anazRaureba, romelic miadga mopasuxes gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebiT; d) mopasuxes SeuZlia wamoayenos zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna saqmis damatebiTi warmoebis procesSi.

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Tavi XVIII davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesi (gadaxdis brZanebis miReba) $1. davalianebis gadaxdevinebis gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvis mizani da safuZvlebi I. mizani Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze aRZruli saqmeebis garda, gamartivebuli wesiT SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Taobaze aRZruli saqmeebic. gamartivebulad saqmis ganxilvas ori ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aqvs: mcirdeba saqmis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi da meore, fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piri swrafad aRwevs Tavisi uflebis dacvas (aRdgenas). saqme isaa, rom gamartivebuli warmoebis dros ar gamoiyeneba sasamarTlo warmoebis rTuli procedura, saqme ganixileba swrafad da operatiulad. amasTan erTad, cxadia isic, rom saerTod gamartivebuli warmoebis dros da, kerZod, davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqmeTa gamartivebuli warmoebis dros, SeiZleba daSvebul iqnes Secdomebi da ganmcxadebels sasamarTlom SeiZleba miakuTvnos mopasuxisagan is, risi mikuTvnebis uflebac mas sinamdvileSi ar hqonda. aseTi Secdomebis daSvebis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs kanonmdebeli da uflebas aniWebs mopasuxes moiTxovos saqmis saerTo sasarCelo wesiT ganxilva da gadawyveta, Tu, cxadia, igi ar eTanxmeba sasamarTlos mier gamotanil gadaxdis brZanebas. II. dasaSveboba

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davalianebis amoRebis Sesaxeb saqmis gamartivebuli wesiT warmoebis pirveli etapi iwyeba gancxadebis dasaSvebobis SemowmebiT. aseTi Semowmebis mizniT sasamarTlom unda gamoarkvios, arsebobs Tu ara aseTi warmoebisaTvis dasaSvebobis pirobebi. es pirobebia: 1) moiTxovs Tu ara ganmcxadebeli fuladi Tanxis gadaxdevinebas. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs ara fuladi Tanxis gadaxdevinebas, aramed mopasuxisagan raime nivTis gadacemas, raime samuSaos Sesrulebas da a. S. maSin gamartivebuli warmoeba am TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebiT ar daiSveba. am TvalsazrisiT erTad-erTi gamonaklisia lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze aRZrul saqmeTa ganxilva gamartivebuli wesiT, ris Sesaxebac ix. momdevno Tavi XIX. 2) xom ar aris moTxovnis wamoyeneba damokidebuli ganmcxadeblis mxriv jer kidev Seusrulebel sapasuxo gadaxdaze. es imas niSnavs, rom davalianebis gadaxdevinebis valdebuleba mopasuxis mimarT warmoiSoba mas Semdeg, roca ganmcxadebeli Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas mis mimarT. sailustraciod SeiZleba miuTiToT samoqalaqo kodeqsis 369-e muxlze, romlis Tanaxmad piri, romelsac valdebuleba akisria ormxrivi xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia uari Tqvas valdebulebis Sesrulebaze `sapasuxo moqmedebis ganxorcielebamde~.131 3) xom ar aris imis aucilebloba, rom gadaxdis brZaneba ecnobos mopasuxes sajaro gamocxadebis gziT. es imas niSnavs, rom gadaxdis brZaneba ver aRsruldeba, Tu ar aris cnobili mopasuxis adgilsamyofeli an Tu igi imyofeba xangrZliv da Soreul mivlinebaSi. 4) pasuxobs Tu ara gancxadeba gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb kanonis moTxovnebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 303-e muxliT. Tu ar arsebobs gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis dasaSvebobis esa Tu is piroba, sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos ganCineba gancxadebis (gadaxdis brZanebis) miRebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb (ssk 305-e muxli). III. gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Sinaarsi gadaxdis brZaneba sasamarTlos SeuZlia miiRos mxolod da mxolod ganmcxadeblis TxovniT da es Txovna naTlad da garkveviT unda iyos Camoyalibebuli gancxadebaSi. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 303-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad davalianebis gadaxdis valdebulebis Sesaxeb gancxadeba miznad unda isaxavdes sasamarTlos mier davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb brZanebis miRebas (gadaxdis brZaneba). zemoaRniSnulidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia saerTo sasarCelo wesiT aRZruli moTxovna mopasuxeze fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis valdebulebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb gadazardos 131

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, Tb., 2001 w., gv. 298.

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gamartivebul warmoebaSi da gadawyvetilebis nacvlad gamoitanos gadaxdis brZaneba. garda im saerTo monacemebisa, romlebsac unda Seicavdes sasamarTlosadmi mimarTuli yovelgvari gancxadeba, (sasamarTlos dasaxelebaM mxareTa dasaxeleba da maTi misamarTi da a.S.) gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb gancxadeba unda Seicavdes mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel sxva monacemebsac. aseTi monacemebia: 1) romel faqtobriv da samarTlebriv safuZvlebs emyareba ganmcxadeblis ZiriTadi moTxovna davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb, agreTve, Tu wamoyenebulia damatebiTi moTxovnebi ZiriTadTan erTad, maSin gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos romel faqtobriv Tu samarTlebriv safuZvels emyareba es damatebiTi moTxovna. magaliTad, procenti, romelic kanonis an xelSekrulebis ZaliT unda gadaixados movalem (samoq. kodeqsis 384-e muxli), iqneba damatebiTi moTxovna. 2) ra mtkicebulebebs emyareba ganmcxadeblis moTxovna, romlebic damowmebuli saxiT aucileblad unda erTvodes gancxadebas gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb. dasaSvebia mxolod saTanadod gaformebuli werilobiTi dokumentebi. magaliTad, Tu ZiriTadi valdebuleba emyareba sesxis xelSekrulebas, gancxadebas unda erTvodes es xelSekruleba, aseve, Tu damatebiTi valdebuleba (magaliTad, procentebis saxiT) emyareba mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebas, es SeTanxmeba werilobiTi saxiT unda iyos warmodgenili. 3) miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom moTxovna ar aris damokidebuli ganmcxadeblis mxriv raime sanacvlo valdebulebis Sesrulebaze, an rom mis mier aseTi valdebuleba ukve Sesrulebulia. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 406-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu ormxriv xelSekrulebaSi movales ufleba aqvs uari Tqvas misTvis dakisrebul valdebulebaze, xolo garemoeba, romelic mas aZlevs amis uflebas, gamowveulia kreditoris braliT, maSin igi inarCunebs sapasuxo Sesrulebis uflebas,132 aqedan gamomdinare, Tu movale inarCunebs kreditorisagan sapasuxo Sesrulebis miRebis uflebas, am kreditors ar SeuZlia moiTxovos gadaxdis brZanebis miReba. gancxadebis miRebaze uarisTqma. davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis kanonis Sesabamisad Camouyalibeblobas ukavSirdeba seriozuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi: sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos aseTi gancxadeba gansaxilvelad, ris Sesaxebac mas gamoaqvs ganCinebaB `davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis (gadaxdis brZanebis) miRebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb~. 132

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, Tb., 2001 w., gv. 446

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am ganCinebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos safuZveli, ris gamoc uari eTqva ganmcxadebels gancxadebis miRebaze, radgan igi ar Seicavs `monacemebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli ZiriTadi da damatebiTi valdebulebidan gamomdinareoben ganmcxadeblis moTxovnebi~ (303-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `g~ qvepunqti). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gancxadebaSi moTxovnis faqtobriv safuZvelze miTiTeba ar kmara. es safuZveli, jer erTi,_iuridiulad unda amarTlebdes moTxovnas, e. i. kanoni am faqtobriv garemoebebs unda ukavSirebdes im Sedegs, risi dadgomac surs ganmcxadebels da Bmeore, _ gancxadebas Tan unda erTvodes saTanadod gaformebuli dokumenturi mtkicebulebebi. ganCinebaSi, romliTac uari eTqva ganmcxadebels gancxadebis miRebaze, zemoT aRniSnuli motiviT, miTiTebuli unda iyos amis Sesaxeb. kanonis kategoriuli moTxovnis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo ver gamoitans ganCinebas gancxadebis miRebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, Tu winaswar ar mousmina ganmcxadebels. (ssk 303-e muxlis me-2 naw.). - gancxadebis miRebaze uarisTqmis SemTxvevaSi ganmcxadebels ubrundeba mis mier gadaxdili saxelmwifo baJi. gansjadoba. gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb gancxadebaze vrceldeba gansjadobis saerTo wesebi da igi SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sasamarTloSi mxolod mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. $2. gadaxdis brZaneba I. gadaxdis brZanebis Sinaarsi gadaxdis brZaneba unda Camoyalibdes werilobiTi formiT da misi Sinaarsi unda pasuxobdes ssk 306-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs. gadaxdis brZaneba unda Seicavdes: - sasamarTlos dasaxelebas, romelmac es brZaneba miiRo; - mxareebisa da maTi warmomadgenlebis dasaxelebas; - miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb Tu romeli ZiriTadi da damatebiTi valdebulebidan wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi daakmayofila sasamarTlom; romel werilobiT masalebs daemyara sasamarTlo dakmayofilebuli moTxovnis dasabuTebis mizniT; - miTiTebas imis ZSesaxeb, rom sasamarTlos ar Seumowmebia aqvs Tu ara ganmcxadebels aRZruli moTxovnis ufleba; - miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom gadaxdis brZanebis miRebidan 10 dRis manZilze movalem (mopasuxem) gadaixados vali procentebianad da xarjebianad, Tu igi pretenzias dasabuTebulad miiCnevs, anda Semoitanos sasamarTloSi werilobiTi Sesagebeli (protesti); - miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom gadaxdis brZanebis iZulebiTi aRsrulebisaTvis gaicema saaRsrulebo furceli, Tu mopasuxe ar Semoitans Sesagebels. 309

aseTia is savaldebulo rekvizitebi, romlebsac unda Seicavdes gadaxdis brZaneba. rogorc avRniSneT gadaxdis brZanebis miReba warmoebs mopasuxis Setyobinebis gareSe. amitom, im werilobiTi masalebis Semowmeba, romelic Tan unda erTvodes gancxadebas, maTi utyuarobis TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia. samagierod mopasuxes eZleva sruli SesaZlebloba Seitanos sasamarTloSi werilobiTi Sesagebeli, Tu igi ar cnobs ganmcxadeblis moTxovnas, miiCnevs am moTxovnas umarTebulod da dausabuTeblad. II. gadaxdis brZanebis

gadacema mopasuxisaTvis

saqmis warmoeba gamartivebuli wesiT davalianebis amoRebis Sesaxeb mimdinareobs mopasuxis gareSe. amitom, es wesi iTvaliswinebs mopasuxis interesebis dacvis srul SesaZleblobas. kerZod, sasamarTlo valdebulia Tavisi iniciativiT Caabaros movales (mopasuxes) gadaxdis brZaneba (ssk 306-e muxlis me-2 naw.). magram, Tu mopasuxisaTvis gadaxdis brZanebis Cabareba SeuZlebelia ama Tu im mizezis gamo (xangrZlivi samsaxurebrivi mivlineba, araa cnobili misi adgilsamyofeli da a.S.), sasamarTlom saerTod ar unda gamoitanos gadaxdis brZaneba, xolo Tu gamoitans, misi aRsruleba ver ganxorcieldeba. amiT, davalianebis gadxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqmis gamartivebuli wesiT warmoeba gansxvavdeba saerTo sasarCelo wesiT saqmis ganxilvisagan, romlis dros Tu mopasuxis adgilsamyofeli ucnobia, uwyeba SeiZleba Cabardes misi ojaxis wevrs, TviTmmarTvelobis organos, misi ukanaskneli samuSao adgilis administracias da a.S. uwyeba iTvleba Cabarebulad aseT SemTxvevaSi da sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos da gadawyvitos saqme, xolo gadawyvetileba SeiZleba aRsruldes. sasamarTlo Tavisi iniciativiT atyobinebs agreTve ganmcxadebels gadaxdis brZanebis mopasuxisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb. aseTi wesi saSualebas aZlevs ganmcxadebels moiTxovos gadaxdis brZanebis aRsruleba, Tu mopasuxe cnobs gadaxdis brZanebas, magram Tu igi ar cnobs gadaxdis brZanebas da Semoitans Sesagebels ganmcxadebels SeuZlia moiTxovos saqmis sasarCelo wesiT ganxilva. III. gadaxdis brZanebis gauqmeba da saqmis ganxilva saerTo sasarCelo wesiT zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: movalis (mopasuxis) interesebis dacva saqmis gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvisas ZiriTadad ori saproceso saSualebiT xdeba: Tu mopasuxis adgilsamyofeli ucnobia da mas gadaxdis brZaneba ver Cabardeba uSualod - sasamarTlom ar unda gamoitanos gadaxdis brZaneba an, Tu gamoitana - misi aRsruleba dauSvebelia da, meore - mopasuxes SeuZlia ar cnos gadaxdis brZaneba mTlianad an nawilobriv da Semoitanos mis winaaRmdeg motivirebuli Sesagebeli (protesti). aseTi Sesageblis Setana mas SeuZlia 10 dRis vadaSi. am vadis aTvla ki unda daiwyos im dRidan, roca mopasuxes gadaeca gadaxdis brZaneba. mopasuxisaTvis 310

gadaxdis brZanebis Cabarebis Sesaxeb sruli informacia unda iyos saqmeSi. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mopasuxem gauSva Sesageblis Setanis 10 dRiani vada, es vada SeiZleba aRadginos sasamarTlom (ssk 65-e muxli), oRond mopasuxem unda daumtkicos sasamarTlos, rom vadis gaSveba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT. Sesageblis droulad Setanas SeiZleba moyves gadaxdis brZanebis gauqmeba da saqmis saerTo sasarCelo wesiT ganxilva, ris Sesaxebac sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelSic sxva garemoebebTan erTad miTiTebuli unda iyos Semdegi: „gamartivebuli warmoebis wesiT davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb aRZruli moTxovna ganxiluli da gadawyvetili iqnes saerTo sasarCelo wesiT“. sasarCelo wesiT saqmis ganxilvisaTvis saWiro araa, nacvlad gancxadebisa gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb, ganmcxadebelma Semoitanos sarCeli. sasamarTlo saerTo sasarCelo wesiT ganixilavs davalianebis gadaxdevinebis gancxadebiT aRZrul moTxovnas, risTvisac amzadebs mas ssk me-200-209-e muxlebis gansazRvruli wesiT. amasTan erTad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia saqmis zepir ganxilvamde daavalos mxareebs Seasrulon garkveuli saproceso moqmedebebi, kerZod warmoadginos ganmcxadebelma damatebiTi dasabuTeba Tavisi moTxovnisaTvis, warmoadginos mopasuxem werilobiTi Sesagebeli, miuTiTon da warmoadginon damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi da a.S. vinaidan saxelmwifo baJi gadaxdis brZanebis miRebisaTvis gacilebiT ufro mcirea, vidre sarCelisaTvis (ssk 39-e muxli), ganmcxadebelma baJi damatebiT unda Seitanos, rac SeiZleba ganisazRvros am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebiTac, raTa ar dabrkoldes saqmis ganxilva.

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Tavi XIX lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesi $1. gancxadeba lizingis sagnis misi gamcemisaTvis dabrunebis Taobaze gamartivebuli wesiT SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes mxolod lizingis xelSekrulebiT gadacemuli sagnis (qonebis) misi gamcemisaTvis dabrunebis sakiTxi. gamartivebuli wesiT gancxadeba SeiZleba ganixilos sasamarTlom mxolod im pirobiT, Tu ganmcxadebeli amas moiTxovs sasamarTlosagan (ssk 3092-e muxli). kanoni gansazRvravs gancxadebis Sinaars, mis savaldebulo rekvizvitebs. es gancxadeba, garda yvela sxva monacemebisa, rac saerToa sasamarTloSi wardgenili gancxadebebisaTvis unda Seicavdes: a) im sagnis dasaxelebas (aRweras), romelic imyofeba lizingis mimRebis mflobelobaSi da romlis dabrunebasac ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs; b) miTiTebas, Tu romeli valdebulebiT (xelSekrulebiT) gadaeca lizingis mimRebs sagani, romlis dabrunebasac lizingis gamcemi moiTxovs; g) miTiTebuli unda iyos agreTve mtkicebulebebze, romlebic adastureben ganmcxadeblis moTxovnas. cxadia, rom am mtkicebulebebs Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba lizingis xelSekrulebas, romelic samoq. kodeqsis 577-e muxlis Tanaxmad werilobiTi formiT ideba. ssk 3092-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad gancxadebaSi „aRniSnuli unda iyos“ wayenebuli moTxovnis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi, magram praqtikulad SeuZlebelia am mtkicebulebebis warmodgenis gareSe sadavo sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb brZanebis miReba. amitom, es mtkicebulebebi, sinamdvileSi, unda erTvodes gancxadebas, miT umetes, rom brZanebis miRebis sakiTxi sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos umokles vadaSi. am muxlis mesame nawili gansazRvravs gancxadebis ganxilvis vadas. es vada aris 3 dRe da misi aTvla iwyeba ara gancxadebis Semotanis dRidan, aramed misi warmoebaSi miRebis dRidan (ssk 3094-e muxli). 312

gansjadoba. ssk 3093-e muxlis Tanaxmad gancxadeba lizingis sagnis mflobelobaSi lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze Seitaneba sasamarTloSi ssk-iT dadgenili wesiT. es imas niSnavs, rom unda vixelZmRvaneloT ssk me-16 muxlis me-2 nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare sarCelebi sasamarTlos waredgineba xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis adgilis an im adgilis mixedviT, sadac xelSekruleba unda Sesrulebuliyo. xelSekrulebis an am xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgilad iTvleba is adgili, romelic am xelSekrlebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. magram, Tu xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis adgili ar aris gansazRvruli, maSin unda vixelmZRvaneloT valdebulebiTi urTierTobis arsiT. Tu Sesrulebis adgili arc TviTon xelSekrulebidan da arc misi Sesrulebis arsidan ar gamomdinareobs, maSin xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis adgili individualurad gansazRvruli sagnis SemTxvevaSi iqneba is adgili, sadac es sagani imyofeboda xelSekrulebis dadebis momentisaTvis. gvareobiT gansazRvruli sagnis SemTxvevaSi - adgili, sadac imyofeba movalis sawarmo, xolo Tu aseTic ar aris maSin misi sacxovrebeli adgili (iuridiuli misamarTi).133 gancxadebis umoZraod datoveba. lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis formisa da Sinaarsis kanonis moTxovnaTa dacviT Camoyalibebas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. es iqedanac Cans, rom Tu es gancxadeba ar pasuxobs am moTxovnebs, sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb, xolo, Tu am ganCinebiT daniSnul vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli sasamarTlo gamoitans meore ganCinebas am gancxadebis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb, rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs ssk 3094-e muxli. $2. sasamarTlos brZaneba lizingis sagnis gamcemisaTvis lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs mxolod erTi saxis brZaneba _ ganmcxadeblisaTvis lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb. aseTi brZaneba mas gamoaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gancxadebis ganmxilveli sasamarTlos rwmeniT mtkicebulebebi, romlebic Tan erTvis gancxadebas adastureben moTxovnas. es brZaneba eqvemdebareba dauyonebliv aRsrulebas. sasamarTlos brZanebaze lizingis sagnis gamcemis mflobelobaSi lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana, rac ver SeaCerebs brZanebis aRsrulebas. cxadia, rom saCivris ganmxilvel sasamarTlos SeuZlia, Tu mas es mizanSewonilad miaCnia, droebiT SeaCeros brZanebis aRsruleba (ssk 418-e muxlis me-2 naw.). lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo brZanebaze Setanili kerZo saCivari ganixileba 414-e-420-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT.134 133

z. axvlediani. valdebulebiTi samarTali, meore gamocema, Tb. 1999 gv. 46-47 unda aRiniSnos, rom XXXIV1 Tavi, romelic daemata ssk-es 2002 wlis 7 maisis kanoniT, arc pirdapir, arc arapirdapir ar Seicavs raime miTiTebas gamartivebuli wesiT gancxadebis ganxilvaSi mopasuxis monawileobis Sesaxeb. es Tavi ar Seicavs agreTve miTiTebebs im garantiebis Sesaxeb, romlebic miniWebuli aqvs movaleebs (mopasuxeebs) davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis gamartivebuli warmoebis dros, magram, raxan aseTi garantiebi ar arsebobs unda vifiqroT, rom 134

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nakveTi meoTxe udavo warmoeba

Tavi XX udavo warmoebis wesiT gansaxilveli saqmeebi $1. udavo warmoebis cneba udavo warmoeba aris sasamarTlo warmoebis erT-erTi damoukidebeli saxe, romelic gansxvavdeba rogorc sasarCelo warmoebisagan, ise gamartivebuli warmoebisagan. es gansxvaveba, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs Taviseburebas, romelic udavo warmoebas axasiaTebs da romelic mdgomareobs SemdegSi; 1. am kategoriis saqmeze araa dava mxareTa Soris uflebis Sesaxeb. amitom, sasamarTlos amocanaa ara mxareTa Soris davis ganxilva gadawyveta, aramed ama Tu im faqtis dadgena - dadastureba. 2. udavo warmoebis wesiT saqmeTa ganxilvis dros aris mxolod ganmcxadebeli da ar arian modave mxareebi, kerZod, mosarCele, mopasuxe, mesame pirebi, Tanamonawileebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT udavo warmoeba aris erTmxariani (erTpiriani) warmoeba. amitom, aq ar gamoiyeneba saqmeTa ganxilvis is wesebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia procesSi modave mxareTa, mesame pirTa, TanamonawileTa monawileobiT. aq ar gamoiyeneba agreTve procesis iseTi institutebi, rogoricaa sarCelze uarisTqma, sarCelis cnoba, mxareTa morigeba da a.S. 3. udavo warmoebis saqmeTa aRZvra xdeba ara sarCeliT, aramed gancxadebiT, romlis Sinaarsi da mizani arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sasarCelo gancxadebisagan, agreTve gancxadebisagan sasamarTlo brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb. 4. Tu saqmis udavo warmoebis dros aRiZvris dava, sasamarTlom Tavisi ganCinebiT ganuxilvelad unda datovos gancxadeba da urCios ganmcxadebels aRZras sarCeli saerTo wesis dacviT; 5. udavo warmoebis wesiT saqmeTa ganxilvisas gamoiyeneba ssk-iT dadgenili saqmeTa ganxilvis saerTo wesebi, garda im gamonaklisebisa, romlebic, am kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvisaa dadgenili (ssk VI kari). udavo warmoebis wesiT gansaxilvel saqmeTa amomwurav CamonaTvals Seicavs ssk 310-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad am wesiT sasamarTloebi ganixilaven saqmeebs: a) iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis dadgenis Sesaxeb; b) moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebisa da moqalaqis gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb; g) moqalaqis qmeduunarod da SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebis Sesaxeb; d) dakargul fasian qaRaldsa da saordero fasian qaRaldze uflebis aRdgenis Sesaxeb (gamowveviTi warmoeba); e) qonebis upatronod cnobis Sesaxeb; v) Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb.

lizingis sagnis Taobaze gancxadebis ganxilvaSi monawileobisaTvis Setyobineba unda gaegzavnos ganmcxadeblis mowinaaRmdege mxaresac (mopasuxes), raTa man SeZlos daicvas Tavisi uflebebi.

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amrigad, udavo warmoeba - esaa samarTalwarmoebis damoukidebeli saxe, romelic ganpirobebulia am wesiT gansaxilvel saqmeTa TaviseburebiT, romelic gamoixateba davisa da modave mxareTa arsebobiT. $2. iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis dadgena iuridiuli faqtebi, es iseTi faqtebia, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs garkveul iuridiul Sedegs. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu faqts, romlis dadgenac surs ganmcxadebels, ar ukavSirdeba raime iuridiuli Sedegi, sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos gancxadeba gansaxilvelad. _ faqts SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes raime iuridiuli Sedegi da amitom aseTi faqti iuridiuli faqtia, magram imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom miiRos gancxadeba am faqtis dadgenis mizniT es araa sakamrisi. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom dasadgen faqts ukavSirdebodes swored is Sedegi, romlis dadgomac surs ganmcxadebels. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos gancxadeba gansaxilvelad. ssk 312-e muxlis me-2 nawili Seicavs im iuridiuli faqtebis arasrul CamonaTvals, romlebic SeuZlia daadginos sasamarTlom udavo warmoebis wesiT. es faqtebia: a) pirTa naTesauri kavSiri. naTesaur kavSirs, magaliTad, Svilobis, SviliSvilobis, mSoblobis da a. S. faqts aqvs iuridiuli mniSvneloba, radgan ukavSirdeba iuridiuli Sedegi, kerZod, memkvidreoba, rCenis movaleoba da sxva. ganmcxadebelma unda miuTiTos gancxadebaSi iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb, Tu ra miznisaTvis sWirdeba mas am faqtis dadgena. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom ganmcxadebels unda naTesauri kavSiris dadgena iseTi miznisaTvis, romlisTvisac am faqts ar aqvs raime mniSvneloba (magaliTad, binebis gadacvlisaTvis, Tanamdebobis dakavebisaTvis, samecniero xarisxis miniWebisaTvis da a. S.), maSin sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos gancxadeba gansaxilvelad (315-e muxli). b) kmayofaze yofnis faqti. es faqti mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba daadginos sasamarTlom, rodesac am faqts kanoni ukavSirebs ganmcxadeblisaTvis sasurvel Sedegs. magaliTad, dazaralebulis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi zianis mimyenebelma sarCos dawesebiT unda aunazRauros ziani im pirs, romlis rCenac dazaralebuls evaleboda (samoq. kodeqsis 1006-e muxli). g) dabadebis, Svilad ayvanis, qorwinebis, ganqorwinebis, gardacvalebis registraciis faqtis dadgena. sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos mxolod da mxolod dabadebis, Svilad ayvanis, qorwinebis da gardacvalebis registraciis faqti, e. i. faqti imis Sesaxeb, rom dabadeba iyo registrirebuli, Svilad ayvana iyo registrirebuli, qorwineba iyo registrirebuli da a. S. magram arqivi (Canawerebi registraciis Sesaxeb) ganadgurda omianobis gamo, xanZrisa Tu raime stiqiuri ubedurebis gamo. gancxadeba am faqtebis dadasturebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos SeuZlia miiRos gansaxilvelad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas erTvis moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobis registaciis organoebidan (mros)cnoba 315

imis Sesaxeb, rom maT ar SeuZliaT gascen Sesabamisi dokumentis dublikati arqivis ganadgurebis gamo. d) uflebis damdgeni sabuTis kuTvnilebis faqtis dadgena. pirebi farTod sargebloben ama Tu im dokumentiT, rogoricaa magaliTad, Sromis wignaki, cnoba muSaobis Sesaxeb, ganaTlebis Tu samecniero xarisxis damadasturebeli dokumenti da a. S. romlebsac aqvT iuridiuli mniSvneloba. zogjer am dokumentebSi miTiTebuli saxeli, mamis saxeli, gvari, ar emTxveva pasportSi an dabadebis mowmobaSi aRniSnul saxels, mamis saxels an gvars. amis mizezi SeiZleba mravali iyos, romelTa Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulia saxelis SemoklebiT aRniSvna (magaliTad, goga giorgis nacvlad, leqso aleqsandres nacvlad da a. S.). zogjer moqalaqeebi icvlian TavianT gvars, magram ar cvlian dokuments da a. DS. arasworia praqtika, rodesac sasamarTloebi TavianTi gadawyvetilebiT adgenen ara dokumentis pirisadmi kuTvnilebis faqts, rogorc es miTiTebulia am punqtSi, aramed im pirTa igiveobis faqts, romlebic sxvadasxvanairad arian moxseniebuli gadawyvetilebaSi. magaliTad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSnulia: `Sromis wignakSi miTiTebuli gogi niJaraZe da pasportSi miTiTebuli giorgi niJaraZe_erTi da igive piria~, an kidev `n. b. qarazanaSvili da n. b. qarzanaSvili_erTi da igive piria~. kanonis Sesabamisi iqneba aseTi formulireba gadawyvetilebaSi: `Sromis wignaki gacemuli 2000 wlis 15 ianvars gogi niJaraZis saxelze ekuTvnis giorgi niJaraZes~, an kidev `Tsu-s mier a. n. Sengelias saxelze 1955 wels gacemuli #5 diplomi ekuTvnis a. n. Sengelaias~. e) sakuTrebis uflebiT nivTis flobis faqtis dadgena. sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos ara nivTis flobis faqti (faqtobivi mflobeloba), aramed `sakuTrebis uflebiT nivTis flobis faqti~. es imas niSnavs, rom piri flobs nivTs faqtiurad da amas ar sWirdeba dadgena, ganmcxadebels unda daudgindes mxolod is, rom nivTs, romelsac is flobs, flobs mas sakuTrebis uflebiT. _ amasTan erTad, udavo warmoebis wesiT sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos ara nivTebze piris uSualod sakuTrebis ufleba, aramed is, rom ganmcxadebels gaaCnda sakuTrebis damadasturebeli dokumentebi, romlebic daikarga, xolo Canawerebi maregistrirebel organoSi garkveuli mizezebis gamo (xanZari, stiqiuri movlenebi, saomari mdgomareoba da a. S.) ganadgurda.135 sasamarTlo ar aniWebs pirs sakuTrebis uflebas nivTze. sasamarTlo mxolod adgens piris sakuTrebis uflebas nivTze, romelic mas miniWebuli hqonda Sesabamisi kompetenturi organoebis mier, magram aRar SeuZliaT daadasturon es, vinaidan Sesabamisi Canawerebi ganadgurebulia. _ gancxadeba sakuTrebis uflebiT nivTis flobis faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos SeuZlia miiRos gansaxilvelad mxolod 313-e muxliT dadgenili wesiT (ix. am muxlis komentari). v) ubeduri SemTxvevis faqtis dadgena. mxedvelobaSia warmoebaSi momxdari ubeduri SemTxveva, romlis Sesaxeb Sesabamis aqts adgens Sromis teqnikuri inspeqciebi, rac gaTvaliswinebulia `debulebiT 135

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetilebani 2001-2002. Tb. 2003, gv. 74

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warmoebaSi momxdar ubedur SemTxvevaTa gamoZiebisa da aRricxvis Sesaxeb~. damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos warmoebaSi momxdari ubeduri SemTxvevis faqti mxolod maSin, roca am faqtis dadgena sxva wesiT gamoricxulia an imis gamo, rom Tavis droze es ar ganxorcielda, xolo exla ukve dagvianebulia, an Tavis droze ubeduri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb Sesabamisi aqti Sedga, magram ama Tu im mizezis gamo igi daikarga (ganadgurda). gancxadebas ubeduri SemTxvevis faqtebis dadgenis Sesaxeb aucileblad unda daerTos sawarmos administraciis cnoba, sadac moxda ubeduri SemTxveva, imis Sesaxeb, rom am faqtis dadgena arasasamarTlo wesiT am etapze ukve SeuZlebelia. damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos mxolod ubeduri SemTxvevis faqti, rasac Sedegad moyva sawarmoo travma. rac Seexeba Sromisunarianobis dakargvis mizezs da xarisxs, invalidobis mizezsa da invalidobis jgufs_udavo warmoebis wesiT sasamarTlo ar adgens. am faqtebs adgens saeqimo SromiTi saeqsperto komisiebi. z) piris garkveul drosa da garkveul viTarebaSi gardacvalebis faqtis dadgena, roca mro-m uari Tqva registraciaze. gancxadebas piris garkveul drosa da garkveul viTarebaSi gardacvalebis faqtis dadgenis DSesaxeb, Tan unda erTvodes mmro_s cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom igi uars ambobs am faqtis registraciaze, agreTve mtkicebulebebi, romlebic utyuarad adastureben piris garkveul drosa da garkveul viTarebaSi gardacvalebis faqts. T) memkvidreobis miRebis faqtisa da memkvidreobis gaxsnis adgilis dadgena. damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, memkvidreobis miRebis faqtisa da memkvidreobis gaxsnis adgilis dadgenis Sesaxeb SeiZleba ganixilos sasamarTlom udavo warmoebis wesiT, Tu sanotaro organom uari uTxra ganmcxadebels memkvidreobis miRebis uflebis mowmobis gacemaze im motiviT, rom ganmcxadebels ar gaaCnia Sesabamisi dokumentebi, romlebic adastureben samkvidro qonebis faqtobriv mflobelobaSi miRebis faqts, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis qviTrebi, sabinao komunaluri momsaxurebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis qviTrebi, mezoblebis werilobiTi axsna-ganmartebebi da a. S. Tu aseTi dokumentebi warudgina ganmcxadebelma notariuss, magram man isini arasakmarisad CaTvala, maSin ganmcxadebels SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos saCivriT sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb. iuridiuli faqtebis am muxlSi mocemuli CamonaTvali araa amomwuravi, rac ar niSnavs imas, rom nebismieri faqti SeiZleba daadginos sasamarTlom udavo warmoebis wesiT. damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, udavo warmoebis wesiT ar SeiZleba dadgindes Sromis staJi, Sromisunarianobis dakargvis mizezi da xarisxi, invalidobis jgufi, SeiaraRebul nawilebSi namdvili samsaxuris gavla, frontze yofna an saomar moqmedebebSi monawileoba, Wrilobis miReba saomar moqmedebaSi monawileobis dros, moqalaqeTa asaki, umaRlesi saswavleblis damTavreba da sxva. iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb gancxadebis miReba gansaxilvelad dasaSvebia mxolod im pirobiT, Tu sxva gziT am faqtis 317

dadgena namdvilad SeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom Sesabamisi Canawerebi ganadgurebulia, xolo maTi aRdgena SeuZlebelia. I. iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis winapirobebi ssk 313-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo iuridiuli mniSvnelobis faqts daadgens mxolod am faqtis damadasturebeli sabuTis sxva wesiT miRebis an dakarguli sabuTebis aRdgenis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi. amave kodeqsis 315-e muxlis Tanaxmad gancxadeba iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb unda Seicavdes im mizanze naTlad da gasagebad miTiTebas, risTvisac Wirdeba ganmcxadebels iuridiuli faqtis dadgena. es kanonis umniSvnelovanesi danawesia, rac imas niSnavs, rom faqti marTla SeiZleba iyos iuridiuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom mas kanoni ukavSirebs garkveul iuridiul Sedegs, magram ra miznisaTvisac ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs faqtis dadgenas, am faqts aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs, an faqts, romlis dadgenas moiTxovs ganmcxadebeli, ar ukavSirdeba is Sedegi, romlis dadgomac surs ganmcxadebels.136 magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, raTa man daadginos, rom awgardacvlili d-oni aris misi RviZli Zma. am faqtis dadgena mas surs, imisaTvis, rom iyidos avtomanqana, romelic mis Zmas ekuTvnoda, memkvidreebisagan. sasamarTlom ar miiRo gancxadeba, radgan avtomanqanis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis gaformebisaTvis naTesaobas raime mniSvneloba ar aqvs. iuridiuli faqtis Sesaxeb gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos agreTve mtkicebulebebze, romlebic adastureben saTanado sabuTis miRebis an dakarguli sabuTis aRdgenis SeuZleblobas. amasTan erTad es mtkicebulebebi warmodgenili unda iyos sasamarTloSi gancxadebasTan erTad. _ Tu gancxadeba iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb ar pasuxobs am muxlis moTxovnebs, kerZod: 1) masSi araa miTiTebuli mizanze, risTvisac sWirdeba ganmcxadebels iuridiuli faqtis dadgena; b) masSi araa miTiTebuli mtkicebulebebze, romlebic adastureben faqtis damadasturebeli sabuTis sxva wesiT miRebis an dakarguli sabuTis aRdgenis SeuZleblobas; g) gancxadebas ar erTvis (araa warmodgenili gancxadebasTan erTad) es mtkicebulebebi, _ maSin sasamarTlom unda misces vada ganmcxadebels xarvezis Sesavsebad. Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, sasamarTlo gancxadebas umoZraod datovebs (ssk 185-e muxli). Tu gancxadebis xarvezi gamovlinda misi warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas am gancxadebis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb 311-e muxlis me-2 nawilis analogiiT. II. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba iuridiuli 136

erT-erT saqmeze saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didma palatam miuTiTa, rom gancxadebaSi im mizanze miTiTeba, risTvisac ganmcxadebels am faqtis dadgena Wirdeba, warmoadgens gancxadebis miRebis erT-erT aucilebel winapirobas. ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetilebani, 2001-2002, gv. 73

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faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb _ gadawyvetileba iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb unda pasuxobdes yvela moTxovnas, rasac sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba saerTod, maT Soris, gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos mtkicebulebebze, romelTa safuZvelze sasamarTlom gaakeTa daskvna faqtis arsebobaararsebobis Sesaxeb, agreTve faqtze, romelic sasamarTlom CaTvala dadgenilad. _ Tu sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba iseTi faqtis Sesaxeb, romelic registrirebuli unda iyos ama Tu im organoSi, maSin gadawyvetileba warmoadgens safuZvels aseTi registraciisaTvis da gaformebisaTvis. magaliTad, Tu gadawyvetilebiT dadgenilia qorwinebis, ganqorwinebis, gardacvalebis da a. S. registraciis faqti, mmro-m regisracia unda gaukeTos am faqts, radgan uSualod gadawyvetileba ver Secvlis gasacem dokuments. _ raxan iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gaxdes safuZveli Sesabamisi kompetenturi organoebis mier am gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtis registraciisaTvis da gaformebisaTvis, samotivacio nawilis CamoyalibebasTan erTad Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs am gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis Camoyalibebas, radgan faqtis registracia da Sesabamisi dokumentebis gaformeba swored gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis mixedviT unda moxdes. _ ssk-is XXXVI Tavi, romelic iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis dadgenas eZRvneba, ar iTvaliswinebs am faqtebis dadgenis Taobaze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobas, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom am gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba ar SeiZleba. udavo warmoebis wesiT saqmeebs sasamarTlo ganixilavs ssk-iT dadgenili wesebiT, im cvlilebebisa da damatebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic dadgenilia am TaviT (ssk 311-e muxlis pirveli naw.). aqedan gamomdinare, gadawyvetileba iuridiuli faqtis Taobaze SeiZleba gasaCivrdes zemdgom sasamarTloSi. _ kanonis moTxovna, rom gadawyvetilebis saapelacio da sakasacio wesiT gasaCivreba SeuZliaT mxolod mxareebsa da mesame pirebs damoukidebeli moTxovniT, ver gavrceldeba udavo warmoebis wesiT gamotanil gadawyvetilebebze iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb, radgan aseTi warmoebis dros aris mxolod ganmcxadebeli da ar arian mxareebi mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT, Tanamonawileebi (TanamosarCeleebi, Tanamopasuxeebi). aqedan gamomdinare, iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba SeuZlia yvela dainteresebul pirs, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom am faqtis dadgeniT Seilaxa maTi ufleba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, erT-erT Tavis ganCinebaSi sakasacio sasamarTlom miuTiTa: _ Tu iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb dainteresebulma pirebma gaiges sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg, maT ufleba aqvT gaasaCivron es gadawyvetileba saapelacio wesiT, moiTxovon misi gauqmeba da saqmis saerTo sasarCelo wesiT ganxilva, Tu es gadawyvetileba jer kidev ar aris Sesuli kanonier ZalaSi. 319

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gadawyvetileba Sesulia kanonier ZalaSi, dainteresebul pirebs, SeuZliaT mimarTon am gadawyvetilebis gamomtan sasamarTlos misi baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb.137 $3. moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiareba an moqalaqis gardacvlilad gamocxadeba 1. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 21-e muxlis Tanaxmad, daintresebuli piris gancxadebiT fizikuri piri SeiZleba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT aRiarebul iqnes ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad, Tu misi adgilsamyofeli ucnobia da ori wlis manZilze igi ar gamoCenila Tavis sacxovrebel adgilas. amave kodeqsis 22-e muxlis Tanaxmad, piri SeiZleba gamocxaddes gardacvlilad, Tu mis sacxovrebel adgilas xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ar moipoveba cnobebi am piris adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb, agreTve, Tu igi ugzo-ukvlod daikarga iseT garemoebebSi, romelic mas sikvdils uqadda, anda savaraudoa misi daRupva raime ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo da aseTi cnobebi eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi ar moipoveba. kidev ufro Sekvecili vadebia, roca piri ugzo-ukvlod daikarga saomar pirobebSi. gancxadeba piris ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebis an gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb SeuZliaT Seitanon dainteresebulma pirebma,¸magram Tu vin iTvleba dainteresebul pirebad kanonSi miTiTebuli araa. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 21-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, kanoniT memkvidreebi moipoveben uflebas ukvalod dakargulis qoneba marTon mindobili sakuTrebis saxiT, maT Soris, miiRon misgan sargebeli. am qonebidan miecema sarCo ugzo-ukvlod dakargulis rCenaze myof pirebs da daifareba valebi. piris gardacvlilad aRiarebis iuridiuli interesi SeiZleba hqondeT im pirebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT miiRon samkvidro qoneba memkvidreobiT (memkvidreebs). am pirebs, e. i. memkvidreebs SeuZliaT Seitanon gancxadeba rogorc piris ugzo-ukvlod dakargvis, ise misi gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom arc kanonismieri da arc anderZismieri memkvidreebi ar arseboben, aseT SemTxvevaSi qoneba (umkvidro qoneba) gadadis xazinaze, aqedan gamomdinare, piris gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb gancxadeba SeiZleba Seitanos sasamarTloSi xazinam. gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos mizanze, risTvisac ganmcxadebels Wirdeba moqalaqis dakargulad aRiareba an misi gardacvlilad gamocxadeba. mizani SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos, rogoricaa; qonebis mindobili sakuTrebiT marTva, ganqorwineba, qonebis memkvidreobiT miReba (memkvidreobis gaxsna), marCenalis sikvdilis gamo pensiis miReba da a. S. aRsaniSnavia, rom moqalaqis gamocxadeba gardacvlilad iwvevs igive iuridiul Sedegs, rasac moqalaqis gardacvaleba (samoq. kodeqsis 1122-e da 1319-e muxlebi). magram ugzo-ukvlod an gardacvlilad gamocxadebas 137

susg samoqalaqo saqmeebze, 2002 w. 13 ivnisi, saqme #3k/681-02.

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ar SeiZleba miznad hqondes sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis devnis Sewyveta. gancxadebaSi garda miznisa, miTiTebuli unda iyos iseT garemoebaze, romlebic adastureben ugzo-ukvlod dakargvas an gardacvalebas. magaliTad, samisamarTo biuroebis uaryofiTi pasuxebi, aseTive uaryofiTi cnobebi misi adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb samuSao Tu bolo an savaraudo adgilebidan da a. S. Tu gancxadeba moiTxovs moqalaqis gardacvlilad aRiarebas, maSin miTiTebuli unda iyos garemoebebze, romlebic sikvdiliT emuqreboda moqalaqes, magaliTad, saaviacio Tu avtokatastrofebi, miwisZvra, wyaldidoba da a. S. (samoq. kodeqsis 22-e muxli). moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad an gardacvlilad gamocxadeba iwvevs metad seriozul samarTlebriv Sedegebs. amitom, sasamarTlos varaudi piris ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad an gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Taobaze unda emyarebodes iseT garemoebebs, romlebic qmnian maRali xarisxis varauds am faqtebis Sesaxeb. moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebas ukavSirdeba mxolod erTi Sedegi: dakargulis qoneba mindobili sakuTrebis saxiT gadaecema samarTavad mis kanonier memkvidreebs. es imas niSnavs, rom, is, visac gadaeca dakargulis qoneba mindobili sakuTrebis saxiT, valdebulia daicvas samoqalaqo kodeqsis 725-729-e muxlebis moTxovna. gamonaklisia mxolod is, rom aseT pirTan mindobis xelSekrulebis dadeba aRaraa saWiro, radgan sakuTrebis mimndobis rolSi gvevlineba sasamarTlo Tavisi gadawyvetilebis ZaliT. cxadia, rom gadawyvetilebaSi naTlad da garkveviT unda iyos miTiTebuli, Tu ra qoneba da vis gadaeca igi samarTavad. gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba, e. i. am gadawyvetilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qonebis gadacema mindobil mesakuTreze, unda moaxdinos aRmsrulebelma. rac Seexeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas piris gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, aseTi gadawyvetileba warmoadgens safuZvels moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobis registraciis wignSi am piris gardacvalebis Sesaxeb Canaweris SetanisaTvis. amis Semdeg, am faqts ukavSirdeba yvela is Sedegi, rac piris gardacvalebas saerTod. 2. ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebuli an gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli moqalaqis gamoCenis an misi adgilsamyofelis aRmoCenis Sedegebi. moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad an gardacvlilad gamocxadeba yovelTvis efuZneba prezumfcias (varauds). amitom, es muxli uSvebs am varaudis gaqarwylebis SesaZleblobas. gaqarwyleba ki SeiZleba dakargulad an gardacvlilad gamocxadebulis gamoCeniT an misi adgilsamyofelis aRmoCeniT. es unda dadasturdes utyuarad sasamarTlos winaSe TviTon am piris gamocxadebiT, an oficialuri cnobiT misi adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos gancxadebiT SeiZleba mimarTos im pirma, visi gancxadebiTac piri gamocxadda dakargulad an gardacvlilad, sxva dainteresebulma pirma (317-e muxli) da cxadia, TviTon im pirma, romelic gamocxadebuli iyo dakargulad an gardacvlilad. 321

gancxadebis ganxilvis Semdeg sasamarTlos gamoaqvs axali gadawyvetileba (da ara ganCineba), romliTac auqmebs adre gamotanil gadawyvetilebas. es axali gadawyvetileba gadaecema mmros, romelic mis safuZvelze auqmebs registraciis wignSi am piris gardacvalebis Sesaxeb Canawers, rac Tavis mxriv, iwvevs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 23-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul Sedegebs. ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebuli piris mimarT gamotanili gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi, uqmdeba am piris qonebis mindobili sakuTrebis uflebiT sxva pirze samarTavad gadacema (samoq. kodeqsis me-20 muxlis me-2 nawili). $4. moqalaqis SezRudul qmedunarianad da qmeduunarod aRiareba I. safuZveli 1. SezRudul qmedunarianad iTvleba arasrulwlovani Svididan Tvramet wlamde, magram SezRuduli qmedunarianad iTvleba agreTve srulwlovani, romelic sasamarTlom aRiara aseTad. SezRudul qmedunarianad piris aRiarebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos SeiZleba mimarTon am piris ojaxis wevrebma an meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebma. es CamonaTvali aris amomwuravi da misi gafarToeba dauSvebelia. saqme isaa, rom piri, romelic eZaleba alkohols an narkotikul nivTierebas, mZime materialur mdgomareobaSi ayenebs Tavis ojaxs. amitom, pirvel rigSi, misi ojaxis wevrebi unda iyvnen dainteresebuli am piris SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebiT. meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebma, SeiZleba mimarTon sasamarTlos gancxadebiT or SemTxvevaSi: rodesac aseT pirs ar hyavs ojaxSi srulwlovani wevri an maT mimarTaven TxovniT ojaxis wevrebi, Seutanon sasamarTloSi gancxadeba piris SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebis Sesaxeb. 2. yoveli srulwlovani piri iTvleba qmedunarianad, sanam misi qmeduunaroba araa aRiarebuli sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT (samoq. kodeqsis me-12 muxli). garda ojaxis wevrebisa da meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebisa, suliT avadmyofobis an Wkuasustobis gamo moqalaqis qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb gancxadebiT sasamarTlos SeiZleba mimarTon fsiqiatriul-samkurnalo dawesebulebebma. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTloSi gancxadeba Seaqvs ara ojaxis wevrs, aramed meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos, an fsiqiatriul-samkurnalo dawesebulebas, saqmis ganxilvaSi Cabmuli unda iqnes ojaxis srulwlovani wevrebi. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gancxadeba piris qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb Seaqvs arauflebamosil pirs (organos), sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos aseTi gancxadeba, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRo, datovos igi ganuxilvelad (ssk 275-e muxlis `b~ punqti).

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piris SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebisaTvis aucilebelia dadasturdes ara marto is, rom igi borotad iyenebs alkohols an narkotikul nivTierebas, aramed isic, rom amis gamo igi Tavis ojaxs mZime materialur mdgomareobaSi ayenebs (ssk 323-e muxlis pirveli naw.,). amitom, gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos ara marto iseT garemoebebze, romlebic adastureben aRniSnul garemoebebs, aramed gancxadebas Tan unda erTvodes mtkicebulebebic am garemoebaTa dasadastureblad (cnobebi samedicino dawesebulebebidan, saeqimo daskvnebi, mkurnalobis Sesaxeb cnobebi da a. S.). Tu gancxadeba ar Seicavs miTiTebas am garemoebebze an Tu mas ar erTvis Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi, sasamarTlom unda dauniSnos ganmcxadebels vada xarvezis Sesavsebad. Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, igi gamoitans ganCinebas gancxadebis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 185-e muxli). gancxadeba moqalaqis qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb unda Seicavdes miTiTebas garemoebebze, romlebic adastureben fsiqikur moSlilobas , ris gamoc mas ar SeuZlia Seignos Tavisi moqmedebis mniSvneloba da ganagos igi. gancxadebas unda erTvodes mtkicebulebebi, romlebic adastureben piris fsiqikur moSlilobas (amonaweri misi avadmyofobis istoriidan, cnobebi mis fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobis Sesaxeb, mowmeTa Cvenebebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT daadasturon piris iseTi saqcieli, romelic ar axasiaTebs jansaR adamians da a. S.). Tu gancxadeba ar pasuxobs am moTxovnebs, an mas Tan ar erTvis Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi, sasamarTlo dauniSnavs vadas ganmcxadebels, Seavsos xarvezi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi datovebs am gancxadebas umoZraod (ssk 185-e muxli) fsiqiatriuli eqspertizis daniSvna savaldebuloa im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlo ixilavs gancxadebas piris qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb. piris SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebis dros, sasamarTlos SeuZlia daniSnos fsiqiatriuli eqspertiza, Tu es mas miaCnia mizanSewonilad. eqspertizis daniSvnis dros sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobs ssk 162-176-e muxlebiT, agreTve ssk 203-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `T~ punqtiT. eqspertizis winaSe SeiZleba daisvas iseTi sakiTxi, romelic moiTxovs specialur codnas, kerZod, aris Tu ara piri fsiqikurad daavadebuli. magram am sakiTxis garkveva ar kmara. fsiqikuri moSliloba jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom pirs ar Seswevs unari sworad imoqmedos da angariSi gauwios Tavis moqmedebas. amitom, eqspertis winaSe unda daisvas agreTve sakiTxi: a) aqvs Tu ara pirs unari Seignos Tavisi moqmedebis mniSvneloba (inteleqtualuri niSani); b) ixelmZRvanelos (ganagos) miTi (nebelobiTi niSani). am monacemebis safuZvelze daskvnas piris qmeduunarobis, rogorc iuridiuli cnebis, Sesaxeb akeTebs sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi. fsiqiatriul eqspertizaze piris iZulebiTi gagzavna dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es piri Tavs aridebs nebayoflobiT 323

Semowmebas. ganCineba amis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs fsiqiatrisa da policiis TanamSromelTa monawileobiT. II. saqmis ganxilvaSi monawile pirebi 1. piris SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebas win unda uswrebdes saqmis momzadeba. am mizniT, SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebul pirs unda gaegzavnos gancxadebisa da masze darTuli dokumentebis aslebi, gamoTxovil iqnes misgan werilobiTi mosazrebebi, gaegzavnos Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT saqmis mTavar sxdomaze misi SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebis Sesaxeb saqmis ganxilvisa da misi savaldebulo monawileobis Sesaxeb. Tu es piri ar gamocxaddeba sasamarTlo sxdomaze, sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos gadawyvetileba saqmis masalebis mixedviT (da ara dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba). policiis meSveobiT am piris gamocxadebis uzrunvelyofa dauSvebelia. saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobis misaRebad mizanSewonilia mowveul iqnes (sasamarTlos iniciativiT) SezRudul qmeunarianad aRiarebuli piris ojaxis srulwlovani wevrebi. SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebul pirs eniSneba mzrunveli (ssk 326-e muxli). amitom, maTi monawileoba saqmis ganxilvaSi savaldebuloa, ris Sesaxebac unda ecnobos am organoebs kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. Tu, miuxedavad amisa, am organos warmomadgeneli ar gamocxaddeba daniSnul dRes sxdomaze, sasamarTlom unda gadados saqmis ganxilva da ganmeorebiT Seatyobinos mas da mis zemdgom organos, rom maTi monawileoba savaldebuloa. 2. qmeduunarod aRiarebul moqalaqes eniSneba meurve. amitom, am saqmis ganxilvisas aseve savaldebuloa meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos warmomadgenlis monawileoba, ris Sesaxebac droulad unda ecnobos am organos. Tu, miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxaddeba aRniSnuli organos warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlom unda gadados saqmis ganxilva da Seatyobinos amis Sesaxeb am organos da mis zemdgom organos, romlis zemoqmedebiTac unda moxdes aRniSnuli organos warmomadgenlis saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobis uzrunvelyofa. ganmeorebiT gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom unda ganixilos saqme policiis meSveobiT meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos warmomadgenlis procesSi monawileobis uzrunvelyofa mizanSeuwonelia. piri, romelmac Seitana gancxadeba (ganmcxadebeli) piris SezRudul qmedunarianad an qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb, ganTavisuflebulia rogorc saxelmwifo baJis, ise saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli sxva xarjebisagan. III. meurvisa da mzrunvelis daniSvna

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1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi, romliTac piri aRiarebulia SezRudul qmedunarianad, miTiTebuli unda iyos, rom am pirs daeniSnos mzrunveli. mzrunvels niSnavs ara uSualod sasamarTlo, aramed meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organo (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1281-e muxlis pirveli nawili). kerZod, socialuri uzrunvelyofis adgilobrivi organo (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1278-e muxli). 2. qmeduunarod sasamarTlos mier aRiarebul pirs eniSneba meurve. gadawyvetilebis gamomtani sasamarTlo valdebulia am gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan araugvianes sami dRisa acnobos amis Sesaxeb meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos im piris sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, romelic saWiroebs meurves. meurvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb miTiTebuli unda iyos sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi, magram meurves niSnavs ara uSualod sasamarTlo, aramed meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organo (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1280-e muxli). meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebad gvevlineba, sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod aRiarebuli pirisaTvis - janmrTelobis dacvis adgilobrivi organo (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1278-e muxli). IV. SezRuduli qmedunarianobis gauqmeba da moqalaqis qmedunarianad aRiareba 1. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-14 muxlis me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos, TviT moqalaqis, misi mzrunvelis, ojaxis wevris gancxadebiT, gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba moqalaqis SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. 2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-12 muxlis me-6 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos meurvis, fsiqiatriulsamkurnalo dawesebulebis, ojaxis wevris gancxadebiT, sasamarTlofsiqaitriuli eqspertizis daskvnis safuZvelze, gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba gamojanmrTelebuli piris qmedunarianad aRiarebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze uqmdeba aRniSnul pirze dawesebuli meurveoba. gancxadebas SezRuduli qmedunarianobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb Tan unda erTvodes mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom moqalaqe, romelic aRiarebuli iyo SezRudul qmedunarianad, ukve ganikurna. mtkicebulebebad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos cnobebi Sesabamisi samkurnalo dawesebulebebidan, mowmeTa Cvenebebi, ojaxis wevrTa axsnaganmartebebi da sxva. piris qmedunarianad aRiarebisaTvis aucilebelia sasamarTlo fsiqiatriuli eqspertizis daskvna. _ orive SemTxvevaSi, e.i. roca sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba moqalaqis SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, an moqalaqis qmedunarianad aRiarebis Sesaxeb, ar xdeba adre gamotanili gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba, aramed xdeba saqmis ganaxleba. gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos, rom uqmdeba moqalaqis SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiareba da masze mzrunveloba, an uqmdeba moqalaqis qmeduunanarod aRiareba da masze meurveobis daweseba. 325

$5. dakargul an ganadgurebul sawarmomadgenlo fasian qaRaldsa da saordero fasian qaRaldze uflebis aRdgena (gamowveviTi warmoeba) 1. gancxadebis Setana. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 918-e muxli iTvaliswinebs fasiani qaRaldis gamocxadebas Zaladakargulad. amis Sesabamisad, es muxli gansazRvravs sawarmdgenlo fasiani qaRaldis (samoq. kodeqsis 911-e muxli) da saordero fasiani qaRaldis (samoq. kodeqsis 926-e muxli) dakargvis an ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi maTi baTilad cnobas, Zaladakargulad gamocxadebas da maTze uflebis aRdgenas,138 rac ganixileba udavo warmoebis wesiT (ssk 311-e muxli). fasiani qaRaldis gamomSvebi (emitenti) valdebulia ganmcxadebels miawodos cnobebi, romlebic aucilebelia sasamarTlosaTvis am gancxadebis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT (samoq. kodeqsis 918-e muxlis me2 nawili). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac fasiani qaRaldis gamomSvebi (emitenti) ar asrulebs am movaleobas da ar awodebs saWiro cnobebs ganmcxadebels, maSin mas SeuZlia ssk 103-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad iSuamdgomlos sasamarTlos winaSe, raTa man gamoiTxovos es cnobebi. fasiani qaRaldebi sxvadasxva saxisaa. sasamarTlos wesiT uflebis aRdgena dasaSvebia mxolod sawarmdgenlo da saordero fasian qaRaldze. sawarmdgenlo fasiani qaRaldi iseTi dokumentia, romelSic araa miTiTebuli is konkretuli piri, romelsac gaaCnia moTxovnis ufleba. amitom, aseTi ufleba warmoeSoba nebismier pirs, vinc warmoadgens fasian qaRalds. rac Seexeba saordero fasian qaRalds, igi gamoiwereba gansazRvrul pirze, magram imis miTiTebiT, rom qaRaldSi gamoxatuli moTxovnis ufleba aqvs ara marto mis pirvel mflobels, aramed garkveuli pirobebis dacviT, nebismier sxva pirs.139 rac Seexeba fasiani qaRaldebis iseT saxeobas, rogoricaa piradi fasiani qaRaldi, igi gansazRvruli piris saxelze Sedgenili dokumentia da mxolod am pirs aqvs moTxovnis ufleba. es imas niSnavs, rom sxvisTvis aseTi uflebis gadacema, an qaRaldSi gamoxatuli moTxovnis miReba praqtikulad gamoricxulia. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos samoq. kodeqsis 928-e muxlis me-3 nawili iTvaliswinebs, rom Tu piradi fasiani qaRaldi `dakarguli an ganadgurebulia, maSin igi gansakuTrebuli (udavo) warmoebis gziT Zaladakargulad gamocxaddeba, Tu ki sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. es wesi ar moqmedebs mcire Rirebulebis mqone dokumentebs dakargvisas~. samoqalaqo kodeqsis am danawesidan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsisi XXXIX Tavi saWiroebs garkveul dazustebas, magram sanam aseTi dazusteba moxdebodes, sasamarTloebma unda miiRon

138 139

ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, t. II, Tb., 2001, gv. 250-270. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, t. II, Tb., 2001, gv. 252.

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gansaxilvelad udavo warmoebis wesiT piradi fasiani qaRaldis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis (baTilad cnobis) Sesaxeb gancxadeba. garda yvela im savaldebulo monacemebisa, romlebsac unda Seicavdes sasamarTloSi warsadgeni gancxadeba, am gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos: a) dakarguli (ganadgurebuli) sabuTis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi (sabuTis nomeri, misi gacemis TariRi, Tanxis odenoba da a. S.); b) sabuTis gamcemi dawesebulebis zusti saxelwodeba da misamarTi; g) garemoebebi, romelTa gamo, an romelTa arsebobis pirobebSi moxda sabuTis dakargva Tu ganadgureba; d) ganmcxadeblis moTxovna sabuTis Zaladakargulad (baTilad) gamocxadebis da masze uflebis aRdgenis, agreTve am sabuTiT yovelgvari gadaxdisa da gacemis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. ganmcxadebelma ar icis vis xelSia dakarguli fasiani qaRaldi. es rom icodes, mas SeeZlo Semoetana ara gancxadeba, aramed sarCeli. amitom, mas ar moeTxoveba miuTiTos dakarguli sabuTis xelTmqonis misamarTi. ganmcxadebelma unda daurTos Tavis gancxadebas Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi, xolo fasiani qaRaldis gamcemi, Tavis mxriv, valdebulia miawodos mas yvela is sabuTi, rac saWiro iqneba sasamarTlosaTvis (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 918-e muxlis me-2 nawili). xSirad, fasiani qaRaldis gamcemi dawesebulebebi ar iZlevian aseT cnobebs sasamarTlos mimarTvis gareSe. es unda gaiTvaliswinon sasamarTloebma gancxadebis miRebis dros. amasTan erTad, Tu gancxadebas aqvs iseTi xarvezi, romlis Sevsebac ganmcxadebels SeuZlia, sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos ganCineba da daniSnos vada am xarvezis Sesavsebad. Tu ganmcxadebeli ar Seavsebs xarvezs am vadaSi, sasamarTlo mas umoZraod datovebs (ssk 185-e muxli). gancxadebis warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg sasamarTlo amzadebs saqmes gansaxilvelad, risTvisac is asrulebs yvela saWiro saproceso moqmedebas. pirveli, rac unda gaakeTos sasamarTlom gancxadebis miRebisTanave _ esaa ganCinebis miReba sabuTis gamcemi pirisaTvis am sabuTiT yovelgvari gadaxdisa da gacemis warmoebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. am ganCinebis ase swrafad miRebis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli gadaxdisa da gacemis aramarTlzomierad warmoebis SesaZlebloba. sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari uTxras ganmcxadebels gadaxdisa da gacemis warmoebis akrZalvaze, magram ganmcxadebels SeuZlia am ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setana (ssk 414-420-e muxlebi). 2. publikaciis ganxorcieleba. publikacia savaldebuloa da unda Seicavdes yvela im monacems, romlebic kanoniTaa gansazRvruli. kerZod, publikacia unda Seicavdes: a) im sasamarTlos dasaxelebas, romelSic Setanilia gancxadeba sabuTis dakargvis Sesaxeb; b) ganmcxadeblis dasaxelebasa da mis sacxovrebel adgils; g) sabuTis dasaxelebasa da ganmasxvavebel niSnebs; 327

d) winadadebas im sabuTis xelTmqonis mimarT, romlis dakargvis Sesaxebac Setanilia gancxadeba, rom man publikaciis dRidan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi Seitanos gancxadeba sasamarTloSi am sabuTze Tavisi uflebis Sesaxeb (ssk 331-e muxli). publikaciis savaldebuloba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sasamarTlo ver ganixilavs gancxadebas da ver gamoitans gadawyvetilebas, sanam ar gava sami Tve publikaciidan. am sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi, sabuTis xelTmqonem unda ganacxados publikaciaSi miTiTebul sabuTze Tavisi uflebis Sesaxeb. Tu am vadaSi aseTi gancxadeba Semova, saqme SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes saerTo sasarCelo wesiT (ssk 333-e muxli). 3. saqmis daniSvna gansaxilvelad. saqmes dakarguli sabuTebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo ganixilavs publikaciis dRidan 3 Tvis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, Tu sabuTis xelTmqonisagan ar Semovida 332-e muxlSi miTiTebuli gancxadeba. samTviani vadis gamoTvla iwyeba ara im dRidan, roca sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba publikaciis Sesaxeb, aramed publikaciis dRidan. publikaciis dRed iTvleba im gazeTis gamoSvebis dRe (ricxvi), romelSiac es publikaciaa moTavsebuli. publikaciidan samTviani vadis gasvla aris gancxadebis ganxilvis dasaSvebobis piroba. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu sabuTis xelTmqonis mier gancxadeba Semovida mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom daniSna saqmis ganxilva, an am saqmis ganxilvamde da gadawyvetamde, sasamarTlom, miuxedavad amisa, mainc ganuxilvelad unda datovos gancxadeba da urCios ganmcxadebels aRZras sarCeli saerTo wesiT (ssk 333-e muxli). publikaciis dRidan sami Tvis vadis gasvlis Semdeg sabuTis xelTmqonisagan gancxadebis Semoutanloba warmoSobs varauds (prezumfcias), rom dakarguli sabuTi marTlac ekuTvnis ganmcxadebels. am varaudis gasaqarwyleblad sasamarTlom mizanSewonilia gamouZaxos sasamarTlo sxdomaze da mousminos sabuTis gamcemi dawesebulebis warmomadgenels, rac SeiZleba gulmodgimed Seamowmos saqmeSi arsebuli masalebi, TviTon ganmcxadeblis axsna-ganmarteba. _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo daakmayofilebs gancxadebas, e. i. gamoacxadebs sabuTs Zaladakargulad (baTilad), igi gamoitans amis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, romelic kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg warmoadgens axali sabuTis (axali sawarmdgenlo, saordero Tu piradi fasiani qaRaldis) gacemis safuZvels. $6. qonebis upatronod cnoba 1. gancxadeba qonebis upatronod cnobis Sesaxeb sasamarTloSi Seaqvs im pirs, romelic daeufla qonebas fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli adgilis an iuridiuli piris adgilsamyofelis mixedviT (ssk 337-e muxli). mxedvelobaSia mxolod moZravi nivTebis upatronod cnoba, radgan mitovebul (`upatrono~) uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas iZens mxolod saxelmwifo. 328

gancxadeba qonebis upatronod cnobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Seitanos im pirma, romelic daeufla qonebas, anu romelic faqtiurad flobs upatrono qonebas. qonebas SeiZleba daeuflos da, Sesabamisad, gancxadebiT SeiZleba mimarTos sasamarTlos rogorc fizikurma, ise iuridiulma pirma. gancxadeba Setanili unda iqnes ganmcxadeblis sacxovrebeli adgilis miexdviT, xolo Tu ganmcxadebeli iuridiuli piria _ misi adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. gancxadebis Sinaarsi bevradaa ganpirobebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis 190-e muxlis danawesiT. am muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu piri mflobelobaSi iRebs upatrono moZrav nivTs, igi iZens sakuTrebas nivTze, Tu misi miTviseba araa akrZaluli kanoniT (magaliTad, narkotikuli nivTiereba, iaraRi da a. S.). moZravi nivTi upatronod iTvleba, Tu uwindeli mesakuTre sakuTrebaze uaris Tqmis mizniT nivTis mflobelobas miatovebs. aqedan gamomdinare, gancxadebaSi sxva monacemebTan erTad miTiTebuli unda iyos: a) qonebis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi: b) mtkicebulebebi, romlebic adastureben mesakuTris mier qonebis mitovebas, am qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebis SenarCunebis ganzraxvis gareSe (magaliTad, satransporto saSualebis, sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis quCaSi an mindvrad mitoveba); g) mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom am qonebis (nivTis) miTviseba araa akrZaluli kanoniT (ssk 338-e muxli).. mtkicebulebebi, romlebzec miTiTebulia gancxadebaSi, Tan unda erTvodes am gancxadebas. Tu gancxadebas aqvs xarvezi, sasamarTlom unda misces ganmcxadebels vada misi SevsebisaTvis. Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, sasamarTlom gancxadeba umoZraod unda datovos (185-e muxli). gancxadebis miRebis Semdeg sasamarTlo adgilobriv gazeTSi aqveynebs cnobas, romelic unda Seicavdes: a) im sasamarTlos dasaxelebas, romelmac unda miiRos gadawyvetileba qonebis upatronod gamocxadebis Sesaxeb; b) ganmcxadeblis vinaobas; g) im qonebis aRweras, romelic upatronod unda gamocxaddes: d) moTxovnas im pirTa mimarT, romelTac SeiZleba hqondeT pretenzia qonebaze, romelic upatronod unda gamocxaddes, raTa maT ganacxadon sasamarTloSi TavianTi uflebebis Sesaxeb 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi dRidan publikaciisa. publikacia savaldebuloa, gancxadebis ganxilva da gadawyvetilebis miReba dasaSvebia mxolod publikaciidan sami Tvis gasvlis Semdeg. samTviani vadis gamoTvla iwyeba publikaciis gazeTSi gamoqveynebis dRidan. publikacia SeiZleba adgilobriv gazeTSi _ gamoqveyndes. publikacia unda Seicavdes moTxovnas im pirTa mimarT, romelTac SeiZleba hqondeT pretenzia qonebaze, romelic upatronod unda 329

gamocxaddes, raTa maT ganacxadon sasamarTloSi TavianTi uflebis Sesaxeb sami Tvis vadaSi dRidan publikaciisa. ori mTavari da ZiriTadi garemoeba unda daadginos sasamarTlom imisaTvis, rom gamoitanos gadawyvetileba: erTi _ qonebas ar yavs mesakuTre, e. i. ver dadginda, vinaa mesakuTre; meore _ qoneba mitovebulia mesakuTris mier im ganzraxvis gareSe, rom SeinarCunos am qonebaze sakuTrebis ufleba, e. i. uwindelma mesakuTrem miatova nivTze mflobeloba sakuTrebaze uaris Tqmis mizniT.140 (ssk 341-e muxli). erT-erTi garemoebis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas moZravi qonebis upatronod cnobisa da misi ganmcxadeblis (e. i. im piris, romelic daeufla qonebas) sakuTrebaSi gadacemis Sesaxeb. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arcerTi zemoT miTiTebuli garemoeba ar dadasturdeba, sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas gancxadebis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, anu qonebis upatronod cnobaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb. $7. Svilad ayvana 1. administraciuli wesiT Svilad ayvanis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas daSvebulma uxeSma Secdomebma ganapirobes am uaRresad mniSvnelovani sakiTxis sasamarTlo wesiT gadawyvetis aucilebloba. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1242-e muxlis Tanaxmad, amieridan Svilad ayvanis sakiTxs ganixilavs sasamarTlo, riTac mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda rogorc Svilad asayvanis, ise mSvileblis interesebis dacvis garantiebi. ssk 349-e muxli gansazRvravs alternatiul gansjadobas: gancxadeba SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sasamarTloSi rogorc mSvileblis, ise Svilad asayvanis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. arCevanis ufleba aqvs ganmcxadebels. gancxadeba Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb SeiZleba sasamarTloSi Seitanos nebismierma srulwlovanma da qmedunarianma pirma, garda im pirebisa: a) romelsac CamorTmeuli aqvs mSoblis ufleba; b) adre hyavda naSvilebi, magram Svileba gauqmda mis mier mSvileblis movaleobis arajerovnad Sesrulebis gamo; g) romelsac avadmyofobis, moraluri an sxva piradi Tvisebis gamo ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos mSoblis uflebebi (samoq. kodeqsis 1245-e muxli). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac bavSvi Svilad ayavs ara orive, aramed erT-erT meuRles, saWiroa meore meuRlis Tanxmoba. 2. gancxadebaSi Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb miTiTebuli unda iyos monacemebi Svilad asayvanisa da mSvileblis (mSvileblebis) Sesaxeb, agreTve garemoebebi, romlebic adastureben, rom Svileba xdeba bavSvis keTildReobisa da interesebisaTvis. gancxadebas Tan unda erTodes:

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saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meore, Tb., 1999, gv. 125.

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a) meuRlis Tanxmoba, roca bavSvi Svilad hayavs erT-erT meuRles; b) gasaSvilebeli bavSvis mSoblebis Tanxmoba; g) meurvis (mzrunvelis) Tanxmoba im bavSvis Svilad ayvanaze, romelic meurveobaSia, Tu mas mSoblebi ara hyavs; sasamarTlos, ganmcxadeblis TxovniT an Tavisi iniciativiT, SeuZlia gamoiTxovos saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone mtkicebulebebi, agreTve ganixilos saqme daxurul sasamarTlo sxdomaze. (ssk 350-e muxli). Svilad ayvana dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is Seesabameba bavSvis keTildReobasa da interesebs da mosalodnelia, rom mSvilebelsa da naSvilebs Soris warmoiSoba iseTive urTierToba, rogoric mSobelsa da naSvilebs Soris.141 aqedan gamomdinare, ssk 350-e muxlis pirveli nawili moiTxovs, rom gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli iyos mSvileblisa da Svilad asayvanis Sesaxeb monacemebi, kerZod, mSvileblis (mSvileblebis) daxasiaTeba misi samuSao adgilidan, agreTve masTan erT saxlSi mcxovrebi pirebisagan, romlebic Seicaven cnobebs Svilad amyvanis moralur-zneobrivi da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebis mosazreba mis Sesaxeb, rac am organoebis daskvnaSi iqneba Camoyalibebuli da a.S. gancxadebis warmoebaSi miRebis erT-erTi winapiroba im sabuTebis warmodgenaa sasamarTloSi, romlebic rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli Tan unda erTvodes gancxadebas. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1242-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gamoitanos sasamarTlom mxolod meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos daskvnis miRebis Semdeg. es daskvna SeiZleba Seicavdes mSvileblis daxasiaTebasac, agreTve garemoebebs, romlebic adastureben, rom Svileba xdeba bavSvis interesebisaTvis. amave daskvnaSi unda iyos am organoebis Tanxmoba gaSvilebaze, rac saWiroa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gasaSvilebeli meurveobaSia da mas ar yavs mSoblebi. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom mSoblebs SeuZliaT gaSvilebaze Tanxmoba ganacxadon mSvileblis (konkretuli piris) miuTiTeblad. mSvileblis SerCeva maT SeuZliaT miandon meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos (samoq. kodeqsis 1251-e muxli). udavo warmoebis wesiT saqmeTa ganxilvisas Zlier SezRudulia SejibrebiTobis principis moqmedeba, radgan aq ar gvyavs urTierTdapirispirebuli, modave mxareebi. amitom, aq ar gvaqvs WeSmaritebis dadgenis is garantiebi, romlebic aris sasarCelo warmoebis dros. am xarvezis Sevseba xdeba sasamarTlos aqtiuri roliT, romelsac SeuZlia ara marto ganmcxadeblis TxovniT, aramed Tavisi iniciativiT gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi, gamoitanos ganCineba saqmis daxurul sxdomaze ganxilvis Sesaxeb, Tu es misi azriT ufro mizanSewonilia. 3. garda samoqalaqo saproceso da samoqalaqo materialuri kodeqsebisa, Svilad ayvanis calkeul sakiTxebs awesrigeben saqarTvelos 141

ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mexuTe, Tb., 2000, gv. 247.

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kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ (muxlebi 14, 52-53-e), agreTve kanoni „Svilad ayvanis wesis Sesaxeb“ (1997 wlis 17 otomberi). am kanonis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad „Tu saqarTveloSi ar moiZebneba mSvilebeli, bavSvis sxva saxelmwifoSi gaSvilebis sakiTxi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc bavSvis movlis alternatuli saSualeba. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi bavSvis sxva saxelmwifoSi gaSvileba SeiZleba mxolod mSoblebis mzrunvelobis gareSe darCenili bavSvis sainofrmacio bankSi aRricxvaze ayvanidan eqvsi Tvis Semdeg da, Tu arsebobs saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis mier misi Svilad ayvanis SeuZleblobis damadasturebeli sakmarisi dokumentacia. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqis mier saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi bavSvis Svilad ayvanis SemTxvevaSi daskvnas amzadebs saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministro, romelic unda waredginos sasamarTlos. daskvnis momzadebaSi unda monawileobdnen pedagogi, pediatri, bavSvTa fsiqiatri, fsiqologi da iuristi. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic, rom „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ kanonis 52-e muxlis Tanaxmad „Svilad ayvana wesrigdeba im qveynis samarTliT, romelsac ganekuTvneba mSvilebeli Svilad ayvanis dros“. rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb amkvvidrebs mniSvnelovan sakolizio princips, romelic mTlianad Seesabameba Svilad ayvanis Taobaze arsebul saerTaSoriso konvenciebs.

nakveTi mexuTe sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivreba Tavi XXI a p e l a c i a $1. apelaciis arsisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. saapelacio sasamarTlos qarTuli modeli 332

saapelacio sasamarTlos sasargeblod da mis dadebiT mxareebze gamoTqmulia mravali mosazreba, romelTa Soris yvelaze arsebiTia Semdegi: 1. saapelacio sasamarTloebis arsebobiT Zlierdeba pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebis pasuxismgebloba, radgan maTi gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba Seamowmos saapelacio sasamarTlom rogorc faqtobrivad, ise iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT; 2. apelacia gacilebiT ufro miukerZoebelia vidre pirveli instancia, radgan igi naklebad ganicdis adgilobrivi xelisuflebis zegavlenas; 3. saapelacio sasamarTlo dakompleqtebulia ufro maRalkvalificiuri mosamarTleebiT, romlebic ixilaven saqmes aranakleb sami profesiuli mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT; 4. saapelacio sasamarTlos arseboba qmnis rwmenas, rom pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier daSvebuli Secdoma namdvilad gamosworebuli iqneba da miRebuli iqneba samarTliani gadawyvetileba. marTlac, rac ar unda kargad iyvnen momzadebuli pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebi, ra keTilsindisierebiTa da yuradRebiT ar unda moekidon isini TavianTi movaleobis Sesrulebas, mainc ar arsebobs imis sruli garantia, rom Tavidan iqneba acilebuli Secdomebi, rogorc saqmis faqtiuri garemoebebis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT, ise am faqtebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebis drosac. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ iTvaliswinebs raionuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobas. apelacia, rogorc sasamarTlo sistemis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi rgoli, rogorc meore instanciis sasamarTlo, TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi arsebobs, maT bevri aqvT saerTo magram maT Soris arsebobs agreTve mniSvnelovani gansxvavebac. am gansxvavebebma ganapirobes apelaciis or jgufad, or saxed dayofis mizanSewoniloba rogoricaa sruli (SeuzRudavi) apelacia da arasruli (SezRuduli) apelacia. sruli an SeuzRudavi apelacia - es iseTi apelaciaa, romlis mixedviT SeiZleba Semowmdes aramarto saqmeSi arsebuli masalebi, faqtebi, mtkicebulebebi, aramarto gadawyvetilebis kanoniereba da saqmis warmoebis Sesabamisoba im samarTlebriv normebTan, romlebic gansazvraven samarTalwarmoebis wesebs, aramed mxareTa mier axlad warmodgenil faqtobrivi garemoebebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic saerTod ar iyo warmodgenili pirvel instanciaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT sruli apelaciis dros saapelacio sasamarTlo xelmeored ixilavs saqmes da, rogorc wesi, arasdros ar abrunebs saqmes xelaxla gansaxilvelad pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi. mas TviTon gamoaqvs axali gadawyvetileba, Tu, cxadia, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba faqtobrivad an iuridiulad dausabuTebelia da gasauqmebelia. sxva Sinaarsisaa meore saxis apelacia, romelsac arasrul (SezRudul) apelacias uwodeben. arasruli apelaciis dros saapelacio saCivris dasabuTebulobis Semowmeba xdeba im faqtobrivi garemoebebis mixedviT da im mtkicebulebebiT, romlebic wardgenili iyo pirveli instanciis 333

sasamarTloSi da romlebic Semowmda da Sefasda am pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier. rac Seexeba axal faqtebs da mtkicebulebebs, isini SeiZleba wardgenil iqnan saapelacio sasamarTloSi mxolod garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas da mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi. apelaciis TiToeul saxes aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. magaliTad, sruli (SeuzRudavi) apelaciis dros mxareebi mTel Tavis imedebs amyareben saapelacio sasamarTloze. amitom, xSirad, garkveuli taqtikuri, Tu sxva mosazrebebiT ar miuTiTeben gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovan faqtebze, ar warudgenen pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos yvela maT xelT arsebul mtkicebulebebs da a.S. yvela am faqtisa Tu mtkicebulebis wardgena sariskocaa im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini SeiZleba uaryos pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom rogorc arasarwmuno an rogorc samarTlebrivad umniSvnelo da sxv. amitom, umjobesia, gacilebiT ufro nakleb sariskoa da ufro efeqtiani SeiZleba aRmoCndes maTi Semonaxva da Semdgom wardgena meore instanciis sasamarTloSi. sruli apelacia uaryofiT zemoqmedebas axdens agreTve pirveli instanciis sasamarTlozec, romelmac ar icis ras moimoqmedeben mxareebi apelaciaSi, romel axal faqtebsa da mtkicebulebebs warudgenen isini am sasamarTlos da ra bedi eweva mis mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebas. SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom sruli apelacia marTalia uzrunvelyofs mxareTa aqtiurobas apelaciaSi - saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis dros, magram ver uzrunvelyofs amas pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis dros. aseT viTarebas, sabolao angariSSi, mivyevarT rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos funqciisa da prestiJis Sesustebamde, ise saqmis sabolaod gadawyvetis uzomod gaWianurebamde. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sruli (SeuzRudavi) apelacia esaa pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos ganmeoreba da ara gagrZeleba. rac Seexeba arasrul (SezRudul) apelacias, es iseTi apelaciaa, romlis dros axali faqtebisa da axali mtkicebulebebis wardgena saapelacio samarTalwarmoebaSi dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas (magaliTad, Tu arsebobs sapatio mizezi, ris gamoc maTi wardgena pirvel instanciaSi ver ganxorcielda). arasrul apelacias aqvs mTeli rigi upiratesobebisa, romelTa Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba qvemoT142. aq SemovifarglebiT mxolod imis aRniSvniT, rom jer kidev gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi apelaciis sxvadasxva modelebis (saxeebis) Seswavlisa da ganxilvis Sedegad upiratesoba mivaniWeT arasrul apelacias, rac naTlad da sakmao sisruliT aisaxa saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi. iseT pirobebSi, rodesac saqarTveloSi, arc adre da arc exla, yvela ar iwonebda da arc exla iwonebs amJamad ukve saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT damkvidrebul arasrul apelacias, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs evropis mosamarTleTa sakonsultacio sabWos exlaxan SemuSavebuli daskvnis 99-e punqti, romlis Tanaxmad:

142

ix. gv. 402-405

334

`zogierTi qveynis wesebi da kultura, romelTa safuZvelzec regulirdeba sasamarTlo procesis warmoeba, uflebas aZlevs mxareebs Seitanon Sesworebebi da damatebebi saqmeSi an samxilSi TiTqmis SeuzRudavad - apelaciis stadiazec ki. evropis mosamarTleTa sakonsultacio sabWos azriT, aseTi meTodi ar aris misaRebi da movida dro, roca amgvari wesebi unda gadafasdes da Seicvalos. mxareebi uflebamosili arian maTi pretenziisa Tu dacvis `samarTlian sasamarTlo mosmenaze, romelic unda dasruldes misaReb vadaSi~ da ara ganusazRvrel SesaZleblobebze, warmoadginon Semdgomi an sxva saqmeebi, es gansakuTrebiT exeba meore instanciis mier apelaciis mosmenas~. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs agreTv am daskvnis 136-e paragrafi: `Tumca pativiscemis grZnobiT epyroba zogierTi qveynis tradicias, romelic gulixmobs SeuzRudav uflebas meore instanciaSi ganmeorebiT procesis Catarebaze apelaciasTan dakavSirebiT, evropis mosamarTleTa sakonsultacio sabWo gamoTqvams sakuTar Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom igi principSi ar iwonebs aseT midgomas; unda arsebobdes garkvuli SezRudvebi yoveli mxarisaTvis warmoadginos axali mtkicebuleba an samarTlis axali sakiTxebi, apelacia ar unda iyos da ar unda ganixilebodes, rogorc SeuzRudavi SesaZlebloba Sesworebebis Setanisa faqtobriv da samarTlebriv sakiTxebSi, romelTa wardgenac mxares SeeZlo da unda waredgina pirvel instanciaSi. es akninebs pirveli instanciis mosamarTlis rols da am faqtma SeiZleba potenciurad gamoiwvios pirveli instanciis mosamarTlis mier saqmis marTvis aramizanSewonilobis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba~. qvemoT Cven mogvyavs ramdenime SemTxveva saapelacio sasamarTlos praqtikidan, romlebic naTlad adastureben am sasamarTloSi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad saqmeebis warmoebis wesebidan gadaxvevas da amis aRmofxvris mizniT efeqtiani RonisZiebebis saswrafod SemuSavebis aucileblobas. $2. saqmis warmoeba saapelacio sasamarTloSi 1. saapelacio saCivris obieqti, anu sasamarTlos romel dadgenilebebze SeiZleba saapelacio saCivris Setana. saapelacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCirdes raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos da Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegiis gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic jer kidev ar Sesulan kanonier ZalaSi (ssk 364-e muxli) saapelacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCivrdes agreTve zemoT dasaxelebuli sasamarTloebis ganCineba dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb Setanili saCivris dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmisa da am dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 240-e muxlis me-2 nawili). TavisTvad cxadia rom Tu raionuli sasamarTlo 335

auqmebs dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas da gamoaqvs axali gadawyvetileba, maSin es axali gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio wesiT. saapelacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCivrdes meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba (ssk 242-e muxlis me-2 nawili). unda aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlo praqtikaSi araerTgvarovnad esmiT `meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis“ cneba. meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba aris iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelic gamotanilia im mxaris winaaRmdeg, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanili iyo pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. magaliTad 1. mosarCele a-ni ar gamocxadda sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze, anu saqmis zepir ganxilvaze. sasamarTlom mopasuxis SuamdgomlobiT gamoitana mis winaaRmdeg dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. a-nim gaasaCivra mis winaaRmdeg gamotanili es pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba imave sasamarTloSi im motiviT, rom gamoucxadebloba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT. sasamarTlom Tavisi ganCinebiT dasaSvebad cno es saCivari da amave ganCinebiT daniSna saqmis xelaxla ganxilvis dRe (ssk 239-e muxlis me-2 naw). am dRes kvlav ar gamocxadda mosarCele a-ni, sasamarTlom gamoitana meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. am SemTxvevaSi saqmeSi aRmoCndeba ori dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, gamotanili erTi da igive mxaris (mosarCelis) winaaRmdeg, am meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba SeiZleba mxolod saapelacio wesiT (ssk 366-e muxlis me-2 naw). magaliTi 2. mosarCele a-ni, romlis mimarTac gamotanili iyo pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da romlis saCivris safuZvelze sasamarTlom daniSna sxdoma, gamocxadda am sxdomaze. sasamarTlom misi gamoucxadebloba pirvel sasamarTlo sxdomaze sapatiod cno da gaauqma dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT sasamarTlom saqmis arsebiTad ganxilva sxva droisaTvis daniSna. am sxva droisaTvis daniSnul saqmis ganxilvaze ar gamocxadda mosarCele a-ni, sasamarTlom kvlav gamoitana mis mimarT dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqmeSi aRmoCndeba erTi da imave mxaris mimarT gamotanili ori dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, romelTagan erTi (pirveli) ukve gauqmebulia. SeiZleba Tu ara CavTvaloT, rom a-nis mimarT gamotanilia meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, maSin rodesac pirveli dauswrebeli mis mimarT gauqmebulia, Tu es mainc iqneba mis mimarT gamotanili pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. imis mixedviT Tu rogori iqneba pasuxi am kiTxvaze, damokidebulia pasuxi meore kiTxvaze: sad SeiZleba gasaCivrdes es ganmeorebiT gamotanili meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. Cven migvaCnia, rom es ganmeorebiT gamotanili dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, gamotanili erTi da imave piris winaaRmdeg, iqneba meore 336

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, damokideblad imisa, gauqmebulia Tu ara pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da amitom, igi SeiZleba gasaCirdes saapelacio wesiT. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: saapelacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCirdes; 1. raionuli sasamarTloebis da Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi; 2. am sasamarTloebis mier gamotanili meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebebi; 3. am sasamarTloebis mier gamotanili ganCinebebi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Taobaze Semotanili saCivris dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmisa da misi ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb. saapelacio sasamarTloebi ganixilaven da sabolao gadawyvetilebebs iReben raionuli da Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloebis ganCinebebze Semotanil kerZo saCivrebze, magram es saCivrebi ganixileba ara saapelacio wesiT, aramed kerZo saCivrebisaTvis kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. II. saapelacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebi anu vis SeuZlia saapelacio saCivris Setana saapelacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebia mxareebi, e.i. mosarCele da mopasuxe, agreTve mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovniT (ssk 364-e muxli). saapelacio gasaCivrebis subieqtebia agreTve Tanamonawileebi (TanamosarCeleebi, Tanamopasuxeebi), romlebic sargebloben yvela im saproceso uflebiT, romlebic am kodeqsis Tanaxmad miniWebuli aqvT mxareebs (ssk 87-e muxli). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tanamonawileobis safuZvels warmoadgens saerTo ufleba (86-e muxlis `a~ punqti), e.i. sarCelis sagania saerTo ufleba, maSin erT-erT mosarCeles SeuZlia Seitanos saapelacio saCivari gadawyvetilebaze nebismier farglebSi, igive SeuZlia erT-erT mopasuxes (Tanamopasuxes), roca valdebuleba solidarulia. magram im SemTxvevaSi, roca erT sarCelSi gaerTianebulia sxvadasxva mosarCelis sxvadasxva moTxovna sxvadasxva an erTi da igive mopasuxis mimarT, maSin erT-erT mosarCeles (TanamosarCeles) SeuZlia gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romelic erT sarCelSi gaerTianebul mis moTxovnas exeba. igive wesi unda gavrceldes Tanamopasuxeebzec, rodesac maT mimarT aRZrulia ara erTiani, aramed sxvadasxva (gancalkevebuli) moTxovnebi. Tu saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi mindobili aqvs erT-erT Tanamonawiles (87-e muxlis me-2 punqti) gasaCivrebis uflebamosilebiT, maSin mas SeuZlia gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba, rogorc mTlianad, ise nawilobriv. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT gansazRvrulia iseTi piris uflebebi da movaleobebi, romelic ar figurirebda saqmeSi arc mxared, arc mesame pirad damoukidebeli moTxovniT, arc Tanamonawiled, arc uflebamonacvled da aqedan gamomdinare arc saqmeSi yofila Cabmuli da arc dabarebuli (mowveuli), 337

aseT pirs unda mieces ufleba gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba, radgan darRveulia, misi fundamenturi ufleba, monawileoba miiRos sasamarTloSi im saqmis ganxilvaSi, romelic mis uflebas Seexeba. nebismier pirs, romelic araa moxseniebuli gadawyvetilebaSi, magram romelsac miaCnia, rom am gadawyvetilebiT dairRva an Seilaxa misi uflebebi, SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT am uflebis dasacavad da ara saCivriT am gadawyvetilebaze. rac Seexeba uflebamonacvleebs (ssk 92-e muxli), maT SeuZliaT Seasrulon yvela is saproceso moqmedeba (maT Soris gaasaCivron gadawyvetileba), romlis Sesrulebis ufleba eqneboda mis winamorbeds, rom ar gasuliyo saqmidan. amrigad, gadawyvetilebis saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebis ufleba aqvT: 1. mxareebs (mosarCeles, mopasuxes) 2. mesame pirebs damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT; 3. uflebamonacvleebs; 4. Tanamonawileebs (TanamosarCeleebs, Tanamopasuxeebs) maTi Tanamonawileobis safuZvlebiT gansazRvrul farglebSi; 5. pirebs, romlebic marTalia ar figurireben saqmeSi rogorc mxareebi, magram sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT ganisazRvra maTi uflebebi da movaleobebi erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. aq CamoTvlil pirTa warmomadgenels SeuZlia gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba, Tu amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli mis saxelze marwmuneblis mier gacemul mindobilobaSi (98-e muxli). III. saapelacio saCivris dasabuTeba ssk 368-e muxli gansazRvravs saapelacio saCivris svaldebulo rekvizitebs, romelTa erToblioba qmnis saapelacio saCivris Sinaarss. saapelacio sasamarTlo SeboWilia saapelacio saCivris farglebiT anu am saCivarSi Camoyalibebuli apelantis moTxovnis farglebiT (ssk 377-e muxli). es imas niSnavs, rom saapelacio saCivarSi naTlad da garkveviT unda iyos Camoyalibebuli, Tu ras moiTxovs apelanti, rogoria misi moTxovnis Sinaarsi (ssk 368-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `d~ punqti). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac apelanti asaCivrebs gadawyvetilebas ara mTlianad, aramed nawilobriv, maSin man Tavis saCivarSi zedmiwevniT zustad da araorazrovnad unda miuTiTos gadawyvetilebis ra nawils asaCivrebs. saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos gadawyvetilebis rogorc faqtobrivi, ise iuridiuli mxare, gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi da iuridiuli dasabuTebuloba. amasTan erTad, raxan saapelacio sasamarTlo SeboWilia saCivris farglebiT anu apelantis moTxovnis farglebiT, mas SeuZlia Seamowmos gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi da iuridiuli dasabuTebuloba mxolod saapelacio moTxovnasTan mimarTebaSi. amitom, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens saapelacio saCivarSi imis naTlad Camoyalibeba, Tu konkretulad raSi gamoixateba gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis usworoba da riT sabuTdeba apelantis moTxovna. 338

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu apelantis TvalsazrisiT, gadawyvetileba araa dasabuTebuli faqtobrivad, maSin apelanti valdebulia miuTiTos, Tu raSi gamoixateba an raSi vlindeba konkretulad faqtobrivi dausabuTebloba. magaliTad, Tu apelants miaCnia, rom sasamarTlom arasworad gansazRvra am saqmeze mtkicebis sagani, maSin man unda miuTiTos, Tu konkreulad romeli faqti ar CaTvala sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqoneT da amitom ar miiRo da ar Seafasa am faqtis mimarT mtkicebulebebi (Secdoma faqtis samarTlebriv SefasebaSi). Tu apelants miaCnia, rom sasamarTlom dadgenilad (damtkicebulad) CaTvala saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqti, Tumca saqmeSi araa mtkicebuleba, romelsac igi emyareba, maSin man unda miuTiTos romeli faqtia es da uCvenos, rom saqmeSi namdvilad ar moipoveba Sesabamisi mtkicebuleba. Tu apelants miaCnia, rom arasworadaa ganawilebuli mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTi, maSin man unda miuTiTos konkretulad romeli faqtia es da romel mxares daekisra misi damtkicebis tvirTi da romel mxares unda dakisreboda es tvirTi. magaliTad, a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb (vindikaciuri sarCeli), im motiviT, rom am nivTis mesakuTre aris TviTon a-ni, xolo es nivTi imyofeba b-anis ukanono mflobelobaSi. sasamarTlom b-anis daakisra im faqtis damtkicebis tvirTi, rom igi aris sadvo nivTis mesakuTre. b-anim waago procesi, radgan ver daamtkica, rom aris am nivTis mesakuTre. b-anim Tavisi saapelacio saCivari daasabuTa imiT, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 158-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad igi, rogorc nivTis mflobeli, ivaraudeba am nivTis mesakuTred. amitom, ara mas, aramed mosarCele a-nis unda dakisreboda imis damtkicebis tvirTi, rom igi aris mesakuTre nivTisa. Tu apelants miaCnia, rom sasamarTlom arasworad uTxra mas uari ama Tu im mtkicebulebis (werilobiTi, nivTieri Tu sxva mtkicebulebis) miRebaze an gamoTxovaze im motiviT, rom maT ar aqvT mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis, maSin man unda miuTiTos Tavis saapelacio saCivarSi romel konkretuli mtkicebuleba aqvs mxedvelobaSi da gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romeli faqti SeiZleboda dadgeniliyo am mtkicebulebiT da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac apelantis TvalsazrisiT gadawyvetileba araa dasabuTebuli iuridiulad, maSin igi valdebulia miuTiTos, Tu raSi vlindeba konkretulad gadawyvetilebis iuridiuli dausabuTebloba, kerZod romeli kanonia darRveuli da raSi gamoixateba konkretulad es darRveva. kanonis darRvevis formebi (sasamarTlom gamoiyena kanoni, romelic ar unda gamoeyenebina, arasworad gaigo kanonis azri da sxva) Camoyalibebulia ssk 393-e muxlSi. saapelacio saCivarSi faqtobriv da samarTlebriv usworobaze (dausabuTeblobaze) miTiTeba cxadia ar kmara. saCivarSi aucileblad 339

unda aRiniSnos garemoebebi, romlebic asabuTeben (adastureben) gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis faqtobriv da samarTlebriv usworobas. IV. saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi pirveli saproceso moqmedeba, romelic saapelacio sasamarTlom unda Seasrulos saapelacio saCivris miRebis Semdeg - esaa am saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmeba. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebs, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi saapelacio saCivari SeiZleba miRebul iqnes warmoebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare saapelacio sasamarTlo valdebulia Seamowmos es winapirobebi, kerZod: a) daculia Tu ara saapelacio saCivris Setanis vada (ssk 369-e muxli). es vada ganisazRvreba 14 dRiT da misi dena iwyeba mxarisaTvis motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentidan, xolo, Tu am gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebas eswreboda mxare - maSin misi gamocxadebis momentidan. gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentad unda miviCnioT mxarisaTvis xelze gadawyvetilebis damowmebuli aslis micema uSvalod sasamarTloSi, rac man unda daadasturos Tavis xelmoweriT gadawyvetilebis dedanze, an misi mxarisaTvis gadagzavnis dro. gadagzavnis drod miCneuli unda iqnes dro, rodesac gadawyvetilebis asli 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT Cabarda fostas an kuriers, rac aRiniSneba konvertze, romelSic gadawyvetilebis aslia Cadebuli. saqmeSi aucileblad unda iyos cnoba, rom am wesiT gagzavnili gadawyvetilebis asli Cabarda adresats. b) pasuxobs Tu ara saapelacio saCivris Sinaarsi kanonis moTxovnebs (ssk 308-e muxli). saapelacio sasamarTloebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcion saapelacio saCivris Sinaars mTlianad da kerZod mis im nawils, romelSic unda aisaxos, Tu raSi mdgomareobs apelantis azriT, gadawyvetilebis usworoba, ras moiTxovs igi, garemoebebi, romlebic asabuTeben saapelacio saCivars da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic adastureben am garemoebebs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saapelacio saCivari ar pasuxobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs, saapelacio sasamarTlom unda daavalos apelanits Seavsos xarvezi, risTvisac uniSnavs mas vadas, Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, saCivari aRar miiReba da saapelacio sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas misi ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb. g) Seesabameba Tu ara saapelacio saCivris Rirebuleba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul odenobas (ssk 365-e muxli). saapelacio saCivari dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi Rirebuleba aRemateba 500 lars. mxedvelobaSia mxolod qonebriv samarTlebrivi davebi, rac Seexeba araqonebriv davebs, nebismier gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio wesiT, miuxedavad imisa, ra odenobiT iyo gansazRvruli araqonebrivi davis sagnis Rirebuleba. igive unda iTqvas udavo warmoebis wesiT ganxilul saqmeebze gamotanil gadawyvetilebebze. 340

saapelacio saCivris Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis ra zomiT Secvlaze Seaqvs mxares saCivari. magaliTad: b-nim, romlis winaaRmdegac iqna gamotanili gadawyvetileba da romliTac mas daekisra 2000 laris gadaxda, gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba mxolod nawilobriv, kerZod im nawilSi, romliTac mas daekisra 700 laris gadaxda mosarCelis sasargeblod. am SemTxvevaSi saapelacio saCivris fasi Seadgens 700 lars (da ara 2000 lars). saxelmwifo baJis odenobac am 700 laridan unda iqnes gaangariSebuli. d) aris Tu ara gasaCivrebuli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba (ssk 366-e muxli). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes mis gamomtan sasamarTloSi. meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba - es iseTi gadawyvetilebaa, romelic gamotanilia im mxaris dauswreblobis gamo, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanilia pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. e) aqvs Tu ara saCivris Semomtan warmomadgenels gadawyvetilebis saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebis uflebamosileba (ssk 368-e muxlis me-4 nawili). saapelacio saCivris Semomtani piri SeiZleba iyos mxaris warmomadgeneli, magram es ar kmara. gadawyvetilebis saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebisaTvis mas unda hqondes miniWebuli ufleba da amis Sesaxeb specilurad unda iyos aRniSnuli marwmuneblis mier gacemul mindobilobaSi. v) gadaxdilia Tu ara saxelmwifo baJi (ssk 368-e muxlis me-5 punqti). saxelmwifo baJi mxares Seaqvs winaswar, amitom, Tu baJi araa gadaxdili apelantis mier, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romliTac uniSnavs vadas apelants Seavsos xarvezi, kerZod, am SemTxvevaSi, gadaixados baJi. Tu xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, e.i. ar iqneba baJi gadaxdili, saapelacio sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saapelacio saCivris ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis gamo. z) uari xom ar aqvs naTqvami apelants saapelacio gasaCivrebaze kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. (ssk 370-e muxli). saapelacio gasaCivrebaze uarisTqma mxaris uflebaa. am uflebis realizacias ukavSirdeba garkveuli iuridiuli Sedegi, kerZod mxare, romelmac aseTi uari ganacxada, kargavs uflebas gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba saapelacio wesiT. gadawyvetilebis saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebaze uarisTqma unda ganvasxvavoT saapelacio saCivarze uarisTqmisagan (ssk 378-e muxli). saapelacio saCivarze uarisTqma niSnavs imas, rom apelanti uars ambobs mis mier ukve Semotanil saapelacio saCivarze, rasac ukavSirdeba sxva Sedegi, kerZod, saapelacio sasamarTlos aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoaqvs `ganCineba saapelacio warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb~. aseTia saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi. 341

Tu dasaSvebobis am winapirobebis Semowmebisas aRmoCndeba, rom ar arsebobs romelime maTgani, saapelacio sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb, Tu es xarvezi Tavisi xasiaTiT da SinaarsiT iseTia, rom misi Sevseba SesaZlebelia da dauniSnavs apelants vadas xarvezis Sesavsebad. magaliTad: a-nim Semoitana saapelacio saCivari saapelacio gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Taobaze, am saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmebisas aRmoCnda, rom igi ar aris Sedgenili kanonis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, kerZod ar aris masSi miTiTebuli Tu ras moiTxovs apelanti, agreTve ar aris gadaxdili saxelmwifo baJi, saapelacio sasamarTlom gamoitana `ganCineba saapelacio saCivris xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb~. Tu am ganCinebiT daniSnul vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, saapelacio sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos ganCineba saapelacio saCivris ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblbis gamo. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ar arsebobs dasaSvebobis iseTi piroba, romelic Tavisi xasiaTiTa da SinaarsiT araa gamosworebadi da vadis daniSvna xarvezis gamosworebisaTvis sruliad gaumarTlebelia, maSin sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba saapelacio saCivris miRebaze da ganxilvaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb. magaliTad: a-nim Semoitana saapelacio saCivari, romlis dasaSvebobis Semowmebisas aRmoCnda, rom igi Semotanilia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebis vadis darRveviT, an kidev, gasaCivrebulia pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba; am xarvezebis gamosworeba SeuZlebelia, radgan gasaCivrebis vadis gagrZelebas kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs, saapelacio sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos `ganCineba saapelacio saCivris ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis gamo~. V. saapelacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis Sedegebi

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebis Semowmebisas aRmoCndeba, rom yvela es winapiroba arsebobs, saapelacio sasamarTlo gamoitans `ganCinebas saapelacio saCivris miRebisa da misi gansaxilvelad momzadebis Sesaxeb~ (ssk 375-e muxlis pirveli punqti). aseTi ganCinebis miRebas ukavSirdeba garkveuli Sedegebi: pirveli - SeCerdeba (avtomaturad) gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla. amasTan, Tu gadawyvetileba gasaCivrebuli iyo mxolod nawilobriv, maSin gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla SeCerdeba mxolod im nawilSi, romelSic igi iyo gasaCivrebuli. ganCinebaSi imis Cawera, rom gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla SeCerdes, araa aucilebeli, radgan gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis (an misi nawilis) kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla Cerdeba ara sasamarTlos ganCinebis ZaliT, aramed kanonis ZaliT (ssk 264-e muxlis pirveli punqtis `g~ qvepunqti). 342

meore - Tu saapelacio saCivari Setanilia iseT gadawyvetilebaze, romlis mimarT gamotanilia ganCineba kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde misi dauyonebliv aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlos, apelantis SuamdgomlobiT, SeuZlia gamoitanos ganCineba gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis dauyonebliv aRsrulebis droebiT SeCerebisa da aRsrulebis RonisZiebebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. aseTi ganCinebis miReba saapelacio sasamarTlos mier aucilebelia, radgan saapelacio saCivris Setana avtomaturad ver SeaCerebs dauyonebliv aRsrulebis Sesaxeb adre gamotanili gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis moqmedebas). mesame - saapelacio sasamarTlo niSnavs saqmis zepiri ganxilvis dros, ris Sesaxebac atyobinebs mxareebs da iwyebs saapelacio saCivris gansaxilvelad momzadebas (ssk 376-e muxli). saapelacio saCivris gansaxilvelad momzadeba saapelacio sasamarTloSi warmoebs im wesebis Sesabamisad, romlebic dadgenilia pirveli instanciiT saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis. es imas niSnavs, rom saapelacio saCivrisa da damatebiT Semosuli yvela werilobiTi masalis aslebs, saapelaciio sasamarTlo gadaugzavnis mowinaaRmdege mxares (ssk 201-e da 373-e muxlebi), dauniSnavs mas vadas werilobiT Seadginos pasuxi saapelacio saCivarSi dasmul sakiTxebze, kerZod eTanxmeba Tu ara saCivris moTxovnebs, xolo Tu ar eTanxmeba ra konkretul garemoebebs emyareba, xom ar apirebs Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris wardgenas da a.S. saqmis momzadebis mizniT saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seasrulos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva zomebi, raTa saapelacio saCivari ganxilul iqnes droulad. $2. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari 1. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris cneba da saxeebi rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis ufleba aqvT mxareebs da mesame pirebs damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT. es imas niSnavs, rom nebismier mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanilia sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, SeuZlia saapelacio wesiT gaasaCivros igi mTlianad an nawilobriv. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze Semotanilia mosarCelis saCivari, im nawilze, romelic mis winaaRmdegaa gamotanili da mopasuxis saCivari, gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romelic mis winaaRmdegaa gamotanili. es ori, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli saapelacio saCivrebia da isini unda ganixilos saapelacio sasamarTlom aseve erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad. es imas niSnavs, rom erT-erTi apelantis mier Tavis saapelacio saCivarze uarisTqma an misi ukan gamoTxova gavlenas ver moaxdens meore apelantis saapelacio saCivris ganxilvaze da gadawyvetaze, an kidev, erTi saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze uarisTqma gavlenas ver moaxdens meore saapelacio saCivris bedze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs saapelacio saCivrebis erTmaneTisadmi namdvil damoukideblobasTan saproceso samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. ras warmoadgens Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari? 343

Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari - esaa ZiriTadi saapelacio saCivris gamo da mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saCivari, romlis mizania am ZiriTadi saapelacio saCivris paralizeba da gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba im nawilSi, romliTac dakmayofilda apelantis moTxovna. amrigad, Segebebuli saCivriT mxare cdilobs or mizans miaRwios: erTi - gauqmdes gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romliTac nawilobriv dakmayofilda apelantis moTxovna da meore - ucvlelad darCes gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romliTac uari eTqva apelants moTxovnis nawilobriv dakmayofilebaze. magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova misgan 5000 lari miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebisaTvis. sasamarTlom daakmayofila sarCeli nawilobriv da daakisra mopasuxe b-anis 3000 laris gadaxdevineba mosarCelis sasargeblod, xolo 2 000 laris gadaxdevinebaze uari uTxra. a-nim Seitana saapelacio saCivari gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romliTac mas uari eTqva 2 000 laris gadaxdevinebaze. b-anim imis gamo, rom a-nim Seitana saapelacio saCivari, Tavis mxriv, Seitana Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romliTac dakmayofilda mosarCelis moTxovna 3 000 larze da moiTxova gadawyvetilebis am nawilSi gauqmeba. saapelacio sasamarTlom unda ganixilos da miiRos erTiani gadawyvetileba orive am ZiriTad da Segebebul saapelacio saCivarze. imis mixedviT, Tu romel saapelacio saCivars (ZiriTads Tu Segebebuls) cnobs dasabuTebulad saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos Tavisi gadawyvetileba (ganCineba) imis Sesaxeb, rom: a) uari eTqvas mxareebs rogorc ZiriTadi, ise Segebebuli saapelacio saCivrebis dakmayofilebaze, xolo gadawyvetileba darCes ucvlelad, an b) dakmayofildes ZiriTadi saapelacio saCivari, xolo Segebebul saapelacio saCivarze uari eTqvas, an piriqiT, dakmayofildes Segebebuli saCivari, xolo ZiriTad saapelacio saCivarze uari eTqvas. nakleb savaraudoa orive saCivris erTdroulad dakmayofileba, marTlac Zneli warmosadgenia gamovacxadoT gadawyvetileba usworod im nawilSi, romliTac uari eTqva mosarCeles sarCelze da im nawilSic, romliTac nawilobriv dakmayofilda misi sarCeli. II. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris dasaSveboba Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari aris saapelacio saCivari da bunebrivia, misi warmoebaSi miRebisaTvis saWiroa dasaSvebobis winapirobebis arseboba, rac, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, saWiroa saapelacio saCivrisaTvis saerTod, romelTa Sesaxeb zemoT gvqonda saubar. es gamonaklisebi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: a) Segebebul saapelacio saCivarze ar vrceldeba kanonis moTxovna imis Sesaxeb, rom saapelacio saCivris Rirebuleba aRematebodes 1000 lars. igi SeiZleba 1000 larze naklebic iyos; 344

b) Segebebul saapelacio saCivarze ar vrceldeba kanonis moTxovna imis Sesaxeb, rom saapelacio saCivris wardgena unda moxdes 14 dReSi (ssk 369-e muxli). igi SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes saapelacio saCivris mowinaaRmdege mxarisaTvis gadacemidan 10 dRis ganmavlobaSi ssk 379-e mux. g) Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari organuladaa dakavSirebuli ZiriTad saapelacio saCivarTan. es imas niSnavs, rom, Tu apelanti uars ityvis Tavis saapelacio saCivarze (ssk 378-e muxli), maSin Segebebuli saapelacio saCivaric kargavs Tavis daniSnulebas da isic uaryofil unda iqnes. igive Sedegi unda dadges im SemTxvevaSiac, rodesac apelants ukan gaaqvs Tavisi saapelacio saCivari (saapelacio saCivris gamoxmoba). zogadi principi SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saapelacio sasamarTlo, ama Tu im mizezis gamo saapelacio saCivars ganuxilvelad tovebs an wyets saapelacio warmoebas, man ganuxilvelad unda datovos Segebebuli saapelacio saCivaric. III. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris saxeebi

imis mixedviT, pasuxobs Tu ara Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari yvela moTxovnas, rac waeyeneba saerTod saapelacio saCivars, Segebebul saapelacio saCivrebs yofen or saxed: damoukidebeli Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari da damokidebuli Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari. a) damoukidebeli Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari - es iseTi saCivaria, romelic marTalia wardgenilia imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom Setanilia saapelacio saCivari, magram igi Setanilia saapelacio saCivris Setanis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul vadaSi, misi Rirebuleba Seesabameba saapelacio saCivrisaTvis kanoniT gansazRvrul fass da pasuxobs saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis sxva winapirobebs. b) damokidebuli Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari - es iseTi saCivaria, romelic wardgenilia ZiriTad saapelacio saCivarTan dakavSirebiT, magram saapelacio saCivrisaTvis kanoniT dadgenili vadis gadacilebiT an kidev, misi Rirebuleba (fasi), ar Seesabameba saapelacio saCivrisaTvis kanoniT gansazRvrul fass. Segebebul saapelacio saCivrebs, imis mixedviT, Tu romel saxes ganekuTvnebian isini, ukavSirdebiT sxvadasxva Sedegebi. kerZod, damoukidebeli saapelacio saCivari unda ganixilos sasamarTlom miuxedavad imisa, uari Tqva apelantma Tavis ZiriTad saapelacio saCivarze, ukan gaiTxova es saCivari, Tu saerTod, ganuxilvelad datova saapelacio sasamarTlom es ZiriTad saapelacio saCivari. damokidebuli saapelacio saCivari aRar SeiZleba ganixilos saapelacio sasamarTlom, Tu igi, ama Tu im mizezis gamo ganuxilvelad tovebs apelantis ZiriTad saapelacio saCivars an wyvets saapelacio warmoebas. aseTia sxvadasxva saxis Segebebuli saapelacio saCivrebis ganxilvis Taviseburebani. $4. saqmis ganxilva saapelacio sasamarTloSi 345

I. saqmis momzadeba zepiri ganxilvisaTvis ssk 372-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqmis ganxilva saapelacio sasamarTloSi warmoebs im wesebis dacviT, rac dadgenilia pirveli instanciiT saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis, im gamonaklisebiT, rac gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT, kerZod ssk 372-383-e muxlebiT. saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmebisa da misi gansaxilvelad miRebis SemTxvevaSi saapelacio sasamarTlos gamoaqvs `ganCineba saapelacio saCivris miRebisa da misi gansaxilvelad momzadebis Sesaxeb~ (ssk 374-e muxli). amave ganCinebiT saapelacio sasamarTlo niSnavs saapelacio ganxilvis dResac (ssk 376-e muxli). saapelacio saCivris anu saqmis zepiri ganxilvis dRes sasamarTlo niSnavs im varaudiT, rom, gamomdinare saapelacio saCivris Sinaarsidan da masze darTuli masalebidan, moeswros saqmis momzadeba zepiri ganxilvisaTvis. ra saproceso moqmedebebi unda Seasrulos sasamarTlom saqmis momzadebis mizniT? Tavisuflad SeiZleba am kiTxvaze erTi winadadebiT pasuxis gacema: saqmis zepiri ganxilvisaTvis momzadebis mizniT saapelacio sasamarTlom unda Seasrulos yvela is saproceso moqmedeba da im wesiT, rac gaTvaliswinebulia pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebSi saqmeTa momzadebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, yvelafari rac unda gakeTdes saqmis momzadebis mizniT TiTqmis mTlianad exeba saapelacio sasamarTlosac. gamonaklisia mxolod iseTi saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia saqmeTa ganxilvis TaviseburebebiT saapelacio sasamarTloSi. kerZod, saapelacio sasamarTlo: a) saapelacio saCivrisa da masze darTuli masalebis aslebs gadaugzavnis mowinaaRmdege mxares. b) dauniSnavs mowinaaRmdege mxares, anu saapelacio mopasuxes, vadas werilobiT Seadginos da saapelacio sasamarTlos gadmougzavnos pasuxi (Sesagebeli) saapelacio saCivarSi dasmul sakiTxebze. g) am werilobiT SesagebelSi gasces pasuxi saapelacio saCivarSi dasmul sakiTxebze, kerZod eTanxmeba Tu ara saCivris moTxovnebs, Tu ar eTanxmeba ra konkretul garemoebebs emyareba da romeli mtkicebulebebiT dasturdeba es garemoebebi, xom ar apirebs Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris Semotanas, Tu aseTi Segebebuli saCivris SemotanisTvis arsebobs pirobebi. ra Suamdgomlobebi eqneba saCivris ganmxilvel saapelacio sasamarTlos mimarT, xom ar apirebs axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis warmodgenas saapelacio sasamarTloSi da, Tu apirebs, ra mizeziT ar iqnen isini wardgenili pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi am saqmis ganxilvis dros da a.S. amave ganCinebiT saapelacio sasamarTlo afrTxilebs mowinaaRmdege mxares, rom werilobiTi Sesageblis warudgenloba Tu sxva moqmedebaTa daniSnul droSi Seusrulebloba arasapatio mizeziT arTmevs mxares uflebas Seasrulos aseTi moqmedeba saqmis zepiri ganxilvis dros (ssk 206-e muxli).

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saqmis momzadebis mizniT saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia daniSnos mosamzadebeli sxdomac im wesebis dacviT, romelTa Sesaxeb miTiTebulia ssk 205-e muxlSi. saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmeebs ixilavs sasamarTlos kolegiuri Semadgenloba. amasTan dakavSirebiT ibadeba kiTxva: SeuZlia Tu ara saqme moamzados saapelacio sasamarTlos kolegiuri Semadgenlobidan erTerTma wevrma, agreTve misma TanaSemwem? am kiTxvaze dadebiTad unda vupasuxoT: zepiri ganxilvisaTvis saqmis momzadeba SeiZleba miendos saapelacio palatis erT-erT mosamarTles, xolo am mosamarTlis meTvalyureobiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT mis TanaSemwes. II. saqmis zepiri ganxilva mTavar sxdomaze 1. saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis wesi saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmis zepiri ganxilva mimdinareobs im wesebis dacviT, romlebic gavaliswinebulia pirveli instanciis sasamarTlosaTvis (210-228-e muxlebi), im TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebzec miTiTiebulia ssk me-8 karSi. ise rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, saapelacio sasamarTloSic saqmis zepiri ganxilva iwyeba erT-erTi wevris moxsenebiT. saqmis ganxilvis dawyebis aseT wess aqvs didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba: saqmis ganxilvaSi monawile apelanits da sxva pirebs SesaZleblba eZlevaT gaarkvion Tu ramdenad sworad gaigo saapelacio sasamarTlom saapelacio saCivarSi Camoyalibebuli apelantis moTxovna da misi Sinaarsi, mowinaaRmdege mxaris Sesagebeli da misi Sinaarsi. aseTi wesi saSualebas aZlevs mxareebs daazuston da Sesworeba Seitanon momxsenebuli mosamarTlis gamosvlaSi, Tu am gamosvlaSi raime uzustoba, gaugebroba an Secdoma iyo daSvebuli. ssk 383-e muxlis me-2 nawili gansazRvravs im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis wres, romlebsac unda Seexos saapelacio mosamarTle Tavis moxsenebaSi. es sakiTxebia: a) saqmis garemoebebi, e.i. vin aRZra sarCeli, vis winaaRmdeg, rogoria mosarCelis moTxovna da mopasuxis Sesagebeli, romel garemoebebs emyarebian mxareebi TavianTi moTxovnebis Tu Sesageblis dasasabuTeblad, ra da romeli mtkicebulebebi waradgines maT pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi am garemoebebis dasadastureblad. b) pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvlebi, e.i. faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebic dadasturebulad da dadgenilad CaTvala da safuZvlad daudo Tavis gadawyvetilebas pirvelma instanciam (gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi safuZlebi), kanonebi, romliTac ixelmZRvanela sasamarTlom am faqtobrivi garemoebebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebis mizniT (gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi). g) saapelacio saCivris Sinaarsi da dasabuTebuloba, e.i. rogoria saapelacio saCivris moTxovna anu ras moiTxovs apelanti gadawyvetilebis mTlianad Tu nawilobriv gauqmebas, Secvlas Tu axali gadawyvetilebis gamotanas (saapelacio saCivris ganacxadi), ra faqtobriv Tu samarTlebriv safuZvlebs emyareba apelanti, romeli 347

kanonia misi azriT darRveuli da raSi gamoixateba konkretulad es darRveva ssk 393-e da 394-e muxlebi). momxsenebeli mosamarTlis Semdeg sityva eZleva mxareebs da maT warmomadgenlebs. maT ufleba aqvT daazuston da daakonkreton TavianTi moTxovnebisa da Sesageblis Sinaarsi Tu momxsenebelma mosamarTlem raime Secdoma an uzustoba dauSva, magram maT ar unda gaimeoron is, rac ukve iTqva momxsenebeli mosamarTlis mier. pirveli gamodis apelanti, xolo Semdeg mowinaaRmdege mxare, sasamarTlos nebarTviT mxareebma SeiZleba SekiTxva miscen erTmaneTs. amis Semdeg sasamarTlo iwyebs mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevas. 2. axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgenis pirobebi saapelacio sasamarTloSi axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgenas saapelacio sasamarTloSi ori mizani SeiZleba hqondes: erTi - gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba faqtobrivad an iuridiulad, an kidev, arc faqtobrivad da arc iuridiulad araa dasabuTebuli da meore - apelantis moTxovna dasabuTebuli da gamarTlebulia. dasaSvebia Tu ara axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgena saapelacio sasamarTloSi? am kiTxvaze dadebiTad unda vupasuxoT: garkeuli, kanoniT zustad gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas saapelacio sasamarTloSi mxareebs (da aramarto apelants) SeuZlia waradginos axali faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi. es pirobebi Semdegia: 1. saapelacio sasamarTloSi SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes mxolod axali faqtebi da axali mtkicebulebebi (ssk 380-e muxlis pirveli nawili). 2. am axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgena mxares ar SeeZlo pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi. 3. am axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis miReba da ganxilva xels ar SeuSlis saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmis droulad ganxilvas. 4. mxarem uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis gamo ar warudgina es masalebi pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos (ssk 380-e muxlis me-2 punqti). amrigad, faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis saapelacio sasamarTloSi wardgenis erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari da ZiriTadi piroba - esaa maTi siaxle, mxolod mas Semdeg, rac gairkveva, rom saapelacio sasamarTloSi warodgenili faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi axalia, saWiro gaxdeba zemod dasaxelebuli sxva pirobebis Semowmeba, aqedan gamomdinare ki ibadeba savsebiT bunebrivi kiTxva: ra igulisxmeba axal faqtebsa da axal mtkicebulebebSi? 1. ssk 380-e muxlis azrisa da Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT axal faqtebSi da mtkicebulebebSi unda vigulisxmoT faqtebi, romlebic ar yofila wardgenili pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi. magram es ar kmara imisaTvis, rom saapelacio sasamarTlom miiRos da ganixilos es axali faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi. aucilebelia agreTve imis garkveva, rom axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgena mxares (apelants an mis mowinaaRmdege mxares) SeeZlo jer kidev pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi da rom mxarem uxeSi 348

gaufrTxileblobis gamo ar warudgina es masalebi pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos. kanonis am danawesis dedazri mdgomareobs imaSi, rom faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romelTa Sesaxeb cnobilia mxareebisaTvis, unda waredginos pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos. 2. axali faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic warmoiSvnen pirvel instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg. Tu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone fqti an mtkicebuleba warmoiSva pirvel instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg, saapelacio sasamarTlom yovelgvari winapirobis gareSe unda miiRos da ganixilos isini. 3. axalia faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic Tumca arsebobden pirvel instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvis dros, magram mxareebma ar waradgines iq an imis gamo, rom ar icoden maT Sesaxeb, an kidev imis gamo, rom es faqtebi mxareebma umniSvnelod CaTvales da mxolod Semdeg gaarkvies, rom maT hqoniaT mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis. saapelacio sasamarTlom yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT unda Seamowmos da Seafasos axali faqtebisa da axli mtkicebulebebis miRebisa da gamokvlevis dasaSvebobis pirobebi, saapelacio sasamarTlom araviTar SemxTvevaSi ar unda dauSvas axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis ganxilva, Tu cxadia, rom raRac taqtikuri mosazrebebiT Semoinaxa isini mxarem saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis da raRac moulodneli TavdasxmiT gamowveuli efeqtis miRebis survili amoZravebda mas.143 rac Seexeba faqtebsa da mtkicebulebebs, romlebic iyo mxareTa mier wamoyenebuli pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, maT SeuZliaT kvlav wamoayenon apelaciaSi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom SecdomiT ar CaTvala es faqtebi saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqoned da ar Seamowma da ar daadgina, an marTalia daadgina, magram saproceso normebis darRveviT. Tu axali da xelmeored dasaxelebuli faqtebi dasaSvebad cno apelaciam, man unda ganusazRvros mxareebs dro Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis warmosadgenad, Tu isini ar iyo warmodgenili maT mier. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: 1. saapelacio sasamarTlo aris faqtebis damdgeni sasamarTlo, magram faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgena am sasamarTloSi SesaZlebelia mxolod SezRudul farglebSi da kanoniT gansazRvrul pirobebSi. 2. im faqtebisa da mtkicebulebaTa kategorias, romelTa wardgena sasamarTloSi dasaSvebia ganekuTvneba: a) axali faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic warmoiSven pirvel instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg; b) faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic Tumca arsebobdnen pirvel instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvis dros, magram mxareebma ar waradgines iq imis gamo, rom ar icoden am faqtebis Sesaxeb, an

143 sainteresoa am sakiTxze cnobili germaneli iuristis volfgang grunskis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom adre praqtikaSi xSirad gamoyenebuli meTodi „gaqceva apelaciaSi“, rasac mxareebi mimarTavdnen imisaTvis, rom pirveli instanciis ar uareyo da Semoenaxa isini saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis warmatebas aRar gvpirdeba, radgan, Tu faqtebi pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi ganzrax ar iqna warmodgenili, maSi savaldebuloa maTi uaryofa (Seadare Cveni ssk 380-e uxlis me-2 punqti- T.l.). W. Grunsky. Zivilprozessrecht. 2003. s. 195.

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Tumca icoden, magram ar CaTvales maSin saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqoned; g) faqtebi, romlebic mxareebma waradgines pirvel instanciaSi, magram sasamarTlom ar CaTvala isini saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovnad, Tumca aseTi mniSvneloba maT aqvT (Secdoma samarTlebriv SefasebaSi); d) mtkicebulebebi, romlebic mxareebma waradgines pirvel instanciaSi, magram ar miiRo sasamarTlom imis gamo, rom saqmisaTvis ar aqvT mniSvneloba (ssk 104-e muxlis I punqti), Tumca sinamdvileSi maT aseTi mniSvneloba aqvT (Secdoma mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobis SefasebaSi); e) faqtebi, romlebic pirvelma instanciam dadgenilad CaTvala, magram araa miTiTebuli romeli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze; v) faqtebi, romlebic pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom dadgenilad CaTvala kanonis darRveviT miRebuli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze. saapelacio sasamarTlom ar undad dauSvas da ar unda miiRos iseTi faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic mxareebs SeeZloT waredginaT pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, magram uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis gamo ar waradgines iq (ssk 380-e muxlis me-2 punqti). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zemoaRniSnuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saapelacio sasamarTlom dasaSvebad miiCnia axali faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, saapelacio sasamarTlos winaSe wamoiWreba meore, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani sakiTxi - uzrunvelyos maTi droulad warmodgena. amisaTvis, saqmis winaswari momzadebis wesiT, saapelacio sasamarTlom mxareebs unda dauniSnos dro am axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis warmodgenisaTvis. Tu faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi droulad (sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi) ar iqneba warmodgenili, saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar miiRos isini, rogorc dagvianebiT warmodgenili, ris gamoc xeli SeeSleba saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmis droulad ganxilvas (ssk 206-e da 380-e muxlis me-2 punqti). saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia mTlianad gaiziaros pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier mtkicebulebaTa Semowmebisa da Sefasebis Sedegebi, magram, Tu ar iziarebs - es man kargad unda daasabuTos Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi. III. gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis farglebi da saapelacio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba

1. saapelacio sasamarTlo SeboWilia saapelacio saCivris, anu am saCivarSi Camoyalibebuli apelantis moTxovnis farglebiT. es imas niSnavs, rom gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi Tu iuridiuli dasabuTebuloba saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos saapelacio saCivris moTxovnasTan mimarTebaSi (ssk 377-e muxli). sauaresod Sebruneba, e.i. gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba an Secvla im nawilSi, romelic apelants ar uTxovia, an iseTnairad, rogoric mas ar wamouyenebia - dauSvebelia. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi dasabuTebulobis Semowmebis dros sasamarTlom yuradReba unda miaqcios or garemoebas: 350

a) romel faqtobriv garemoebas Tvlis sasamarTlo dadgenilad da amyarebs Tavis gadawyvetilebas gasaCivrebul nawilSi da b) dasturdeba Tu ara es garemoebebi saqmeSi arsebuli an axlad warmodgenili mtkicebulebebiT. 2. gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebulobis Semowmebisas saapelacio sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros, sworad gamoiyena Tu ara gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom kanoni, e.i. iuridiulad sworad Seafasa Tu ara sasamarTlom is faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebic man dadgenilad CaTvala. - samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT Sefasebisas sasamarTlosaTvis mTavari orientiria ssk 393-e muxli, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba kanoni darRveulad da ssk 394-e muxli, romelic Seicavs sakasacio saCivris absolutur safuZvlebs, anu gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis udavo safuZvlebis CamonaTvals, romelic mTlianad vrceldeba saapelacio sasamarTlozec. gadawyvetilebis rogorc faqtobrivi, ise iuridiuli dasabuTebulobis Semowmebis dros saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia gascdes saapelacio saCivris farglebs, e.i. SeuZlia Seamowmos iseTi darRvevebi, daSvebuli mtkicebulebisa da faqtiuri garemoebebis dadgenis dros, agreTve kanonis iseTi darRvevebi, romlebzec ar iyo miTiTebuli saapelacio saCivarSi. saapelacio asamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos agreTve ganCinebebic, romlebic win uswreben gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas. gasaCivrebis dasaSvebobis TvalsazrisiT ganCinebebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: a) ganCinebebi, romlebzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana, rac imas niSnavs, rom am ganCinebebis gasaCivreba dasaSvebia calke, gadawyvetilebisagan damoukideblad da b) ganCinebebi, romelTa calke gasaCivreba ar SeiZleba, magram dasaSvebia maTi uaryofa da maT winaaRmdeg mosazrebaTa Camoyalibeba gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saapelacio saCivarSi. is ganCinebebi, romlebzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana, SeiZleba, ama Tu im mizezis gamo, ar iyo Tavis droze gasaCivrebuli mxaris mier an imis gamo, rom mxarem gauSva misi gasaCivrebis vada, an imis gamo, rom ar moisurva maSin misi calke gasaCivreba. aseTi Tumca gasaCivrebadi, magram Tavis droze gausaCivrebeli ganCinebebi uTanabrdebian da iziareben im ganCinebebis `beds~, romlebzec ar SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana, magram Tavisuflad SeiZleba maTi uaryofa gadawyvetilebasTan erTad. es imas ar niSnavs, rom gadawyvetilebaze calke unda daiweros saapelacio saCivari, xolo zemoxsenebul ganCinebebze calke saCivari (igive kerZo saCivari). ra Tqma unda ara! am ganCinebebis usworobaze SeiZleba miTiTebuli iyos mxolod saapelacio saCivarSi. saapelacio saCivarSi am ganCinebebis dausabuTeblobaze miTiTebas is mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes, rom swored maTi miRebis wyalobiT iqna gamotanili dausabuTebeli da ukanono gadawyvetileba. magaliTad, apelantma Tavis saapelacio saCivarSi miuTiTa, rom saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoeba ver dadasturda, radgan sasamarTlom Tavis araswori da dausabuTebeli ganCinebiT uari uTxra mas Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis miRebaze, mowmis gamoZaxebasa da dakiTxvaze, eqspertizis daniSvnaze da a.S. an kidev, 351

sasamarTlom Tavisi ganCinebiT, romelic kanonis darRveviTaa miRebuli, uari uTxra mas Suamdgomlobaze acilebis Sesaxeb da a.S. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebasTan erTad saapelacio saCivriT gasaCivrebul ganCinebaze saapelacio sasamarTlos ar gamoaqvs calke ganCineba. saapelacio saCivris obieqtia sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba. am gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis mimarT mas gamoaqvs Tavisi gadawyvetileba. Tu im ganCinebebs, romlebic win uswreben gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas, marTlac SeeZlo zegavlena moexdinaT mis faqtobriv Tu iuridiul dasabuTebulobaze. mas gamoaqvs Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba (ganCineba) swored am gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis da ara manamde miRebuli ganCinebebis mimarT. ssk 377-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos uwyebriv qvemdebareobas (me-11 muxli) (saqveuwyelobas) saapelacio sasamarTlo amowmebs Tavis iniciativiT. Tavisi iniciativiT amowmebs igi agreTve saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso kompetencias, risTvisac xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos kanoniT saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~. gansjadobis Semowmeba saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxolod mopasuxis moTxovniT. aseTi moTxovna ki mopasuxes SeuZlia wamoayenos mxolod 21-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis safuZvelze. IV. sauaresod Sebrunebis dauSvebloba sauaresod Sebrunebis dauSvebloba (non reformatio in pejus) pirdapir gamomdinareobs kanonis danawesidan, romlis Tanaxmad saapelacio sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas mxolod saCivris farglebSi da, rom sasamarTlo uflebamosilia Secvalos gadawyvetileba mxolod im farglebSi, rasac mxareebi moiTxoven (ssk 384-e muxli). cxadia, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom gadawyvetilebis Semowmebisas saapelacio sasamarTlo SeiZleba mivides im daskvnamde, rom gadawyvetileba aSkarad arasworia im nawilSic, romelic araa gasaCivrebuli da romelic apelantis sasargeblodaa gamotanili. miuxedavad amisa, saapelacio sasamarTlo ver gaauqmebs gadawyvetilebas am nawilSi. magaliTad: sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba, romliTac nawilobriv daakmayofila a-nis sarCeli mopasuxe banize 10,000 laris dakisrebis Sesaxeb, magram uari uTxra mas amave mopasuxeze 20,000 laris dakisrebis Sesaxeb. a-nim gaasaCivra es gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romliTac mas uari eTqva 20,000 laris mopasuxeze dakisrebis Sesaxeb. am gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis Sedegad saapelacio sasamarTlo mivida im daskvnamde, rom aramarto 20,000 lari, aramed iuridiulad da faqtobrivad arasworia apelant a-nis sasargeblod banize 10,000 laris dakisreba. miuxedavad amisa, saapelacio sasamarTlo ver gaauqmebs gadawyvetilebas im nawilSi, romelic apelantis sasargeblodaa gamotanili, anu ver gaauqmebs gadawyvetilebas a-nis (apelantis) sasargeblod b-anize 10,000 laris gadaxdis dakisrebis Sesaxeb. 352

sauaresod Sebrunebis akrZalvis principis gamarTlebis mizniT moyavT mravali argumenti, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania erTi is, rom es principi emyareba dispoziciurobis princips, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlom Tavisi msjeloba unda iqonios mxaris moTxovnis farglebSi da meore is, rom warmoadgens saCivris Setanis uflebis uzrunvelyofis garantias, radgan ganumtkicebs rwmenas apelants (kasators), rom gadawyvetileba, romelic mis sasargeblodaa gamotanili ar Seicvleba mis sazianod. amasTan erTad, samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, uSvebs Segebebuli saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivris wardgenis SesaZleblobas. Tu apelantis mowinaamdege mxarem Semoitana Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romelic apelants ar gausaCivrebia, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlo aramarto ufleblamosilia, aramed valdebulicaa amis mixedviT Seamowmos gadawyvetileba. Tu aseTi Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari dasabuTebulia da gadawyvetileba unda gauqmdes im nawilSi, romelic am Segebebuli saapelacio saCivriTaa gasaCivrebuli, igi unda gauqmdes, miuxedavad imisa, rom apelantis sasargeblodaa gamotanili. magaliTad: zemod moyvanili magaliTis mixedviT a-nim, romelmac gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romelic mis winaaRmdeg iyo gamotanili, kerZod, romliTac uari eTqva sarCelze mopasuxe b-anize 20000 laris mis sasargeblod gadaxdevinebaze, sapasuxo anu Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari Seitana mopasuxe b-anim, romliTac moiTxova gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba im nawilSi, romliTac mas daekisra am mosarCelis sasargeblod 10000 laris gadaxda. saapelacio sasamarTlom dasabuTebulad cno Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari da gaauqma gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romliTac mosarCele a-nis sasargeblod mopasuxe b-nis daekisra 10000 laris gadaxda, xolo mosarCele a-nis uari uTxra ZiriTadi saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze da gadawyvetileba, romliTac uari eTqva mas mopasuxe b-anize 20000 laris mis sasargeblod dakisrebaze, datova ucvlelad. aq ibadeba kiTxva: xom ar niSnavs es `sauaresod Sebrunebis akrZalvis~ principze uarisTqmas? am kiTxvaze mTeli kategoriulobiT unda vupasuxoT uaryofiTad, saapelacio (sakasacio) gasaCivrebis ufleba aqvs aramarto im mxares, romelmac mTlianad waago procesi, aramed im mxares, romelmac nawilobriv moigo, magram nawilobriv waago procesi. saCivari dasaSvebia mxolod gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romelic apelantis sawinaaRmdegodaa gamotanili. es imas niSnavs, rom rodesac gadawyvetileba nawilobriv mosarCelis, xolo nawilobriv mopasuxis sawinaaRmdegodaa gamotanili, cxadia orive mxares aqvs erTnairi ufleba gaasaCivron gadawyvetileba maTTvis araxelsyrel nawilSi. es, vfiqrob, imdenad cxadia, rom araviTar dasabuTebas ar saWiroebs. magram, Tu es asea, maSin rodesac gadawyvetilebis orive nawili saCivrdeba mxareebis mier, sul erTia damoukidebeli saapelacio 353

saCivrebiT, Tu damoukidebeli da Segebebuli (damokidebuli) saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivriT, sauaresod Sebrunebis akrZalvis (non reformatio in pejus) principi aRar moqmedebs.144 V. dauswrebeli warmoeba apelaciaSi

dauswrebeli warmoebis aucilebloba SeiZleba warmoiSvas ara marto pirveli instanciis, aramed saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloSic. kanoni uSvebs saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloSi dauswrebeli warmoebis SesaZleblobas imave safuZvliT, rac pirvel instanciaSi. mxaris, kerZod apelantis an misi mowinaaRmdege mxaris (saapelacio mopasuxis) gamoucxadeblobis gamo. amasTan erTad, mniSvneloba ar aqvs ganixileba saapelacio saCivari meore dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze, Tu sasamarTlos Cveulebriv (sabolao) gadawyetilebaze. apelaciaSi dauswrebeli warmoebis dros moqmedeben igive wesebi, rac pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi (ssk 387-e muxlis me-3 punqti). amitom, yvelaferi, rac exeba dauswrebel warmoebas pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi zogierTi gamonaklisis garda mTlianad exeba dauswrebel warmoebas saapelacio sasamarTloSi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT apelantis an misi mowinaaRmdegis gamoucxadebloba, an kidev, orive mxaris gamoucxadebloba, erTdroulad iwvevs pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi mxareTa gamoucxadeblobis analogiur, anu erTgvarovan Sedegebs. aq mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokle daskvnebis saxiT CamovayaliboT apelaciaSi dauswrebeli warmoebis zogierTi aspeqti: 1. Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda apelanti (saapelacio mosarCele), romelsac uwyeba Cabarda kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, mowinaaRmdege mxaris TxovniT sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb. Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare moiTxovs saqmis ganxilvis gadadebas, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlo gadadebs saqmis ganxilvas sxva droisaTvis, ris Sesaxebac acnobebs gamoucxadebel mxares (apelants), xolo gamocxadebul mowinaaRmdege mxares, agreTve saqmeSi monawile sxva pirebs afrTxilebs gadadebuli sxdomis dRis Sesaxeb da maTi gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rac Seitaneba oqmSi da razec xels aweren es pirebi. Tu apelanti kvlav ar gamocxaddeba, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas saCivris dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb. 2. Tu sxdomaze ar gamocxaddeba mowinaaRmdege mxare (saapelacio mopasuxe), maSin sasamarTlo, apelantis TxovniT, gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas, an Tu aseTi Txovna ar aris da igi moiTxovs saqmis ganxilvis gadadebas, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlo gadadebs saqmis ganxilvas, ris Sesaxebac afrTxilebs gamocxadebul mxares da dadgenili wesiT acnobebs gamoucxadebel pirebs. Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare kvlav ar gamocxaddeba, saapelacio sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb, oRond erTi aucilebeli pirobiT Tu saapelacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli 144

dawvrilebiT ix. v. xrustali, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 22.

354

faqtobrivi garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTleben saapelacio saCivarSi Camoyalibebul apelantis moTxovnas. saqme isaa, rom apelantis (saapelacio mosarCelis) mier miTiTebuli faqtebi iTvleba dadasturebulad, magram dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas apelantis sasargeblod mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gamoitans saapelacio sasamarTlo, Tu es dadasturebulad (damtkicebulad) CaTvlili garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTleben apelantis moTxovnas (ssk 230-e muxlis me-2 nawili), xolo Tu ar amarTleben, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saapelacio saCivarze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, magram es iqneba ara dauswrebeli, aramed Cveulebrivid gadawyvetileba, romelic SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sakasacio wesiT. apelantis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia ssk 229-e muxlis pirobebis dacviT gamoitanos ara marto dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, aramed datovos saapelacio saCivari ganuxilvelad (ssk 229-e muxlis me-2 naw). saapelacio sasamarTlo ganuxilvelad datovebs saapelacio saCivars roca sxdmoaze ar cxaddeba arcerTi mxare (ssk 231-e muxli). $3. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da ganCineba I. gadawyvetilebisa da ganCinebis gamotanis safuZvlebi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs Tu romeli safuZvlebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi unda iqnes gamotanili gadawyvetileba da romeli safuZvlebis arsebobisas ganCineba: ssk 243-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme wydeba arsebiTad sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetilebis formiT. amave kodeqsis 284-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme arsebiTad ar wydeba sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCinebis formiT. gadawyvetilebisa da ganCinebis gamotanis es wesi vrceldeba aramarto pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebze, aramed saapelacio da sakasacio instanciis sasamarTloebzec. aq SeiZleba sadavo gamxdariyo mxolod erTi sakiTxi: ra iTvleba `saqmis arsebiTad gadawyvetad~ da ra aseTad ar iTvleba~ am kiTxvaze pasuxs kanonmdebloba ar Seicavs. amitom unda mivmarToT praqtikas. sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad ki saqmis arsebiTad gadawyvetad iTvleba sasamarTlos iseTi msjeloba, romelic gansazRvravs sarCelis (gancxadebis) beds anu msjeloba imis Sesaxeb dakmayofildes sarCeli, Tu uari eTqvas mosarCeles (ganmcxadebels) misi moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze. rac Seexeba sasamarTlos msjelobebs sarCelis (gancxadebis) dasaSvebobis anu misi warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebis Sesaxeb, sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Tu saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, calkeul saproceso moqmedebaTa (magaliTad, adgilze daTvaliareba, sasamarTlo davalebebis micema, eqspertizis daniSvna da a.S.) Sesrulebis Sesaxeb, sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb da a.S. aisaxeba sasamarTlos ganCinebebSi, radgan aseTi msjelobebi ar gansazRvraven saqmis beds, ufro zustad ar gansazRvraven 355

mxaris moTxovnis faqtobriv da samarTlebriv dasabuTebulobas, Tu dausabuTeblobas. igive principiT ganviTarda sasamarTlo praqtika saapelacio da sakasacio sasamarTloebis mimarTac: Tu saapelacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas da TviTon gamoaqvs mis nacvlad axali gadawyvetileba, ise rom saqmes ar abrunebs ukan xelaxla gansaxilvelad, maSin mas gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba. magram, Tu igi ucvlelad tovebs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas, an auqmebs mas da abrunebs saqmes xelaxla gansaxilvelad, maSin mas gamoaqvs ganCineba. ganCineba mas gamoaqvs yovelTvis, roca saWirod Tvlis raime saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebas. II. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare cxadia, rom saapelacio sasamarTlos mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi gamoaqvs Tavisi dadgenileba gadawyvetilebis formiT: rodesac auqmebs gadawyvetilebas mTlianad an nawilobriv, saqmes ar abrunebs xelaxla gansaxilvelad ukan imave an sxva sasamarTloSi da TviTon iRebs gauqmebuli gadawyvetilebis Tu misi nawilis sanacvlod axal gadawyvetilebas. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 386-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad Tu saapelacio saCivari dasaSvebia da saqme pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos ar ubrundeba, saapelacio sasamarTlo TviTon iRebs gadawyvetilebs saqmeze. igi Tavisi ganCinebiT uars ambobs saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze an gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis SecvliT iRebs axal gadawyvetilebas saqmeze~. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi unda pasuxobdes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul (ssk 249-e muxli) moTxovnebs, amasTan erTad, saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi bevradaa ganpirobebuli saapelacio saCivris xasiaTiTa da SinaarsiT, kerZod, saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi naTlad da garkveviT unda Camoyalibdes: a) gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis mokle Sinaarsi. aseTi Sinaarsi unda Camoyalibdes, rogorc gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis aRwerilobiTi nawilidan, ise samotivacio da sarezolucio nawilidan. kerZod, saapelacio sasamarTlom unda miuTiTos ra Sinaarsisaa mosarCelis moTxovna, romelic ganixila pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom romeli faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebzec miuTiTeben mxareebi TavianTi moTxovnis Tu Sesageblis dasasabuTeblad, CaTvala man dadgenilad, saqmeSi arsebul romel mtkicebulebas daemyara sasamarTlo da romeli kanoniT ixelmZRvanela man davis gadawyvetisas. b) rogoria apelantis moTxovna. apelantis moTxovnis zustad da amomwuravad miTiTeba saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis uaRresad mniSvnelovani elementia. es mniSvneloba naTlad Cans jer erTi iqedan, rom dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare sasamarTlo SeboWilia mosarCelis sasarCelo moTxovnis farglebiT da ver gacdeba am farglebs da meore, ise rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo, saapelacio sasamarTloc SeboWilia apelantis saapelacio moTxovnis 356

farglebiT da ufleba ar aqvs gacdes am farglebs. magram, rom ar gacildes am farglebs da gadawyvetileba miiRos swored apelantis saapelacio moTxovnis mimarT da mis farglebSi, zustad unda gansazRvros saapelacio saCivris moTxovna da Camoaylibos igi saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi. g) rogor asabuTebs apelanti Tavis saapelacio moTxovnas anu gadawyvetilebis aRwerilobiTi nawili. gadawyvetilebis am nawilSi, romelic emyareba apelantis saapelacio saCivars, mokled magram naTlad da amomwuravad unda iyos miTiTebuli Tu romel faqtobriv an iuridiul safuZvlebs amyarebs apelanti Tavis saapelacio moTxovnas, agreTve mtkicebulebebi, romlebic apelantis azriT adastureben misi saapelacio moTxovnis faqtobriv safuZvels. aqve unda mieTiTos apelantis mosazrebebze, romlebic iuridiulad amarTleben mis moTxovnas, Tu, raTqma unda, igi Tavis moTxovnas afuZnebs aramarto faqtobriv garemoebebze, aramed samarTlebriv mosazrebebze. aqve unda mieTiTos imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel axal faqtebs da mtkicebulebebs emyareba apelanti, romlebic ar iyo wamoyenebuli mis mier pirvel instanciaSi da mizezebi, ris gamoc isini ver iqneba wamoyenebuli. d) saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilisagan. ise rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilSi, saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilSic motivirebulad unda aRiniSnos asabuTeben Tu ara apelantis mier miTiTebuli faqtebi da samarTlebrivi Sefasebebi mis moTxovnas, ramdenad dasaSvebia ssk 380-e da 382-e muxlebis mixedviT axali faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebsac igi emyareba, romeli faqtebis mimarT ar davoben (aRiareben) mxareebi da romeli dadgenilad iTvleba mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebiT, romeli kanoniT ixelmZRvanela saapelacio sasamarTlom rodesac saapelacio saCivris moTxovna daakmayoila da gasaCivrebulil gadawyvetileba gaauqma (Secvala), an, rodesac uari uTxra apelants saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze xolo gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba ucvlelad datova.145 e) saapelacio sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili, anu, rogorc zogjer mas uwodeben - sakuTriv gadawyvetileba, 145 germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 543-e muxlis Tanaxmad saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari Tqvas gadawyvetilebaSi saqmis garemoebebis miTiTebaze, agreTve am gadawyvetvilebis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebaze, Tu igi, aRiarebs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvlebs. (ZiriTadad igulisxmeba aseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romelTa gasaCivreba sakasacio wesiT ar daiSveba - T.l.) iuridiul literaturaSi amasTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTeben, rom praqtikaSi saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi jer kidev sakmaod iSviaTad iyeneben samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 543-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul gaiolebebs. farTod da gulmodgineT asaxuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRwerilobiTi nawili kvlav rCeba mosamarTlisaTvis TviTkontrolis saSualebad, xolo srulyofili samotivacio nawiliT mosamarTle Tavis gadawyvetilebas ufro ganamtkicebs da damajereblobas matebs. aseT samotivacio nawils mtkicebulebis Zala gaaCnia, ris gamoc gamoricxulia, rom zemdgomi instanciis mosamarTlem saqmis masalebidan sul sxva samotivacio nawili amoikiTxos, romelic veRar daedeba safuZvlad sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas. Schumann. Die Berufung in zivilsachen. 5. Auflage 1997, s. 250-251.

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logikurad unda gamomdinareobdes am gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilidan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili emsaxureba gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis dasabuTeba gamarTlebas. erT-erTi yvelaze ZiriTadi moTxovna, romelic waeyeneba sarezolucio nawils mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi unda Seicavdes naTlad da gasagebad Camoyalibebul pasuxs apelantis saapelacio moTxovnaze. magaliTad: binis damqiravebelma a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova sacxovrebeli sadgomis (binis) qiravnobis xelSekrulebis vadamde moSla im safuZvliT, rom es bina safrTxes uqmnis mas da misi ojaxis wevrebis janmrTelobas (samoq. kod. 542-e muxli). zestafonis raionulma sasamarTlom Tavisi 2005 wlis 7 maisis gadawyvetilebiT uari uTxra mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. a-nim Seitana saapelacio saCivari am gadawyvetilebaze da moiTxova misi gauqmeba da axali gadawyvetilebis gamotana. saapelacio sasamarTlom daakmayofila saapelacio saCivari da TviTon gamoitana axali gadawyvetileba, romlis sarezolucio nawili ase Camoayaliba : `dakmayofildes a-nis saapelacio saCivari. gauqmdes zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlos 2005 wlis 7 maisis gadawyvetileba, romliTac uari eTqva apelants sarCelze binis qiravnobis xelSekrulebis vadamde moSlis Sesaxeb. dakmayofildes a-nis sarCeli: qiravnobis xelSekruleba binaze, romelic mdebareobs q.zestafonSi, CxeiZis q. #5 da romelic dadebuli iyo 2003 wlis 10 maiss 5 wlis vadiT - CaiTvalos vadamde moSlilad~. (sarezolucio nawilSi aucileblad unda mieTiTos sasamarTlo xarjebze da gasaCivrebis wessze) saapelacio sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac igi ucvlelad tovebs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas an auqmebs mas da ukan ubrunebs sasamarTlos xelaxla gansaxilvelad, saapelacio sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCinebis formiT. aseTi ganCinebis sarezolucio nawili SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes: magaliTi 1. apelant a-nis uari eTqvas saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze. lagodexis rainuli sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 5 seqtembris gadawyvetileba romliTac dakmayofilda d-onis sarCeli mopasuxe a-nize 2000 laris gadaxdevinebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb - darCa ucvlelad. (aqve miTiTeba xarjebze da gasaCivrebis wesze). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saapelacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gadawyvetilebas da saqmes abrunebs ukan xelaxla gansaxilvelad, maSin saapelacio gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili SeiZleba ase gamoiyurebodes: magaliTi 2. dakmayofildes apelant a-nis saapelacio saCivari. gauqmdes lagodexis raionuli sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 358

5 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, romliTac dakmayofilda d-onis sarCeli mopasuxe (apelant) a-nize 2000 laris gadaxdevinebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb. saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad daubrundes lagodexis raionuli sasamarTlos imave mosamarTles.

Tavi XXII k a s a c i a $1. kasaciis iuridiuli buneba da mizani. kasaciis qarTuli modeli I. kasaciis iuridiuli buneba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT sakasacio sasamarTlo aris mesame instanciis sasamarTlo, romelic amowmebs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis samarTlebriv mxares. sakasacio sasamarTlos aseTi daxasiaTeba zogadad sworia, magram araa sakmarisi, radgan ar Seicavs pasuxs mTel rig sakiTxze, romlis gareSe ar SeiZleba gvqondes sruli 359

warmodgena am uaRresad mniSvnelovani sasamarTlo instanciis Sesaxeb, miT umetes sxvadasxva qveynebSi arseboben metnaklebad. gansxvavebuli modelebi146. imisaTis, rom swori warmodgena Segveqmnes saqarTvelos kasaciis Taobaze, saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT Semdegi: 1. kasacia aris sabolao instanciis sasamarTlo im gadawyvetilebebze, romlebic SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sakasacio wesiT; 2. sakasacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCivrdes mxolod saapelacio sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Seusvleli iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romelTa gasaCivreba kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli; 3. 4. 5.

6.

7.

sakasacio saCivris Setana SeuZliaT mxolod im pirebs, romlebzec vrceldeba gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala. sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs mxolod gadawyvetilebis kanonierebas, mis iuridiul mxares; sakasacio sasamarTlo araa faqtebis damdgeni sasamarTlo, amitom, axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgena sakasacio sasamarTloSi principulad dauSvebelia. erTad-erT gamonaklis am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgenen saproceso normebis darRveva. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sakasacio saCivari efuZneba saproceso darRvevebs, kasators SeuZlia aseTi darRvevis dasadastureblad warudginos sakasacio sasamarTlos mtkicebuleba; sakasacio saCivari dasabuTebuli unda iyos. es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli unda iyos dasaSvebobis winapirobaze, agreTve kanonis darRvevaze da imaze, Tu ra formiT gamoixata es darRveva (gamoiyena kanoni, romelic ar unda gamoeyenebia, ar gamoiyena kanoni, romelic unda gamoeyenebia, arasworad ganmarta kanoni); sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis sakiTxs ganixilavs TviTon sakasacio sasamarTlo. es imas niSnavs, rom nebismieri sakasacio saCivari nebismier saapelacio sasamarTlos

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magaliTad, ruseTis 2002 wlis ssk-is 347-e muxlis Tanaxmad, sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobas da kanonierebas anu aramarto samarTlebriv, aramed

faqtobriv mxares. igi araa SeboWili sakasacio saCivriT da amowmebs gadawyvetilebs sruli moculobiT. sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad, magram mas SeuZlia TviTon Sekribos da Seafasos mtkicebulebebi da gamoitanos axali gadawyvetileba (ruseTis ssk 361-e muxli). italiis Tanamedrove ssk 363-e muxlis Tanaxmad im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mxareebs ar gausaCivrebiaT gadawyvetileba, generalur prokurors SeuZlia Seitanos sakasacio saCivari „kanonis interesebidan gamomdinare“. magram, aseT SemTxvevaSi „mxareebs ar SeuZlia isargeblon sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis kasirebiT (gauqmebiT T.l).“ aseT kasacias zogjer „platunur kasaciasac“ uwodeben. garda amisa, italiis ssk 384-e muxlis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlos, Tu igi auqmebs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas, TviTon ver gamoitans axal gadawyvetilebas, aramed abrunebs saqmes ukan xelaxla gansaxilvelad. somxeTis respublikis 1999 wlis ssk 222-e muxlis Tanaxmad sakasacio wesiT SeiZleba gadaisinjos mxolod kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebisa da saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi. amave kodeqsis 235-e muxlis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlos palata gadasinjavs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas „sakasacio protestSi miTiTebuli safuZvlebis farglebSi“. sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia datovos gadawyvetileba ucvlelad, an gaauqmoT igi mTlianad an nawilobriv da daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad, TviTon sakasacio sasamarTlo axal gadawvetilebas ver gamoitans.. garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba zogierTi sxva qveynis sakasacio sasamarTloebis saqmianoba.

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gadawyvetilebaze dauyovnebliv unda gadaegzavnos sakasacio sasamarTlos saqmesTan erTad; 8. sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia TviTon miiRos saqmeze axali gadawyvetileba mxolod erTi pirobiT: Tu am saqmeze faqtiuri garemoebebi dadgenilia srulad da sworad da saWiro araa damatebiTi faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis gamokvleva. Tu es piroba ar arsebobs, sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gadawyvetilebas da saqmes abrunebs xelaxla gansaxilvelad; 9. xelaxla gansaxilvelad saqme SeiZleba daubrundes saapelacio sasamarTlos imave an sxva palatas; 10. sakasacio sasamarTlo SeboWilia sakasacio saCivris farglebiT. es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo ver gaauqmebs gadawyvetilebas im nawilSi, romelic ar iyo gasaCivrebuli. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis kasatorisaTvis sauaresod Sebruneba (non Reformatio in pejus) dauSvebelia; 11. sakasacio sasamarTlo araa SeboWili kasatoris mier sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli kanonis darRvevis farglebiT da SeuZlia Seamowmos kanonis sxva darRvevebic romlebzec kasatori ar miuTiTebda, anu gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis iuridiuli mxare sruli moculobiT. 12. sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, romelic safuZvlad daedo gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas, savaldebuloa im sasamarTlosaTvis, romelsac saqme ubrundeba xelaxla gansaxilvelad. aseTia sakasacio sasamarTlos qarTuli modeli misi raoba. am modelis calkeuli aspeqtis dawvrilebiT ganxilvas eZRvneba es Tavi. II. kasaciis mizani sakasacio sasamarTlos saqmianoba SeiZleba aRiZras mxolod da mxolod sakasacio saCivris safuZvelze. sakasacio saCivris Setana ki SeuZlia mxares, romelsac aqvs amis iuridiuli interesi. aseTi interesi ki SeiZleba hqondes mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanilia gadawyvetileba( romelmac waago procesi). es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo arsebobs imisaTvis, rom ganixilos sakasacio saCivari da pasuxi gasces am saCivriT wamoyenebul kasatoris moTxovnas. amrigad, rom ara wagebuli mxaris sakasacio saCivari, sakasacio warmoeba ver aRiZvreboda, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis Semowmeba ver ganxorcieldeboda. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi kidev erTi, arc Tu umniSvnelo sakiTxi: imisaTvis, rom sakasacio sasamarTlom ganixilos sakasacio saCivari, kasatorma unda gadaixados saxelmwifo baJi. Tu yovelive amas daumateb imasac, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo ver gascildeba sakasacio saCivris farglebs, rom igi SeboWilia am farglebiT, ar SeiZleba ar gavakeToT erTad-erTi logikurad da iuridiulad gamarTuli daskvna: sakasacio warmoebis SemkveTad gvevlineba piri, romlis mimarT qveda instanciis sasamarTlom gamoitana araxelsayreli gadawyvetileba. sakasacio sasamarTlos Tavis mxriv evaleba, Tu arsebobs sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis yvela winapiroba, 361

ganixilos sakasacio saCivari arsebiTad da miiRos mis mimarT Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba, kerZod, imis mixedviT, Tu rogori iqneba ganxilvis Sedegebi, daakmayofilos an uari uTxras kasators sakasacio saCivris moTxovnaze. meores mxriv, gadawyvetilebis sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba da TviT sakasacio sasamarTlos arseboba, warmoadgens realur samarTlebriv saSualebas kidev erTxel Semowmdes gadawyvetilebis siswore, misi samarTlebrivi dasabuTebulobis TvalsazrisiT, rac iZleva imis imeds, rom, Tu Secdoma samarTlebriv dasabuTebulobaSi marTlac daSvebulia - gaswordes es Secdoma, gaswordes gadawyvetileba. zemoaRniSnuliT, vfiqrobT, naTlad gamoikveTa kasaciis erTi mizani: mxareTa uflebebisa da interesebis dacva, romelsac sxvanairad individualuri interesebis dacvas uwodeben. amasTan erTad, aranair eWvs ar iwvevs, rom saqarTveloSi kasaciis Seqmnis erT-erTi mizani iyo kanonebis erTgvarovnad gageba da erTiani marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofa. aseTi mizani dasaxulia TiTqmis yvela qveynis sakasacio sasamarTloebis winaSe, romelsac sxvanairad sajaro interesebis dacvas uwodeben. amitom, iuridiul literaturaSi daisva da farTod ganixileba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli mizania kasaciisaTvis prioritetuli individualuri, Tu sajaro interesis dacva. Cven vTvlidiT, rom kanonebis erTgvarovnad gageba da erTiani marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofa (sajaro mizani), SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mxareTa uflebebis dacvis (individualuri interesis) Tanmdevi (Tanmxlebi) Sedegi. sxva sityvebiT, mTavari da ZiriTadi kasaciiis saqmianobaSi aris individualuri (mxareTa) interesebis dacva147. amasTan erTad, arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom kasaciis miznebs Soris upiratesia sajaro interesebis dacva148. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis analizidan gamomdinare amJamad Cven savsebiT viziarebT mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad kasaciis miznebis dayofa an gamijvna imis mixedviT, Tu romelia ZiriTadi da romeli meoradi, an kidev, maTi dayofa xarisxebad da rangebad, ar iqneba swori: kasaciis saqmianobaSi rogorc individualuri, ise sajaro interesebis dacva erTnairad mniSvnelovania149. $2. sakasacio saCivari I. sakasacio saCivris obieqtebi da subieqtebi 1. sakasacio saCivris obieqti aris yovelive is, rac SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sakasacio wesiT. es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio saCivris obieqti upasuxebs kiTxvaze: SeiZleba, Tu ara sakasacio wesiT 147

T.liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi. Tbilisi 2004, gv. 302-303. Artur May. Die Revision in den zivil - und Verualtung - sgerichtlichen Verfaren. 1997, s.... kasaciis individualur da sajaro interesebis dacvis mizanze qarTul da ucxour literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi farTodaa ganxiluli v.xrustalis disertaciaSi „kasacia samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi“# /ix. am disertaciis avtoreferati, gv. 9-10) 149 v. xrustali, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 10. 148

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gasaCivrdes is, rasac mxare asaCivrebs, rasac mxare moiTxovs sakasacio sasamarTlosagan. aqedan gamomdinare cxadia, sakasacio saCivris obieqtis zustad gansazRvras aqvs uwinares yovlisa praqtikuli mniSvneloba: Tu sakasacio saCivris moTxovna scildeba sakasacio sasamarTlos kompetencias, Tu kasatori asaCivrebs saapelacio sasamarTlos iseT saproceso dokuments, romlis sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebas ar iTvaliswinebs kanonmdebloba - sakasacio sasamarTlo ar dauSvebs aseT sakasacio saCivars. magaliTad: saapelacio sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba saapelacio warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb. a-nim CaTvala rom saapelacio sasamarTlos es ganCineba ar efuZneba kanons anu kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs ganCinebaSi miTiTebuli safuZvliT saqmis warmoebis SeCerebas. a-nim Seitana sakasacio saCivari am ganCinebaze. sakasacio sasamarTlom ganuxilvelad datova igi, radgan saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos ganCineba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes ara sakasacio wesiT, aramed kerZo saCivriT. sakasacio saCivari arsebiTad gansxvavdeba kerZo saCivrisagan rogorc Tavisi SinaarsiT, ise gasaCivrebis obieqtiT, dasaSvebobis winapirobebiTa da ganxilvis wesiT, ris Sesaxebac saubari gveqneba an naSromis XXIII TavSi. sakasacio saCivris obieqtebis Sesaxeb miTiTebulia ssk 391-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad „saapelacio sasamarTlos, agerTve saolqo sasamarTlos kolegiebis gadawyvetilebebi mxareebma da mesame pirebma damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT SeiZleba kanoniT dadgenil vadebSi gaasaCivron sakasacio sasamarTloSi. rogorc vxedavT, sakasacio saCivris obieqti SeiZleba iyos saproceso dokumenti, romelsac ewodeba gadawyvetileba. magram, saapelacio sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilvis procesSi SeiZleba gamoitanos iseTi saproceso dokumentebi, romlebsac ewodeba ganCinebebi. magaliTad, saapelacio sasamarTlom SeiZleba gamoitanos ganCineba saapelacio saCivris ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb, ganCineba damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb da a.S. sakasacio saCivris Setana SeiZleba ara yvela ganCinebaze, aramed mxolod iseT ganCinebaze, romelic Seicavs pasuxs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi (ucvlelad) datovebis, Tu misi gauqmebis Sesaxeb. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: sakasacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, misi ganCinebebi saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebisa Tu masze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, anu ganCinebebi saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebuli raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Tu misi ZalaSi (ucvlelad) datovebis Sesaxeb. 2. sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebis sakiTxis garkveva pasuxs gvaZlevs kiTxvaze: vis, anu procesis romel monawiles, SeuZlia Seitanos sakasacio saCivari. am sakiTxis garkvevas aqvs praqtikuli mniSvneloba: Tu sakasacio saCivari Seitana iseTma pirma, romelsac ar aqvs ufleba gaasaCivros 363

gadawyvetileba, aseT pirs uari unda eTqvas sakasacio saCivris miRebaze da ganxilvaze. sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebi pirvel rigSi arian mxareebi, anu is pirebi, romlebzec vrceldeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba - mosarCele da mopasuxe, agreTve mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT (ssk 391-e muxlis pirveli nawili). sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebia kanonieri warmomadgenlebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonieri warmomadgenloba specialuri uflebamosilebis gareSe aniWebs maT uflebas cnon sarCeli, uari Tqvan sarCelze, daamTavron saqme morigebiT gaasaCivron gadawyvetileba da a.S. amasTan erTad, kanoni Seicavs SezRudvebsac. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1294-e muxlis Tanaxmad meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe meurves ufleba ar aqvs sameurveo piris saxeliT dados garigeba, xolo mzrunvels samzrunvelo piris saxeliT daTanxmdes garigebis dadebaze, romelic Seexeba qonebis gasxvisebas, dagiravebas da a.S. mTeli rig SezRudvdebs Seicavs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1296-e da 1297-e muxlebi, magram kanoni ar zRudavs kanonier warmomadgenels gaasaCivros misi warmomadgenlisaTvis araxelsayreli gadawyvetileba. sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebia agreTve uflebamonacvleebi. uflebamonacvleobis aucilebloba SeiZleba warmoiSvas sakasacio gasaCivrebis vadis gasvlamde. aseT SemTxvevaSi mas ufleba aqvs Seitanos sakasacio saCivari, magram Tu uflebamonacvleobis aucilebloba warmoiSva sakasacio gasaCivrebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, uflebamonacvles aRar SeuZlia gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba. sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebia iuridiul pirTa warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili pirebi anu pirebi, romlebic kanoniT an wesdebiT aRWurvili arian warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT da, maSasadame, warmoadgenen TavianT organizaciebs sasamarTloSi. aseT pirebad gvevlineba direqtorebi, xolo zogjer partniori. sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebia agreTve nebayoflobiTi warmomadgenlebi, anu pirebi, romlebic mxareebma da zemod dasaxelebulma sxva pirebma miandes saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi (magaliTad, advokatebi) da romlebic aRWurvilni arian specialuri uflebamosilebiT gaasaCivron gadawyvetileba sakasacio wesiT. saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba Tu ara sakasacio saCivris Setanis ufleba mieces pirs, romelic ar figurirebs saqmeSi arc mxared da arc mesame pirad damoukidebeli moTxovniT, magram es piri moxseniebulia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi da gansazRvrulia misi uflebebi da movaleobebi erTerTi an orive mxaris mimarT. aseT pirs unda mieces ufleba gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba sakasacio (saapelacio) wesiT, radgan TviTon am gadawyvetilebam aqcia igi erT-erT mxared procesSi. Tu aseTi gadawyvetileba Sesulia kanonier ZalaSi, maSin mas unda mieces ufleba mimarTos sasamarTlos gancxadebiT saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb, kerZod am gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb ssk 422-e muxlis pirveli punqtis „b“ qvepunqtis safuZvelze. 364

II. sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis winapirobebi 1. sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi 2005 wlis 23 ivniss Setanili cvlilebebiT mkveTrad gaimijna erTmaneTisagan sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi. ganvixiloT es winapirobebi calk-calke. sakasacio saCivris Semosvlidan 10 dReSi, sakasacio sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebis arseboba. es winapirobebi mTlianad ganisazRvreba ssk 396-e muxliT, romelic sakasacio saCivris Sinaarss exeba. garda yvela im aucilebeli rekvizitebisa, romelsac unda Seicavdes sasamarTlosadmi wardgenili nebismier gancxadeba, Tu Suamdgomloba sakasacio saCivars waeyeneba sxva moTxovnebic, kerZod: 1. sakasacio saCivris Setana uflebamosili piris mier. zemoT Cven amomwuravad miuTiTeT sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebze, anu im pirebze, romlebsac SeuZliaT Seitanon sakasacio saCivari. mxolod am pirebs aqvT sakasacio saCivris uflebamosileba. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu sakasacio saCivari Seitana pirma, romelsac aseTi uflebamosileba ar aqvs, sakasacio sasamarTlo ver dauSvebs aseT saCivars. magram, sakasacio saCivris Setana uflebamosili piris mier jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom es saCivari unda miiRos da ganixilos sakasacio sasamarTlom. arseboben sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis sxva pirobebic, romelTa ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi sakasacio saCivris gansaxilvelad miReba ar SeiZleba. 2. sakasacio saCivris Sinaarsis Sesabamisoba kanonis moTxovnebTan. ssk 396-e muxli gansazRvravs im monacemebs, romlebsac unda Seicavdes sakasacio saCivari. am monacemebis erToblioba qmnis sakasacio saCivris Sinaarss. aqedan gamomdinare, sakasacio sasamarTlom uwinares yovlisa, unda Semowmos, Tu ramdenad pasuxobs TviTon sakasacio saCivari kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs. SeuZlebelia, magaliTad, sakasacio saCivris gansaxilvelad miReba, Tu masSi araa miTiTebuli gadawyvetilebis romel nawils asaCivrebs kasatori, an kidev, ra moculobiT da ra safuZvliT saCivrdeba gadawyvetileba (kasaciis mizezi), ras moiTxovs kasatori: gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas Tu Secvlas (kasaciis ganacxadi) da a.S. Tu werilobiTi formiT Sedgenili sakasacio saCivari ar pasuxobs ssk 396-e muxlis moTxovnebs, sakasacio sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb da niSnavs vadas amisaTvis. Tu xarvezi am vadaSi ar iqneba Sevsebuli sakasacio sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos ganCineba misi ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb. 3. sakasacio saCivris Setanis vada. sakasacio saCivris Setanis vada aris erTi Tve da am vadis aRdgena (gagrZeleba) ar SeiZleba. vadis dena iwyeba gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentidan. gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentad iTvleba am gadawyvetilebis aslis mxarisaTvis Cabareba uSvalod sasamarTloSi an misi mxarisaTvis gadagzavnis kanoniT 365

dadgenili wesiT (ssk 397-e muxlis pirveli nawili). iseT SemxTvevaSi, rodesac gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebas eswreboda mxareebi an maTi warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac hqondaT sakasacio saCivris Setanis ufleba, maSin sakasacio saCivris Setanis vada iwyeba misi gamocxadebis momentidan. amrigad, gasaCivrebis erTTviani vadis dena iwyeba: a) motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis aslis uSualod sasamarTloSi Cabarebis dRidan, roca es mxare ar eswreboda gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebas; b) motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis aslis mxarisaTvis gadagzavnis dRidan, Tu saqmeSi aris cnoba, rom mxares Cabarda gadawyvetileba; g) motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis dRidan, Tu aseT gamocxadebas eswreboda sakasacio saCivris Setanis uflebis mqone piri. 4. saxelmwifo baJis winaswari gadaxda. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba moiTxovs saxelmwifo baJis winaswar gadaxdas. es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio saCivars unda daerTos saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdis qviTari, romliTac am saCivris ganmxilveli sakasacio sasamarTlo igebs, rom baJi gadaxdilia. Tu baJis gadaxdis aseTi damadasturebeli dokumenti ar erTvis saCivars, sakasacio sasamarTlom unda miiRos ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb da daavalos kasators daniSnul vadaSi gadaixados baJi. Tu xarvezi am vadaSi Sevsebuli ar iqneba sakasacio sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sakasacio saCivris ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 396-e muxlis me-3 nawili). 5. sakasacio gasaCivrebaze werilobiTi uaris ararseboba. ssk 370-e muxli amkvidrebs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis Semdeg mxare werilobiTi formiT ganacxadebs uars saapelacio gasaCivrebaze, saapelacio saCivari aRar daiSveba. igive wesi moqmedebs gadawyvetilebis sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebaze uarisTqmisas, radgan ssk 399-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqmis ganxilva sakasacio sasamarTloSi warmoebs im wesebis dacviT, romlebic dadgenilia saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis. amrigad, uarisTqmas sakasacio gasaCivrebaze ukavSirdeba seriozuli samarTlebrivi Sedegi: Tu miuxedavad amisa, mxare mainc gaasaCivrebs gadawyvetilebas sakasacio wesiT, am saCivars sakasacio sasamarTlo ganuxilvelad datovebs misi dauSveblobis gamo. mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moixsnas aseTi Sedegi: Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare, romelsac ar ganucxadebia uari sakasacio gasaCivrebaze, gaasaCivrebs gadawyvetilebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi mxares romelmac uari Tqva sakasacio gasaCivrebaze SeuZlia Seitanos Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari. magaliTad: saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma pireli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da TviTon gamoitana saqmeze axali gadawyvetileba, romliTac nawilobriv daakmayofila a-nis moTxovna, xolo nawilobriv uari uTxra mas am moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze. a-nim ganucxada sasamarTlos da mowinaaRmdege mxares b-anis rom is uars ambobs am gadawyvetilebis sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebaze. es gancxadeba Setanil iqna oqmSi, razec xeli moawera a-nim. b-anim gaasaCivra aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romliTac nawilobriv dakmayofilda a-nis sarCeli. Seityo ra amis Sesaxeb a-nim, romelsac uari hqonda naTqvami sakasacio gasaCivrebaze, Seitana 366

Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari. sakasacio sasamarTlom miiRo es saCivari gansaxilvelad. sakasacio sasamarTlo sworad moiqca, radgan ssk 405-e muxlis Tanaxmad Tu mxarem Seitana sakasacio saCivari, mowinaaRmdege mxares SeuZlia Seitanos Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari, miuxedavad sakasacio saCivris Setanaze uaris Tqmisa. 7. sakasacio saCivris dafuZneba kanonis darRvevaze. sakasacio saCivari SeiZleba efuZnebodes mxolod imas, rom gadawyvetileba, romelsac kasatori asaCivrebs, kanonis darRveviTaa gamotanili. es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio saCivarSi aucileblad unda iyos miTiTebuli, Tu romeli kanonia darRveuli da raSi gamoixateba es darRveva (ssk 393-e muxli). sakasacio saCivari, romelic emyareba ara kanonis darRvevas, aramed mxolod gadawyvetilebis faqtobriv mxares, SeiZleba iTqvas, araa sakasacio saCivari, amitom, igi dauSvebelia. magram, kanoni aseT saCivars ganixilavs rogorc sakasacio saCivars, romelsac aqvs xarvezi. sakasacio sasamarTlom unda daavalos kasators Seavsos es xarvezi, risTvisac uniSnavs mas vadas. Tu es xarvezi am vadaSi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, sakasacio saCivari unda darCes ganuxilvelad.150 rogorc ukve avRniSneT, sakasacio saCivris Semosvlidan 10 dRis ganmavlobaSi. sakasacio sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos Setanilia, Tu ara sakasacio saCivari ssk 396-e muxZlis moTxovnaTa dacviT da, maSasadame, arsebobs, Tu ara sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis yvela winapiroba. Tu es winapirobebi arseboben sakasacio sasamarTlo miiRebs sakasacio saCivars misi dasaSvebobis Sesamowmeblad, an Tu aseTi winapirobebi ar arseboben - sakasacio sasamarTlo uars etyvis kasators sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebaze. aq miTiTebuli ganCinebebis miRebamde SeiZleba miRebul iqnes Sualeduri ganCineba sakasacio xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb (ssk 396-e muxlis me-3 nawili). magaliTad: a-nis warmomadgenelma d-onma Seitana sakasacio saCivari. sakasacio sasamarTlom aRmoaCina, rom marTalia d-oni gamodioda am saqmeze a-nis warmomadgenlad, magram sakasacio gasaCivrebaze specialuri uflebamosileba mas ar hqonda, rasac moiTxovs kanoni (ssk 98-e muxli). sakasacio sasamarTlom miiRo ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb da daniSna amisaTvis vada. am vadaSi warmomadgenelma ver warmoadgina marwmuneblis mier gacemuli specialuri mindobiloba. sakasacio sasamarTlom miiRo ganCineba sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb. 2. sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi. rogorc es pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 401-e muxlis axali redaqciiT „sasamarTlo iRebs warmoebaSi sakasacio saCivars am kodeqsis 391-e muxlis safuZvelze dasaSvebobis Sesamowmeblad.“ 150 iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs Cveni azriT savsebiT swori mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sakasacio saCivarSi Camoyalibebuli sakasacio moTxovnis dasabuTebuloba mTlianad ganpirobebulia kasaciis miznebiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio saCivris dasabuTebuloba unda emyarebodes kanonis darRvevas, masSi naCvenebi unda iyos, Tu konkretulad raSi gamoixateba kanonis darRveva. v. xrustali - dasaxelebulil naSromi, gv..........

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rogoria ssk 391-e muxlis safuZvelze sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi? 1. sakasacio saCivris sagnis Rirebuleba. dasaSvebobis es winapiroba exeba uSvalod sakasacio saCivars. qonebriv samarTlebriv davebSi sakasacio saCivari dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakasacio saCivris sagnis Rirebuleba aRemateba 50 000 lars. sakasacio saCivris sagnis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis ra zomis Secvlaze Seaqvs saCivari mxares. magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli sasamarTloSi da moiTxova b-anisagan xelSekrulebis SeusruleblobiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba 55000 laris odenobiT. raionulma sasamarTlom uari uTxra a-nis sarCelis, dakmayofilebaze. saapelacio sasamarTlom saapelacio saCivris safuZvelze gaauqma gadawyvetileba da TviTon miiRo axali gadawyvetileba, romliTac nawilobriv, kerZod 25000 laris odenobiT daakmayofila apelantis moTxovna. a-nim Seitana sakasacio saCivari gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romliTac mas uari eTqva moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze. sakasacio saCivris sagnis Rirebuleba am SemTxvevaSi ganisazRvreba ara 55000 lariT, aramed 25000 lariT, radgan kasatori moiTxovs saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Secvlas swored am nawilSi. sakasacio saCivris sagnis Rirebulebis gansazRvra SeiZleba garTuldes rodesac mxaris moTxovna exeba qonebas an qonebis nawils, amasTan dakavSirebiT ssk 391-e muxlis me-3 nawili Seicavs praqtikul miTiTebas, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu Rirebulebis moculoba eWvs iwvevs, maSin kasatorma es Rirebuleba unda daadasturos. amdenad, sakasacio saCivris sagnis Rirebulebis damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba kasators. sakasacio sasamarTlom unda Seafasos, Tu ramdenad damajereblad daamtkica kasatorma es Rirebuleba da SeiZleba Tu ara mis mier warmodgenil masalebsa da mosazrebebs daeyrdnos. rac Seexeba araqonebriv davebs, aseT davebSi sakasacio saCivari dasaSvebia sityvisa da gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul davebze. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs daskvna: qonebriv davebze, romelTa Rirebuleba aRemateba 50000 lars da iseT araqonebriv davebze, rogoricaa sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebidan gamomdinare davebi, - vrceldeba e.w. Tavisufali kasacia: SezRudvebi, romlebic dawesebulia sxva qonebriv da araqonebriv davebis mimarT, maTze ar vrceldeba. dasaSvebia Tu ara sakasacio saCivari sxva iseT qonebriv davebze, romelTa Rirebuleba ar aRemateba 50000 lars da iseT araqonebriv davebze, romlebic ar ganekuTvneba sityvisa da gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul davebs? es davebi ar ganekuTvneba „Tavisufal“ kasaciaTa kategorias. aseTi davebis mimarT kasacia dasaSvebia Tu arseboben garkveuli winapirobebi. aseTi winapirobebia:

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b) saqmis mniSvneloba samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis (ssk 391-e muxlis me-5 naw. „T“ qvepunqti). ndebismier saqmes, romelic sasamarTloSi ganixileba, Se6iZleba hqondes mniSvneloba sruliad gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad, saqmes aqvs mniSvneloba kasatorisaTvis an saerTod mxareebisaTvis maTi moTxovnis *(davis sagnis) gadawyvetis Sedegis TvalsazrisiT. saqmis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetas SeiZleba hqondes mniSvneloba ekonomikuri, zneobrivi, moralur-politikuri, istoriuli Tu sxva raime mosazrebiTac. Tu risTvis an ra TvalsazrisiT unda hqonds saqmes mniSvneloba raTa daSvebul iqnges am saqmeze kasacia, amas gansazRvravs TivoTn kanonmdebeli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kanonmdebeli gansazRvravs im ZiriTad sferoebs (mimarTulebebs) romlebisTvisac saqmes unda hqondes mniSvneloba, raTa daSvebul iqnes kasacia am saqmeze, rogorc avRniSneT es sferoebia (mimarTulebebia): samarTlis ganviTareba da erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibeba. Tu saqmes aqvs mniSvneloba an samarTlis ganviTarebisaTvis, an erTgvarovani praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis - kasacia daSvebuli unda iqnes.151 amasTan erTad, saqmis mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba gamosayenebel normas (kanons), romelic awesrigebs sadavo samarTlebriv urTierTobas. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba CamovayaliboT ramdenime rekomendacia: kasaciis dasaSvebobis winapirobebis arsebobis Semowmebisas mxedvelobaSi SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas mxolod is, rom samarTlebrivi norma an am normidan gamomdinare samarTlebrivi Sefaseba uSualod ukavSirdebodes gansaxilvel saqmes, emsaxurebodes gansaxilveli saqmis gadawyvetas, safuZvlad edos am saqmeze gamotanil gadawyvetilebas. sakasacio sasamarTlo mowodebulia Seamowmos saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis iuridiuli mxare da ara imisaTvis, rom pasuxi gasces abstraqtul samarTlebriv sakiTxebze, an ganmartos iseTi samarTlebrivi normebis azri da Sinaarsi, romlebsac mocemul konkretul samarTlebriv davasTan kavSiri ar aqvs da, maSasadame, am saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kasacia ssk 391-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqtis Sesabamisad dasaSvebia: 1. Tu dasabuTebul eWvs iwvevs saapelacio sasamarTlos mier kanonis an samarTlis analogiis gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba da aucilebloba, an kidev Sesavsebia kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli xarvezi, romelzec sakasacio sasamarTlos adre ar hqonia miRebuli raime gadawyvetileba.152 2. Tu samarTlebrivi norma SedarebiT axalia, an pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli da misi Sinaarsis gageba iwvevs seriozul eWvebs, rac qmnis 151

iuridiul literaturaSi gamoiTqva swori mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom 391-e muxlis me-5 punqtis „a“ qvepunqtis mixedviT kasacia dasaSvebia, Tu mas aqvs mniSvneloba aramarto samarTlis ganviTarebisaTvis, aramed imavdrulad erTgvarovani praqtikisaTvis, Tumca savsebiT sworad miuTiTeben, rom Tu saqmes aqvs mniSvneloba samarTlis ganviTarebisaTvis, mas ar SeiZleba ar hqondes mniSvneloba erTgvarovani praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvisac. ix. ceno raihenbeheri da Salva papuaSvili, samarTlis ganviTareba - samoqalaqo procesSi kasaciis daSvebis axali safuZvlebis ganmartebisaTvis. 152 ceno raihenbeheri, Salva papuaSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv.

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imis aucileblobas, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT iqnes ganmartebuli da pasuxi gaeces am normidan gamomdinare samarTlebriv sakiTxebs. 3. Tu sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebuli saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gansxvavdeba adre damkvidrebuli praqtikisagan. mxedvelobaSia imave an sxva saapelacio sasamarTloebis, agreTve, pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebis mier damkvidrebuli praqtika.153 rac Seexeba winaaRmdegobis arsebobas sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebTan - es calke punqtaTaa gamoyofili ssk-Si, ris Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari. g) saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gansxvaveba am kategoriis saqmeebze saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos manamde arsebuli praqtikisagan (ssk 191-e muxlis me-5 punqtis „b“ qvepunqti). sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis am winapirobis Sinaarsis sworad gagebisaTvis erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad unda gavmijnoT ori problema: erTi - sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefasebis savaldebuloba saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis, romelic safuZvlad daedo gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas da saqmis xelaxla gansaxilvelad ukan dabrunebas da meore - sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis, ufro zustad, am gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi Sefasebis „savaldebuloba“ sxva sasamarTloebisaTvis. 1. sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, romelic safuZvlad udevs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas da saqmis ukan dabrunebas, savaldebuloa gasaTvaliswineblad im saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis, romelsac es saqme gansaxilvelad ubrundeba. arc saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi da arc praqtikaSi es ar iwvevs raime davas da amiT ar irRveva mosamarTlis damoukideblobisa da misi mxolod kanonisadmi damorCilebis fundamenturi principi. im mraval mosazrebas Soris, romlebic mimarTulia sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefasebis savaldebulobis gamarTlebisaken aq SeiZleba SemovifargloT mxolod erTi mosazrebis moyvaniT: rom ara aseTi savaldebuloba SeuZlebeli iqneboda sakasacio sasamarTlodan saapelacio sasamarTloSi da piriqiT - saqmis dausrulebeli moZraobis Tavidan acileba, xolo, samarTlis ganviTarebasa da erTiani marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofaze laparakic ki zedmeti iqneboda154. qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi da ramdenadc CvenTvis cnobilia germanul da avstriul samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi, aranair davas ar iwvevs agreTve sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi Sexeduleba savaldebuloa agreTve im sakasacio palatisaTvis, romelmac aseTi Sexeduleba Camoayaliba („TviTSezRudvis principi“). am sakiTxis sxvanairad gadawyveta warmoSobda gadaulaxav logikur winaaRmdegobas, romlis mixedviT gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi 153

am kriteriumTan dakavSirebiT principulia is garemoeba, rom gadamwyvetia ara calkeuli samarTlebrivi davis bedi aramed misi mniSvneloba erTgvarovani praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis. yuradReba unda mieqces, Tu ramdenad principulia konkretuli samarTlebrivi Secdoma mTlianad sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis rogorc misi ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis, ise marTlmsajulebis mimarT ndobis Seryevis kuTxiT. ix. ceno raihenbeheri, Salva papuaSvili. dasax. naSromi 154 dawvrilebiT am mosazrebebis Sesaxeb ix. v.xrustali. dasax. naSromi agreTve, Artur May. Op. s. 554563.

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Sefaseba“ savaldebuloa qvemdgomi sasamarTlosaTvis, magram araa savaldebulo TviTon SemfaseblisaTvis. aseTi mdgomareobis logikuri gamarTleba SeuZlebelia, magram aseTi mdgomareoba safuZvels aclis erTiani marTlmsajulebisa da samarTlis unifikaciis interesebs. rac Seexeba sxva sakasacio palatebs an am palatebis sxva Semadgenlobebs (kolegiebs), samarTlebrivi Sefasebebi sxva saqmeebze da sxva palatebis (Semadgenlobebis) mier Camoyalibebuli, aseve savaldebuloa da maT ufleba ar aqvT gadauxvion am Sefasebebs. erTaderTi, rac maT SeuZliaT, roca ar eTanxmebian adre miRebul samarTlebriv Sefasebebs - esaa mimarTon did palatas da gadascen mas saqme gansaxilvelad, romlis mier am saqmeze gamotanil gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi Sefaseba savaldebulo iqneba yvela sakasacio palatisTvis (SemadgenlobisaTvis). mxolod am gziT SeiZleba samarTlis normebis Sinaarsis erTgvarovnad gageba da saerTod kasaciis miznebis sruli realizacia. amasTan erTad, ar aqvs aranairi mniSvneloba samarTlis dargs, romelsac ganekuTvneba saqme da am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba ssk 391-e muxlis me-5 punqtis „b“ qvepunqtSi gamoyenebul sityvebSi: „gansxvavebuli gadawyvetileba“, „gansxvavebulil praqtika“, „saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos manamde arsebuli praqtika“ - unda vigulisxmoT samarTlis normis (kanonis) gansxvavebulad ganmarteba, romelsac am sxvadasxva saqmeebze gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi emyarebian155. mTavaria, rom erTidaigive an identur samarTlebriv sakiTxze exlandeli gadawyvetileba Seicavdes sakasacio sasamarTlos adrindel gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebul pasuxisagan gansxvavebul pasuxs. 2. sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefasebis savaldebuloba sxva sasamarTloebisaTvis. sxva sasamarTloebisaTvis, kerZod sxva saapelacio Tu pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebisaTvis sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebul samarTlebriv mosazreba savaldebulo Zala ar aqvs. sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefasebis gamoyeneba am „sxva sasamarTloebSi“ uzrunvelyofilia ara savaldebulobis ZaliT, aramed maTi dasabuTebulobisa da damajereblobis ZaliT. maT mimarT mTeli ZaliT moqmedebs principi, romlis Tanaxmad mosamarTle damoukidebelia da emorCileba mxolod kanons. amasTan erTad, ar SeiZleba ar SevamCnioT ori interesis kolizia: erTis mxriv, mosamarTlis mxolod kanonisadmi damorCileba, rac konkretulad imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi uflebamosili da valdebulia gamoitanos gadawyvetileba sakuTari samarTlebrivi Sexedulebis safuZvelze da meores mxriv, samarTlisa da marTlmsajulebis erTiani sistemis uzrunvelyofis interesi (amocana). kolozia am or interess Soris namdvilad aris, magram samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba gvTavazobs misi gadaWris Semdegnair gzas: Tu 155

ssk 391-e muxlis me-5 punqtis „b“ qvepunqtSi miTiTebuli sityvebi „am kategoriis saqmeebze...“ ar unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos sxva kategoriis saqmeebze SeiZleba normis gansxvavebuli interpretacia, igive anu identur samarTlebriv sakiTxze gansxvavebuli pasuxi. rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, samarTlis normis gansxvavebulad interpretaciis, Tu samarTlebriv sakiTxze gansxvavebuli pasuxis konstatirebisaTvis ar aqvs mniSvneloba arc „saqmeTa kategorias“ da ufro metic, arc samarTlis dargs.

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sasamarTlos exlandeli gadawyvetileba emyareba igive an identuri samarTlis normis sxvanair interpretacias, igive an identur samarTlebriv sakiTxze sxvanair pasuxs, anu sxvanair samarTlebriv Sefasebas, vidre es mocemulia sakasacio sasamarTlos adrindel gadawyvetilebaSi - saapelacio sasamarTlom unda miuTiTos amis Sesaxeb Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi, xolo sakasacio sasamarTlom unda dauSvas aseT SemTxvevaSi sakasacio saCivari.156 d) saqmis ganxilva saapelacio sasamarTlos mier mniSvnelovani saproceso darRveviT, romelsac SeeZlo arsebiTad emoqmeda saqmis ganxilvis Sedegze. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs saproceso darRvevebis iseT CamonaTvals, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba aucileblad unda gauqmdes (ssk 394-e muxli). es imas ar niSnavs, rom sxva saproceso darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba gauqmdes. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba unda gauqmdes nebismieri iseTi saproceso darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aseT darRvevas SeeZlo gavlena moexdina gadawyvetilebis sisworeze. es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio saCivari SeiZleba emyarebodes aramarto iseT saproceso darRvevebs, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs kanoni (ssk 394-e muxli), aramed iseT saproceso darRvevebsac, romlebsac kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs magram romlebsac SeeZloT arsebiTad emoqmedaT saqmis Sedegze. SeeZloT, Tu ara aseT darRvevebs (romlebzec aucilebelad unda iyos miTiTebuli sakasacio saCivarSi) emoqmedaT saqmis Sedegze (gadawyvetilebis sisworeze), wyvets TviTon sakasacio sasamarTlo. e) saapelacio sasamarTlos meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis an dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi ganCinebis gasaCivreba. sakasacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio sasamarTlos mxolod meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, agreTve misi ganCineba dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb. Tu ras niSnavs meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, amis Sesaxeb saubari gvqonda am wignis me..... gverdze. amitom am sakiTxze aq aRar SevCerdebiT. saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT mxolod imis Sesaxeb, rom raxan meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba (da ganCineba) ganxilulia sakasacio saCivrebis dasaSvebobis erT sibrtyeze, masze aRar SeiZleba gavavrceloT dasaSvebobis sxva winapirobebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saapelacio sasamarTlos meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba (ganCineba) ganekuTvneba „Tavisufal kasaciaTa“ kategorias: sakmarisia gasaCivrebuli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba iyos meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba an ganCineba dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb sakasacio sasamarTlom unda dauSvas da ganixilos igi. aseTia mokled sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi, Tu es winapirobebi arsebobs sakasacio sasamarTlo gamoitans „ganCinebas 156

jerjerobiT saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs wess, romlis mixedviT aseT SemTxvevebSi saapelacio sasamarTlo TviTon iRebs gadawyvetilebas sakasacio saCivris daSvebis Sesaxeb, rac savaldebuloa sakasacio sasamarTlosaTvis

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sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobisa da misi ganxilvis dRis daniSvnis Sesaxeb“, Tu aseTi winapirobebi ar arsebobs mas gamoaqvs ganCineba sakasacio saCivris miRebaze uaris Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis gamo“. 3) saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos did palataze saqmeTa gadacemis winapirobebi saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi palata ar aris axali da Cveni qveynis marTlmsajulebisaTvis sruliad uprecedento movlena. mas yavda winamorbedi saqarTvelos senatis, anu saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos „sakasacio departamentTa SeerTebuli sakrebulos“ saxiT, romelic Seiqmna 1919 wlis „debulebiT saqarTvelos senatis Sesaxeb.“157 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi palata ar warmoadgens sxva sakasacio palatebze zemdgom sakasacio sasamarTlos. igi aris sakasacio sasamarTlo, romelsac sxva sakasacio palatebma SeiZleba gadascen saqme gansaxilvelad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arsebobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulil winapirobebi. didi palata saqmeebs ganixilavs 9 mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT. did palatas ver mimarTaven uSualod kasatorebi. didi palata ganixilavs saqmeebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas mimarTavs romelime sakasacio palata. cxadia, sakasacio palatis ganCineba saqmis did palataze gadacemis Sesaxeb motivirebuli unda iyos im garemoebebiT, romlebic miTiTebulia „saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis me-9 muxlis me-3 nawilSi. es garemoebebia: 1) saqmis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis; 2) saqmis sirTulidan gamomdinare, gadawyvetilebis miReba saWiroebs normis axlebur ganmartebas; 3) saqme Tavisi SinaarsiT warmoadgens iSviaT samarTlebriv problemas. unda vaRiaroT, rom did palataze saqmis gadacemis es winapirobebi, Tavisi SinaarsiT igivea, rac sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi, romelTa Sesaxeb zemoT iyo saubari. aseT SemTxvevaSi maTi kanonmdeblobaSi SenarCuneba absoluturad gaumarTlebeli iqneba. did palataSi saqmeTa gadacemis pirobebi unda dazustdes, did palatas SeiZleba gadaeces saqme gansaxilvelad; a) Tu sakasacio palata ar iziarebs didi palatis mier normis ganmartebas (samarTlebriv Sefasebas); b) Tu sakasacio palatebs Soris ar aris erTsulovneba samarTlis normis azrisa da Sinaarsis gagebaSi da g) Tu TviTon did palatas saWirod Secvalos Tavisi adre micemuli ganmartebebi da Sefasebebi.158 III. Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari

157 158

dawvrilebiT v.xrustali, dasax. naSromi. gv. 7. v. xrustali, dasax. naSromi, gv. 32

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is, rac iTqva Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris mimarT (ix. Tavi XXI) mTlianad ganekuTvneba Segebebul sakasacio saCivarsac. amitom, aq SemovifarglebiT ramdenime principuli debulebis CamoyalibebiT: 1. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs mowinaaRmdege mxaris axsna-ganmartebas (Sepasuxebas, Sesagebels) sakasacio saCivarze da Segebebul sakasacio saCivars (ssk me-400 da 405-e muxlebi). gansxvaveba sakasacio mopasuxis Sepasuxeba-Sesagebelsa da mis Segebebul sakasacio saCivars Soris arsebiTia: sakasacio saCivarze mowinaaRmdege mxaris (sakasacio mopasuxis) Sepasuxeba (Sesagebeli) mimarTulia uSvalod sakasacio saCivris winaaRmdeg, anu imis dasabuTebisaken, rom sakasacio saCivari araa iuridiulad motivirebuli, iuridiulad gaumarTlebelia, xolo gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba swori da samarTliania. rac Seexeba Segebebul sakasacio saCivars, igi ar Semoifargleba mxolod imis dasabuTebiT, rom sakasacio saCivris moTxovna araa iuridiulad gamarTlebuli, aramed moiTxovs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas im nawilSi, romelic kasatoris sasargeblodaa gamotanili. magaliTad: saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba da gamoitana axali gadawyvetileba, romliTac b-anis daakisra a-nis sasargeblod 40000 laris gadaxdevineba, xolo 60000 laris gadaxdevinebaze uari uTxra. a-nim Seitana sakasacio saCivari, romliTac moiTxova gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba im nawilSi, romliTac uari eTqva mas 60000 laris gadaxdevinebaze. b-anim Seitana Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari, romliTac aramarto uaryo sakasacio saCivari da miuTiTa garemoebebze, romlebic aqarwyleben sakasacio saCivris dasabuTebulobas, aramed moiTxova gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba im nawilSic, romelic kasatoris sasargeblodaa gamotanili da romliTac mas daekisra 40 000 laris gadaxdevineba. 2. Tu gasaCivrebulia saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba romliTac mTlianad dakmayofilda mosarCelis moTxovna an mTlianad eTqva uari mis moTxovnas, an kidev, saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba, romliTac ucvlelad darCa pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romliTac mTlianad dakmayofilda an mTlianad eTqva uari mosarCelis moTxovnas - Segebebuli sakasacio saCivris aRZvra gamoricxulia, radgan sakasacio saCivriT mTlianad ifareba gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba (ganCineba). aseT SemTxvevaSi kasatoris mowinaaRmdege mxaris (sakasacio mopasuxis) iuridiuli interesi mTlianad amoiwureba im motivebis gaqarwylebiT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sakasacio saCivars. amisTvis arsebobs Sesagebeli sakasacio saCivarze. 3. sakasacio mopasuxes SeuZlia Seitanos Segebebuli saCivari misTvis sakasacio saCivris gadacemidan 10 dRis ganmavlobaSi. 4. Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari, romelic Semotanilia sakasacio gasaCivrebis vadis dacviT (erTi Tve) da misi Rirebuleba Seesabameba 374

sakasacio saCivrisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul fass - aris ZiriTadi sakasacio saCivrisagan damoukidebeli sakasacio saCivari. es imas niSnavs, rom aseTi damoukidebeli Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari unda ganixilos sasamarTlom miuxedavad imisa uari eTqva kasators ZiriTad sakasacio saCivris miRebaze, daSvebaze, ukan gaiTxova Tu ara kasatorma Tavisi sakasacio saCivari da a.S. 5. Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari, romelic Semotanilia sakasacio gasaCivrebis vadis darRveviT, anu erTi Tvis Semdeg (ssk 397-e muxli), an ar pasuxobs sakasacio saCivrisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul fass aris ZiriTad sakasacio saCivarze damokidebuli sakasacio saCivari da misi miReba warmoebaSi da daSveba mTlianad damokidebulia ZiriTadi sakasacio saCivris miRebaze da daSvebaze. es imas niSnavs, rom, Tu ar iqneba miRebuli da daSvebuli ZiriTadi sakasacio saCivari, maSin ar iqneba miRebuli da daSvebuli Segebebuli sakasacio saCivaric. 6. warmoebaSi miRebuli da daSvebuli ZiriTadi da Segebebuli sakasacio saCivrebis arsebiTad gadawyvetis bedi araa damokidebuli erTmaneTze: sasamarTlos SeuZlia daakmayofilos Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari da uari uTxras kasators ZiriTadi sakasacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze da piriqiT. 7. saCivari, romelsac Segebebuli sakasacio (saapelacio) saCivari uwodes, magram mimarTulia mxolod ZiriTadi sakasacio saCivris gaqarwylebisaken, sinamdvileSi aris Cveulebrivi Sesagebeli (Sepasuxeba) sakasacio saCivarze. Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari ar SeiZleba uwodoT agreTve iseT saCivrebs, romlebic iseT axal moTxovnebs ayenebs, romlebic ar iyo wamoyenebuli da ganxiluli wina instanciis sasamarTlos mier. axali moTxovnebis wamoyeneba (rasac praqtikaSi zogjer aqvs adgili) Segebebuli sakasacio (saapelacio) saCivriT dauSvebelia. $3. saqmis warmoeba sakasacio sasamarTloSi I. sakasacio saCivris Semotanis Sedegi 1. gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlisa da dauyonebliv aRsrulebis SeCereba. gadawyvetilebaze sakasacio saCivris Setanis faqts ukve ukavSirdeba garkveuli iuridiuli Sedegi: igi ver Seva kanonier ZalaSi, manam sanam sakasacio sasamarTlo ar ganixilavs am saCivars da ar miiRebs Tavis gadawyvetilebas misi warmoebaSi miRebaze uarisTqmis, dauSveblobis an gasaCivrebulil gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb. amrigad, sakasacio saCivris Setana avtomaturad aCerebs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlas. amis Semdeg, yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze ranair gadawyvetilebas miiRebs sakasacio sasamarTlo. Tu ar arsebobs sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis winapirobebi, sakasacio sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb“ an „ganCinebas sakasacio saCivris ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis gamo“. erT-erTi am ganCinebis gamotanis SemTxvevaSi gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba Seva kanonier ZalaSi da igi SeiZleba iZulebiT aRsruldes. 375

Tu arsebobs warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis yvela winapiroba da sakasacio saCivari miiRo gansaxilvelad sakasacio sasamarTlom, maSin man Tavis ganCinebaSi unda miuTiTos, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla SeCerdes am saqmeze sabolao gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, xolo, Tu nawilobriv iyo gasaCivrebuli, maSin ganCinebaSi unda miuTiTos, romel nawilSi SeCerdes misi kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla. igive wesi moqmedebs maSinac, rodesac Semotanili iqneba Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba uSvebs gadawyvetilebis dauyonebliv (kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde) iZulebiTi aRsrulebis SesaZleblobas (ssk 268-e muxli). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sakasacio saCivari Setanilia aseT gadawyvetilebaze, „sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia droebiT SeaCeros aRsruleba da gaauqmos aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebi“ (ssk 402-e muxlis me-2 nawili). amis Sesaxeb sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia miuTiTos ganCinebaSi sakasacio saCivris gansaxilvelad miRebis Sesaxeb, an gamoitanos specialuri ganCineba, ris Sesaxebac unda ecnobos aRmasrulebels.159 2. saqmis ganxilvis daniSvna da momzadeba sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobas ukavSirdeba kidev erTi Sedegi: sakasacio sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos „ganCineba sakasacio saCivris miRebisa da misi gansaxilvelad momzadebis Sesaxeb“. am ganCinebiT man unda gansazRvros saqmis ganxilvis dRe da daadginos misi momzadeba gansaxilvelad. saqmis ganxilvis dRe unda ganisazRvros im varaudiT, rom mouswros am saqmis momzadeba. saqmis momzadebisaTvis sakasacio sasamarTlos saqmianobis xasiaTi da Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba im miznebiTa da amocanebiT, romlebic dgas sakasacio sasamarTlos winaSe - gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebulobis Semowmeba. pirvel rigSi, sakasacio sasamarTlom sakasacio saCivris da masze darTuli werilobiTi masalebis aslebi Tavis ganCinebasTan erTad unda gadaugzavnos mowinaaRmdege mxares. ganCinebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos Tu ra sakiTxebze unda gasces pasuxi mowinaamdege mxarem, kerZod cnobs Tu ara sakasacio saCivars, Tu ara ra konkretul mosazrebebs emyareba, xom ar apirebs Segebebuli sakasacio saCivris Semotanas, acnobebs mas aseTi saCivris Semotanis kanonismier vadas da afrTxilebs, rom Tu am vadaSi Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari ar iqneba Semotanili, igi ar iqneba miRebuli da ganxiluli. amave ganCinebiT sakasacio sasamarTlo ganusazRvravs mowinaaRmdege mxares sakasacio saCivarze werilobiTi Sesageblis (Sepasuxebis) warmodgenisaTvis da sxva. niSnavs vadas werilobiTi pasuxis SemotanisaTvis da a.S. (ssk me-40 muxli). sakasacio sasamarTlo TviTon emzadeba saqmis ganxilvisaTvis, kerZod swavlobs saqmis masalebs, arkvevs romeli faqtobrivi 159

ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT v.xrustals, romelic aRniSnavs, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis dauyonebliv aRsrulebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebamde sakasacio sasamarTlom detalurad unda gaanalizos saqmis garemoebebi da kargad ganWvritos, Tu ra ziani SeuZlia moutanos aRsrulebis SeCerebam gadamxdevinebels da ra saxisa da formis garantiebiT uzrunvelyos mosalodneli ziani, rac gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 57-e muxliT. v. xrustali. dasax. naSromi, gv. 93

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garemoebebi CaTvala damtkicebulad gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom da romeli faqtebis Sesaxeb ar davoben mxareebi, ramdenad sworadaa Sefasebuli es garemoebebi samarTlebrivad da a.S. praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb saWiroa Tu ara saqmis winaswari momzadeba, rodesac sakasacio sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom am saqmeze zepiri ganxilvis daniSvna saWiro araa (ssk 408-e muxlis me-3 nawili). sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia saqme ganixilos da gadawyvetileba gamoitanos zepiri ganxilvis gareSe, magram ara am saqmis ganxilvis gareSe. amitom, saqme unda iqnes momzadebuli ganxilvisaTvis da ara mxolod zepiri ganxilvisaTvis. Cven mTlianad viziarebT mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad saqmis sakasacio ganxilvisaTvis momzadebas awarmoebs erTpirovnulad sakasacio mosamarTle, kerZod momxsenebeli mosamarTle. es mosazreba efuZneba ssk me-200 muxls, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu saqme kolegiurma sasamarTlom unda ganixilos, maSin saqmes am sasamarTlos erT-erTi wevri amzadebs. ufro metic, saqmis momzadeba SeiZleba daevalos TanaSemwesac, cxadia sakasacio mosamarTlis xelmZRvanelobiT.160 3. gadawyvetilebis miReba saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe. saqmis ganxilva sakasacio sasamarTloSi warmoebs im wesebis dacviT, romlebic dadgenilia saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis, garda im gamonaklisebisa, rasac Seicavs ssk-is Tavi, romelic sakasacio warmoebas awesrigebs. erT-erTi aseTi gamonaklisia sakasacio saCivarze gadawyvetilebis miReba saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe. ssk 408-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu sakasacio sasamarTlos saqmis ganxilva ar miaCnia saWirod mas SeuZlia gadawyvetileba gamoitanos saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe. aseTi wesis arseboba ganpirobebulia kasaciis miznebiT, romelic mowodebulia Seamowmos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis kanoniereba da ara misi faqtobrivi dasabuTebuloba da romelic ar ikvlevs mtkicebulebebs da ar adgens faqtebs. sakasacio sasamarTlos praqtikis analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToTo daskvna, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo iRebs gadawyvetilebas zepiri ganxilvis gareSe iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba kanonis darRveviT an mis gareSe aranair eWvs ar iwvevs da, maSasadame, mxareTa monawileobiT am sakiTxis ganxilva saWiro araa.161 gadawyvetilebis miReba saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe cxadia ar niSnavs gadawyvetilebis miRebas saqmis ganxilvis gareSe. sakasacio sasamarTlos sxdoma unda Sedges daniSnul dRes da igi unda Catardes kanoniT dadgenili wesiT dacviT, kerZod, momxsenebeli mosamarTle, romelmac moamzada saqme ganxilvisaTvis da Seadginos gadawyvetilebis proeqti, Cveulebriv, ise rogorc es xdeba mxareTa monawileobis dros, gadmocems saqmis viTarebas, agreTve romel faqtobriv da samarTlebriv 160

v. xrustali. dasax. naSromi, gv. 95 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila sarCeli ssk 408-e muxlis me-3 nawilis gauqmebis Sesaxeb misi saqarTvelos konstituciis 29-e da 42-e muxlebTan Seusabamobis gamo da CaTvala, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotana saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe, ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias. ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos meore kolegiis gadawyvetileba #2/6/205,232. 3 ivlisi, 2003 w. 161

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safuZvels emyareba sasamarTlo, romelmac gamoitana gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba. sakasacio sasamarTlo SeboWilia saCivris farglebiT, amitom sakasacio sasamarTlos unda moxsendes gadawyvetilebis romel nawils asaCivrebs kasatori da rogoria misi moTxovna, agreTve romel kanons Tvlis igi darRveulad da konkretulad raSi gamoixata, misi azriT es darRveva. cxadia, momxsenebeli mosamarle unda Seexos mowinaaRmdege mxaris werilobiT Sesagebels Tu aseTi iyo warmodgenili. bolos, momxsenebeli mosamarTle axsenebs sasamarTlos Tavis winaswar daskvnas (gadawyvetilebis proeqts), romelic unda iqnes ganxiluli am sxdomaze da miRebul iqnes gadawyvetileba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sakasacio sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis miReba zepiri ganxilvis gareSe mxolod erTi ramiT gansxvavdeba zepiri ganxilvis safuZvelze gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan: saqmis ganxilvaSi ar monawileoben mxareebi. II. gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis farglebi. 1. sauaresod Sebrunebis dauSvebloba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare ukrZalavs pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gascildes sasarCelo moTxovnis farglebs da miakuTvnos mxares imaze meti, vidre is moiTxovda an is, rac mas ar uTxovia (ssssk 248-e muxli). igive princips emyareba wesi, romlis Tanaxmad saapelacio sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas saapelacio saCivris farglebSi (ssk 377-e muxli). bolos, dispoziciurobis princips emyareba wesi, romlis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas „sakasacio saCivris farglebSi“. amrigad, verc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo, verc saapelacio da sakasacio sasamarTloebi ver gascildeba mosarCelis, apelantisa Tu kasatoris moTxovnis farglebs. swored am moTxovnis farglebSi da mimarTebiT unda Semowmdes sarCelis faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi dasabuTebuloba (safuZvlianoba), saapelacio saCivris aseve faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi dasabuTebuloba da sakasacio saCivris samarTlebrivi dasabuTebuloba. es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo kidec, rom darwmundes, rom kasators SeeZlo ufro meti moTxovnis wamoyeneba, vidre es sakasacio saCivriTaa wamoyenebuli, igi mainc ver gascildeba moTxovnis farglebs. magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova zianis anazRaureba 100000 laris odenobiT. saapelacio sasamarTlom uari uTxra a-nis sasarCelo moTxovnaze mTlianad, a-nim gaasaCivra saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mxolod nawilobriv da moiTxova ara 100000 aramed 55000 laris farglebSi zianis anazRaureba da, maSasadame, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis am nawilSi gauqmeba. gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis Sedegad sakasacio sasamarTlo mivida im daskvnamde, rom kasators samarTlebrivad hqonda ufleba moeTxova zianis anazRaureba Tavdapirvelad gancxadebuli moTxovnis 378

100000 laris farglebSi da, Sesabamisad, gadawyvetilebis mTlianad gauqmeba. miuxedavad amisa, sakasacio sasamarTlo ver gascildeba kasatoris moTxovnis farglebs da ver gaauqmebs gadawyvetilebas mTlianad. man unda datovos igi ucvlelad im nawilSi, romelSic ar iyo gasaCivrebuli. igive principi moqmedebs iseT SemTxvevebSiac, rodesac sakasacio sasamarTlo gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis Sedegad midis im daskvnamde, rom es gadawyvetileba araa iuridiulad gamarTlebuli aramarto im nawilSi, romelSic gasaCivrebulia da romliTac uari eTqva kasators moTxovnis nawilobriv dakmayofilebaze, aramed im nawilSic, romliTac dakmayofilda misi moTxovnis nawili. magaliTad: gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom miakuTvna mxares mxolod nawili im qonebisa, rasac igi mopasuxisagan moiTxovda, xolo sxva nawilze uari uTxra. sakasacio saCivriT kasatorma moiTxova am gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba mxolod im nawilSi, romliTac mas uari eTqva qonebis nawilis mikuTvnebaze. am gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis Sedegad sakasacio sasamarTlo mivida im daskvnamde, rom sakasacio saCivari dausabuTebelia da gadawyvetileba iuridiulad sworia im nawilSi, romelSic gasaCivrebulia, magram igi arasworia im nawilSi, romliTac dakmayofilda kasatoris moTxovna. miuxedavad amisa, sakasacio sasamarTlo ver gaauqmebs gadawyvetilebas im nawilSi, romelic kasatoris sasargeblodaa gamotanili, radgan misi gauqmeba am nawilSi aravis ar mouTxovia. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: sakasacio sasamarTlo ise ver Secvlis gadawyvetilebas, an kidev, ver gamoitans iseT axal gadawyvetilebas, romelic gaauaresebs kasatoris mdgomareobas, romelsac man miaRwia gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebiT. es wesi mTlianad emyareba princips, romlis Tanaxmad „sauaresod Sebruneba“ dauSvebelia (non reformatio in pejus), ris Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT aris saubari am naSromis XXI TavSi. sxva sakiTxia, rodesac Semotanilia mowinaaRmdege mxaris Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari. am Segebebuli sakasacio saCivris farglebSi, cxadia, gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gauqmdes an Seicvalos im nawilSi, romelic gamotanilia kasatoris, anu damoukidebeli sakasacio saCivris avtoris sasargeblod, magram es ukve iqneba ara „sauaresod Sebrunebis akrZalvis“ principidan gadaxveva, aramed Segebebuli sakasacio saCivris dasabuTebulad cnobis Sedegi.

2. samarTlis normebis darRvevis Semowmebis farglebi. sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli unda iyos, Tu ras moiTxovs kasatori, rogoria misi moTxovnis Sinarsi. amasTan erTad, sakasacio 379

saCivarSi miTiTebuli unda iyos Tu romeli kanoni dairRva da konkretulad raSi gamoixateba es darRveva. amasTan dakavSirebiT ibadeba kiTxva: msgavsad sakasacio saCivris moTxovnis farglebisa, SeboWilia Tu ara sakasacio sasamarTlo kanonis darRvevis im farglebiT, romlebic miTiTebulia sakasacio saCivarSi? es sakiTxi gansxavebulad unda gadawydes materialur samarTlebrivi da saproceso samarTlebrivi normebis darRvevis mimarT. sakasacio sasamarTlo valdebulia Seamowmos sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli kanonis darRveva da Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTos am darRvevis arseboba ararsebobisa da misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, magram gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebulobis Semowmeba amiT ar SeiZleba amoiwuros. sakasacio sasamarTlos aramarto SeuZlia, aramed valdebulicaa Seamowmos gadawyvetilebis sxva materialur samarTlebriv normebTan Sesabamisoba da Tu aRmoCndeba, rom darRveulia materialur samarTlebrivi norma, romelzec marTalia kasatori ar uTiTebs, magram romelmac gamoiwvia araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana, aseTi gadawyvetileba unda gauqmdes. amrigad, sakasacio sasamarTlo araa SeboWili sakasacio saCivarSi Camoyalibebuli materialur samarTlebrivi normebis darRvevebis farglebiT da SeuZlia da unda Seamowmos kidec sakasacio moTxovnis materialur samarTlebrivi dasabuTebuloba sxva normebTan mimarTebaSi, vidre amas moiTxovs kasatori. aramarto mxareTa uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvis mizniT, aramed samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, uaRresad mniSvnelovania sakasacio sasamarTlom rac SeiZleba naTlad da gasagebad daasabuTos Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi Tu konkretulad raSi gamoixateba kanonis darRveva da ra formiT gamovlinda es darRveva. kanonis darRvevis calkeuli saxeebi (formebi) mocemulia ssk 393-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad samarTlis norma darRveulad iTvleba : a) Tu sasamarTlom ar gamoiyena kanoni, romelic unda gamoeyenebina; b) gamoeyenebina kanoni, romelic ar unda gemoeyenebina da g) arasworad ganmarta kanoni. 3. rac Seexeba samoqalaqo saproceso normebis daRrvevas, sakasacio sasamarTlo garkveuli zomiT SeboWilia sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli darRvevebis farglebiT, magram SeuZlia gascdes mas mxolod kanoniT gansazRvrul farglebSi. es farglebi miTiTebulia ssk 404-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad „sakasacio sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT Seamowmos saproceso darRvevebi, garda 396-e muxlis pirveli nawilis „v“ qvepunqtSi miTiTebuli faqtebisa“. es iseTi faqtebi da mtkicebulebebia, romlebsac SeuZliaT daadasturon sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli saproceso darRvevebi. ssk 404-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlom Tavisi iniciativiT unda Seamowmos eqvemdebareba Tu ara saqme uwyebrivad sasamarTlos da aqvs Tu ara mas mocemul konkretul saqmeze saerTaSoriso kompetencia. 4. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mniSvnelovania sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb iwvevs Tu ara saproceso darRveva gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas. am sakiTxis praqtikuli mniSvneloba uSvalod ukavSirdeba da gamomdinareobs ssk 393-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT ganmtkicebuli danawesidan, romlis Tanaxmad „saproceso samarTlis 380

normis darRveva mxolod maSin SeiZleba gaxdes gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZveli, Tu am darRvevis Sedegad saqmeze araswori gadawyvetileba iqna gamotanili“. es imas niSnavs, rom yovelgvari saproceso samarTlebrivi normis darRveva ar SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas. gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gauqmdes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saproceso darRvevam gamoiwvia araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana.162 am TvalsazrisiT metad sagulisxmoa gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis is saproceso darRvevebi, romlebic sakasacio saCivris absoluturi safuZvlebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom saqme ganixila sasamarTlos arakanonierma Semadgenlobam an gadawyvetileba gamotanilia mosamarTleebis mier, romlebic am saqmis ganxilvaSi adre monawileobdnen an kidev, saqmeSi araa sasamarTlos sxdomis oqmi da sxva (ssk 394-e muxli), gadawyvetileba aucileblad unda gauqmdes da mniSvneloba ar aqvs gadawyvetilebis sisworis Semowmebas da, maSasadame, sakasacio sasamarTlom aRarc unda gaagrZelos amis Semowmeba: gadawyvetileba aucileblad unda gauqmdes Tu gvaqvs ssk 394-e muxli.

III. sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba 1. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis Sedegebi gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gadamowmebis Sedegad sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli sami SesaZleblobidan gamoiyenos erT-erTi: 1. datovos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba ucvlelad (ZalaSi); 2. gaauqmos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba da TviTon miiRos axali gadawyvetileba; 3. gaauqmos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba da daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad. romeli SesaZlebloba da ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoiyenos sakasacio sasamarTlom? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema mTlianad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogori iqneba gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis sakasacio Semowmebis Sedegebi: Tu sakasacio saCivari araa dasabuTebuli, Tu masSi miTiTebul kanonis darRvevas ar hqonia adgili, an aseT darRvevas marTalia hqonda adgili (saproceso samarTlebrivi darRvevaa mxedvelobaSi), magram mas ar SeeZlo gavlena moexdina gadawyvetilebis sisworeze, sakasacio sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba ucvlelad (ZalaSi) unda datovos. Tu 162 iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs, Cveni azriT, savsebiT dasabuTebuli da gasaziarebeli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom saproceso darRvevas unda moyves gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba im SemTxvevaSiac, rodesac aseT darRvevas SeeZlo gamoewvia araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana. aseTi Sexeduleba gasaziarebelia saproceso ekonomiis principis TvalsazrisiTac: Tu dadasturdeba iseTi saproceso darRveva romelsac SeeZlo gamoewvia araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana (magaliTad, sasamarTlom ar miiRo acileba, Tumca mxaris gancxadeba acilebaze iyo savsebiT dasabuTebuli, sasamarTlom ar miiRo mtkicebuleba, romelsac hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba da a.S.), sasamarTlom aRar unda gaagrZelos Semowmeba, anu aRar unda Seamowmos gadawyvetilebis siswore da gaauqmos igi, rogorc es xdeba sakasacio saCivris absoluturi safuZvlis arsebobisas. ix. v.xrustali, dasax. naSromi, gv.......

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sakasacio saCivari dasabuTebulia da masSi miTiTebul kanonis darRvevas hqonda adgili, rasac moyva araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana, maSin sakasacio sasamarTlom unda gaauqmos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba. gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi sakasacio sasamarTlos winaSe wemoiWreba kidev erTi sakiTxi: TviTon gamoitanos axali gadawyvetileba, Tu daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad. am sakiTxze pasuxis gacema mTlianadaa damokidebuli im konkretul Secdomebze, romlebmac ganapirobebs samarTlebrivad araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana. 2. sakasacio sasamarTlos Semxebloba faqtebTan. saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis mniSvneloba gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi SemowmebisaTvis ssk 411-e muxlis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlo TviTon miiRebs gadawyvetilebas saqmeze Tu saqmis faqtiuri garemoebebi gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gamomtani sasamarTlos mier saproceso normebis darRvevis gareSea dadgenili da saWiro araa mtkicebulebaTa damatebiTi gamokvleva. gadawyvetilebis gamomtani sasamarTlos mier damtkicebulad CaTvlili saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi savaldebuloa sakasacio sasamarTlosaTvis (ssk 407-e muxli), cxadia, Tu isini araa dadgenili saproceso normebis darRveviT. es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia eWvi Seitanos dadgenil faqtebSi da man unda miiRos es faqtebi ise, rogorc isinia dadgenili gadawyvetilebiT, Tu, vimeorebT, adgili ar hqonda saproceso darRvevebs, romlebic faqtebis dadgenis wesebs gansazRvraven. amrigad, gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebis Semowmebis farglebi ganisazRvreba am faqtebis dadgenisaTvis arsebuli saproceso wesebis dacvis SemowmebiT. magram, es farglebi amiT ar amoiwureba. sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos faqtebis dadgena saproceso normebiT gansazRvruli wesebis dacviT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amis Sesaxeb miTiTebulia sakasacio saCivarSi.163 amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 404-e muxlis pirvel punqtSi, romlis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas sakasacio saCivris farglebSi. sakasacio sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT Seamowmos saproceso darRvevebi, garda ssk 396-e muxlis pirveli punqtis „v“ qvepunqtSi miTiTebuli faqtebisa. am „v“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad ki sakasacio saCivari unda Seicavdes „miTiTebas im faqtebsa da mtkicebulebebze, romlebic adastureben saproceso samarTlis normebis darRvevas, Tu sakasacio saCivari saproceso normebis darRvevas emyareba“. am danawesis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT 163

germanul samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi arsebobs gavrcelebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom faqtebi maSinac savaldebuloa sakasacio sasamarTlosaTvis, roca ar ganxorcielebula saWiro mtkicebulebaTa wardgena maT dasadasturoeblad an Tu mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba SecdomiT xasiaTs atarebs. aseT SemTxvevebSi am faqtebis savaldebuloba sakasacio sasamarTlosaTvis ar arsebobs mxolod maSin, roca faqtebis dadgenis dros daSvebuli Secdomebi dasaSvebi da dasabuTebuli procesualuri saCivriT gasaCivrda. Tu ar arsebobs amgvari saCivari, maSin sakasacio sasamarTlo faqts miiRebs ise, rogorc isaa dadgenili, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT arasworadaa ( SecdomiTaa) dadgenili. A. May - dasax. naSromi gv.

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daskvna: sakasacio sasamarTlo ver Seamowmebs saproceso darRvevebs, Tu maT Sesaxeb araa miTiTebuli sakasacio saCivarSi, magram Tu sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebulia am darRvevebze, sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT Seamowmos faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic adastureben sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebul saproceso darRvevebs. sabolaod SeiZleba gavakeToT aseTi daskvna: sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebi, romlebsac gadawyvetileba emyareba, im TvalsazrisiT xom ar iyo darRveuli am faqtebis dadgenisaTvis saproceso normebiT gansazRvruli wesebi da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli iyo am wesebis darRvevaze.164 magaliTi: a-nim aRZra sarCeli sasamarTloSi da moiTxova banisagan sesxis saxiT micemuli valis dabruneba 80000 laris odenobiT. sasamarTlom uari uTxra mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gadawyvetileba da TviTon miiRo axali gadawyvetileba, romliTac daakmayofila sarCeli sruli moculobiT. mopasuxem (b-anim) gaasaCivra saapelacio sasamarTlos es gadawyvetileba da Tavis sakasacio saCivarSi miuTiTa saproceso darRvevebze, kerZod, dairRva ssk 102-e muxlis me-3 nawili, romlis Tanaxmad saqmis garemoebebi, romlebic kanonis Tanaxmad unda dadasturdes garkveulis saxis mtkicebulebebiT, ar SeiZleba dadasturdes sxva saxis mtkicebulebebiT. saapelacio sasamarTlom sesxis xelSekrulebis namdviloba dadasturebulad CaTvala mxolod mowmeTa CvenebiT, maSin, rodesac samoqalaqo kodeqsis 624-e muxlis Tanaxmad es dauSvebelia. sakasacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetvileba da saqme daabruna xelaxla gansaxilvelad, radgan mas ar SeuZlia TviTon daadginos es faqti, gamoiTxovos da Seafasos mtkicebulebebi am mizniT. yovelTvis, rodesac saproceso darRvevis gamo saWiro xdeba gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebis dadgena, sakasacio sasamarTlom unda gaauqmos gadawyvetileba da daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad. magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli sasamarTloSi da moiTxova banisagan Sesrulebuli samZuSaosaTvis sazRauri 100000 laris odenobiT. b-anim im faqtis dasadastureblad, rom aRniSnuli odenobiT sazRauri daubruna mosarCeles, daasaxela mowmed doni, romelic eswreboda Tanxis gadacemas da romelic amJamad ruseTSi cxovrobs. mogvianebiT banim sasamarTlos warudgina mowmis d-onis werilobiTi Cveneba, romelic sasamarTlom miiRo da 164

aq mxedvelobaSia mxolod saproceso darRvevebi saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis dadgenis dros. sxva SemTxvevebSi sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos Tavisi iniciativiT, magaliTad, sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi.

383

safuZvlad daudo Tavis gadawyvetilebas. saapelacio sasamarTlmo es gadawyvetileba datova ucvlelad. a-nim gaasaCivra saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da Tavis sakasacio saCivari imiT daasabuTa, rom darRveulia mowmis dakiTxvis kanoniT dadgenili saproceso wesebi (ssk 140-153-e muxlebi), agreTve saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo davalebis wesiT, mowme SeiZleba dakiTxos im qveynis sasamarTlom, sadac imyofeba es mowme. Tavis mxriv, am saproceso darRvevebma waarTves kasators SesaZlebloba SekiTxvebis micemis gziT daicvas Tavisi interesebi. sakasacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gadawyvetileba da saqme daabruna xelaxla gansaxilvelad. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom sakasacio sasamarTlom gaauqmos gadawyvetileba saproceso darRvevis gamo da saqme ar daabrunos xelaxla gansaxilvelad. magaliTad, Tu sakasacio sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom gadawyvetileba gamotanilia saqmeze, romelic sasamarTlos uwyebrivad ar eqvemdebareba, mas SeuZlia gaauqmos es gadawyvetileba da Sewyvitos Tavisi ganCinebiT saqmis warmoeba. magram yovelTvis, rodesac gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba saproceso darRvevis gamo dakavSirebulia faqtebis dadgenasTan, sakasacio sasamarTlom, raxan mas ar SeuZlia faqtebis dadgena, saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad unda daubrunos sasamarTlos. eWvis gareSea, rom Tu saproceso darRveva sakasacio saCivris amsolutur safuZvlebs exeba, anu Tu darRveulia sakasacio saCivris absoluturi safuZvlebi (ssk 394-e muxli), sakasacio sasamarTlom unda gaauqmos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba da saqme unda daabrunos xelaxla gansaxilvelad. erTad-erTi gamonaklisi am SemTxvevaSi aris uwyebrivi qvemdebareobis darRveva (ssk 394-e muxlis „g“ qvepunqti), romlis dros sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gadawyvetilebas da wyvets saqmis warmoebas. saqmis ukan dabruneba am SemTxvevaSi moklebuli iqneboda yovelgvar azrs, radgan sasamarTlos vercerTi instancia ver ganixilavs saqmes, romelic saerTo sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi ar Sedis, anu uwyebrivad mas ar eqvemdebareba. ramdenadme gansxavebul viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac sakiTxi exeba iseTi faqtebis Semowmebas, romlebsac ukavSirdeba ara saproceso samarTlebrivi, aramed materialur samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas ara faqtobrivi aramed samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos ar aqvs Semxebloba materialur samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis faqtebTan, romlebic afuZneben gadawyvetilebas, romlebsac emyareba es gadawyvetileba? am sakiTxze pasuxis gasacemad mizanSewonilad migvaCnia Zalian mokled miuTiToT imaze, ris Sesaxebac ufro dawvrilebiT saubari gvqonda am naSromis me....... TavSi. kerZod: 1. sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia miiRos gadawyvetileba, Tu man ar daadgina winaswar am gadawyvetilebisaTvis samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani faqtebi. faqtebis dadgena warmoebs mtkicebulebebis meSveobiT, 384

romlebsac sasamarTlo afasebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. es imas niSnavs, rom CaiTvalos Tu ara faqtebi dadgenilad - mTlianad ganekuTvneba sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmenis sferos. 2. rac Seexeba am dadgenili faqtebis samarTlebriv Sefasebas, aseTi Sefaseba mTlianad ganekuTvneba samarTlis sferos. sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmeniT, misi sakuTari SexedulebebiTa da mosazrebebiT am faqtebis Sefaseba dauSvebelia. es imas niSnavs, rom saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis materialur samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis faqtebs sasamarTlo afasebs Sesabamisi materialur samarTlebrivi normis safuZvelze, rasac sxvanairad iuridiul kvalifikacias uwodeben. materialur samarTlebrivi normis gverdis avliT maTi Sefaseba dauSvebelia; im SemTxvevaSiac ki, roca ar aris urTierTobis momwesrigebeli kanoni, sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos kanonis an samarTlis analogiiT.165 rogorc vxedavT, samarTlebrivi Sefasebis obieqti aris ara samarTlebrivi normis Sinaarsis ganmsazRvreli faqtebi, aramed sasamarTlos mier dadgenilad cnobili da gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebi. sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia da man unda Seamowmos swored samarTlebrivi Sefasebis siswore, misi Sesabamisoba samarTlis normis Semadgenlobis abstraqtul niSnebTan, normis azrsa da SinaarsTan. amrigad, gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebulobis SemowmebisaTvis aucilebelia sakasacio sasamarTlom jer gaarkvios ra Seafasa sasamarTlom samarTlebrivad, anu rogoria samarTlebrivi Sefasebis sagani (obieqti) da Semdeg gaarkvios, Tu ramdenad sworad aris Sefasebuli iuridiulad es obieqti. sxva sityvebiT rom TTqvaT, sakasacio sasamarTlo ver acdeba faqtebs, radgan gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT Semowmeba SeuZlebelia imis garkvevis gareSe, Tu ra Sefasda an romeli iuridiuli faqtebi Sefasda iuridiulad. aseTma Semowmebam SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvar naklovanebaTa gamovlenamde miiyvanos sakasacio sasamarTlo. kerZod, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom: 1. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebidan ar Cans Tu romeli faqtebi CaTvala sasamarTlom dadgenilad da, maSasadame romeli faqtebi Seafasa man iuridiulad. aseT SemTxvevaSi sakasacio sasamarTlom unda gaauqmos gadawyvetileba da daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad. 2. faqtiuri garemoebebi, romlebic sasamarTlom dadgenilad CaTvala da Seafasa iuridiulad, araa sakmarisi aseTi SefasebisaTvis. samarTlis norma, romelic gamoiyena sasamarTlom, samarTlebriv Sedegs ukavSirebs faqtebis erTobliobas, romelTa nawili sasamarTlom damtkicebisa da dadgenis gareSe da Sesabamisad, Sefasebis gareSe datova. 165

faqtebis dadgena - esaa Semecnebis (gnoseologiis) sfero, xolo am dadgenili faqtebis Sefaseba - esaa aqsiologiis sfero. faqtebis Sefaseba SeiZleba politikurad, ekonomikurad, moralurad da a.S. Sefasebis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli saxesxvaobaa samarTlebrivi Sefaseba. sasamarTlo afasebs faqtebs samarTlebrivad, Tumca araa gamoricxuli am faqtebis zneobrivi Sefasebac, roca amas kanoni iTvaliswinebs. dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. T.liluaSvili. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebuloba. „sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTlisa da procesis aqtualuri sakiTxebi“. Tb. 1977, gv. 329.

385

3. sasamarTlom iuridiuli mniSvneloba mianiWa da daadgina faqti, romelsac sinamdvileSi ar aqvs aseTi mniSvneloba da, maSasadame, arc unda gamxdariyo aseTi Sefasebis obieqti. 4. sasamarTlom ar mianiWa faqts iuridiuli mniSvneloba da ar dauSva mtkicebuleba mis dasadastureblad, Tumca am faqts aqvs mniSvneloba am saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis. 4. sasamarTlom damtkicebis tvirTis arasworad ganawilebis gamo, arasworad Seafasa faqtiuri garemoebebi da aqedan gamomdinare, arasworad daakisra faqtis daudgenlobis araxelsayreli Sedegebi im mxares, romelsac am faqtis damtkicebis movaleoba ar ekisreboda. 5. sasamarTlom srulad da sworad daadgina saqmeze faqtiuri garemoebebi, magram misca am faqtebs araswori samarTlebrivi Sefaseba. Cveni azriT, yovelTvis, rodesac sasamarTlom arasworad gansazRvra saqmeze mtkiceis sagani, e.i. ar Seitana masSi faqti, romelsac aqvs mniSvneloba gadawyvetilebisaTvis an mtkicebis saganSi Seitana iseTi faqti, romelsac ar aqvs mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis, saqme gvaqvs saproceso samarTlebriv darRvevasTan, romelic moiTxovs sarCelisa da Sesageblis damasabuTebeli faqtebis srulyofilad gansazRvras da dadgenas (ssk 102-e da 106-e muxlebi) magram, rodesac sasamarTlo saqmeze arasrulad dadgenil faqtebs afasebs samarTlebrivad da iuridiul Sedegs ukavSirebs iseT faqtebs, romlebic araa sakmarisi aseTi SefasebisaTvis an romlebsac aseTi Sedegi ar ukavSirdeba, maSin saqme gvaqvs materialur samarTlebriv darRvevasTan.166 rogorc vxedavT marTalia faqtebis dadgena ar warmoadgens sakasacio sasamarTlos kompetencias da mxolod samarTalSefardeba eqvemdebareba gadasinjvas, magram TviT samarTalSefardebis gadamowmeba SeuZlebelia im faqtiuri garemoebebis gareSe, romlebic samarTlebrivi Sefasebis obieqts warmoadgens. am mosazrebiT SeiZleboda exelmZRvanela kanonmdebels, rodesac ssk 412-e muxlis meore nawiliT daamkvidra wesi, romlis Tanaxmad Tu sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad daudo samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, ris gamoc sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gadawyvetilebas, maSin is Tavis ganCinebaSi uTiTebs, „Tu romeli faqtebi saWiroebs gamokvlevas, ra mtkicebulebebia Sesakrebi da sxva ra konkretuli saproceso moqmedeba unda Seasrulos saolqo sasamarTlos Sesabamisma kolegiam an palatam“. Tu faqtobriv sferoSi yvelaferi rigzea, e.i. Tu saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis yvela sadavo faqti dadgenilia Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebiT, magram am dadgenil faqtebs sasamarTlom misca araswori iuridiuli (samarTlebrivi) Sefaseba - sakasacio sasamarTlom TviTon unda Seafasos es faqtebi da gamoitanos axali gadawyvetileba ise, rom ar daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad. saqmis ukan dabruneba gansaxilvelad mxolod imitom, rom saqme faqtobrivi TvalsazrisiT mzadaa gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, magram 166

vfiqrob SeiZleba daveTanxmoT cnobil germanel procesualists a.meis, romlis mosazrebiT, Tu saapelacio sasamarTlom gamoiyena samarTlis norma ise rom mas ar daudgenia iuridiuli mniSvnelobis faqti, maSin saqme exeba ara procesualur nakls, aramed gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsobriv nakls, vinaidan saapelacio sasamarTlom gamoiyena samarTlis norma, Tumca mxedvelobidan gauSva (SeumCneveli darCa), rom saxeze araa saqmis yvela faqtobrivi garemoeba. A.May. dasax. naSromi, gv.6.

386

saWiroa am faqtebis swori samarTlebrivi Sefaseba - saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dauSvebelia. Secdomis gasworeba saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis samarTlebriv SefasebaSi - sakasacio sasamarTlos prerogativaa. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gadawyvetilebas da saqmes abrunebs xelaxla gansaxilvelad, aucileblobiT igulisxmeba, rom saqmis faqtobriv sferoSi yvelaferi rigze araa, romlis gamosworeba ar ganekuTvneba sakasacio sasamarTlos kompetenciis sferos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi ar daabrunebda saqmes xelaxla gansaxilvelad saolqo sasamarTloSi. cxadia, rom, Tu sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas da TviTon gamoaqvs axali gadawyvetileba, man am Tavis axal gadawyvetilebaSi unda miuTiTos romeli faqtobrivi garemoebebia saqmeze sworad da srulad dadgenili saapelacio sasamarTlos mier, konkretulad raSi gamoixateba am sworad dadgenili faqtebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebis mcdaroba, ris gamoc gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba unda gauqmdes da rogori unda Sefasebuliyo da Sefasda kidec es faqtebi sakasacio sasamarTlos mier. cxadia, agreTve isic, rom Tu sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gadawyvetilebas da saqmes abrunebs ukan xelaxla gansaxilvelad man Tavis ganCinebaSi unda miuTiTos gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romeli faqtobrivi garemoeba, romelzec amyareben mxareebi TvaianT moTxovnas Tu Sesagebels, ar iqna dadgenili saapelacio sasamarTlos mier (Secdoma faqtis iuridiuli mniSvnelobis SefasebaSi), an faqtis dadgenis (mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis) romeli saproceso wesebi iqna darRveuli, an kidev raSi gamoixateba konkretulad saproceso samarTlebrivi normis darRveva, romelmac zegavlena iqonia gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis sisworeze da samarTlianobaze. sakasacio sasamarTlom arasdros ar unda gauSvas mxedvelobidan rom misi gadawyvetilebebi (ganCinebebi), romlebSic naTlad da garkveviT araa miTiTebuli gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Tu axali gadawyvetilebis gamotanis samarTlebriv safuZvlebze, ver Seasruleben sakasacio sasamarTlos verc individualuri da verc sajaro interesebis dacvis funqcias.

387

Tavi XXIII k e r Z o s a C i v a r i $1. kerZo saCivris cneba, obieqti da subieqtebi I. cneba. samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis procesSi saWiro xdeba mravali sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis dadgenilebis miReba, romelic mimarTulia ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofisaken da, maSasadame, emsaxureba saqmeze swori da dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas, an am gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofas. aseTi dadgenilebebi sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCinebis formiT (ssk 284-e muxli). magaliTad, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba sarCelis miRebisa, Tu sarCelis miRebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb (ssk 183-187-e muxlebi), sarCelis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 185-e muxli), saqmis zepiri ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb (ssk 207-e muxli), eqspertizis daniSvnis Sesaxeb (ssk 163-e muxli) da a.S.167 rogorc vxedavT, ganCinebis formiT sasamarTlo, arc ise iSviaTad, iRebs iseT gadawyvetilebebs, romlebzec damokidebulia ara marto saqmis Semdgomi msvlelobis bedi, saqmis warmoebis gagrZeleba, Tu Sewyveta, aramed am saqmis arsebiTad gadawyvetis mizniT gamotanili saboloo gadawyvetilebis kanoniereba, misi fatobrivi da samarTlebrivi dasabuTebuloba. rogorc Cans, swored am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda kanonmdebeli, rodesac dauSva zogierTi aseTi ganCinebis gasaCivrebisa da, maSasadame, misi sisworis gadamowmebis SesaZlebloba manam, sanam saqmeze miRebuli iqneba saboloo gadawyvetileba. 167

dawvrilebiT sasamarTlo ganCinebaTa formisa, saxeebisa da gasaCivrebis wesis Sesaxeb. ix. murman wiqvaZe. ganCineba samoqalaqo procesSi da misi gasaCivrebis wesi. Tb. 2004.

388

saqarTvelos ssk-si aseT saCivars uwodebs kerZo saCivars. radgan, jer-erTi saCivrdeba ara saqmeze gamotanili saboloo gadawyvetileba, aramed saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul romelime kerZo sakiTxze ganCinebis formiT gamotanili gadawyvetileba da meore – saCivrdeba ganCineba sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebisagan gancalkevebiT da misgan damoukideblad.

II. kerZo saCivris obieqti, winapirobebi

subieqti da dasaSvebobis

kerZo saCivris obieqti SeiZleba iyos sasamarTlos ganCineba. es aris swori, magram ara absoluturad zusti, radgan sasamarTlos yvela im saproceso dokumentze, romelsac ganCineba ewodeba, ar SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. amitom ibadeba kiTxva, romel ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana da romelze ar SeiZleba? es sakiTxi Zalian martivad gadasawyvetia, radgan mis gadawyvetaze izruna TiTon kanonmdebelma: kerZo saCivris Setana SeiZleba mxolod iseT ganCinebaze, romelsac iTvaliswinebs samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu ssk-si ar iTvaliswinebs ama Tu im ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setanas, maSasadame, aseT ganCinebaze arc SeiZleba misi Setana. magaliTad, Tu mosamarTles ganucxades acileba da sasamarTlom Tavisi ganCinebiT ar miiRo es acileba, am ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setanas kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs (ssk 36-e muxli). aseve, sasamarTlos ganCinebaze sarCelis xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb kerZo saCivris Setanas kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs (ssk 185-e muxli), magram sasamarTlos ganCinebaze sarCelis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb kerZo saCivris Setanas kanoni iTvaliswinebs (ssk 185-e muxli). ssk-is im muxlebis analizi, romlebic iTvaliswineben ama Tu im ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setanas, safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom kerZo saCivris Setana daiSveba iseT ganCinebebze, romlebiTac gaTvaliswinebulia mniSvnelovani saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis sakiTxi an romliTac brkoldeba an saerTod wydeba saqmis warmoebis msvleloba. amrigad, ssk-si gansazRvravs, Tu romel ganCinebebze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana da romel ganCinebebze aseTi saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba. niSnavs, Tu ara es imas, rom sasamarTlos ganCinebebze, romelTa gasaCivrebas kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs, mxares ar SeuZlia gamoTqvas Tavisi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, Tavisi protesti? ara, ar niSnavs! ssk 377-e da 404-e muxlebis Tanaxmad saapelacio da sakasacio sasamarTloebis ganxilvis sagani, roca isini ganixilaven Sesabamisad saapelacio an sakasacio saCivars, SeiZleba iyos is ganCinebebi, romlebic win uswrebs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas, imisgan damoukideblad, dasaSvebia Tu ara maT mimarT kerZo saCivris Setana. es imas niSnavs, rom mxares, romelic saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT asaCivrebs gadawyvetilebas, SeuZlia Tavisi uaryofiTi azri gamoTqvas im ganCinebis mimarT, romelic win uswrebs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis 389

gamotanas da romelic ar iyo, an ver iqneboda gasaCivrebuli kerZo saCivriT, radgan kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs mis aseTi wesiT gasaCivrebas. magram, es imas ar niSnavs, rom saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivarTan erTad calke unda daiweros saCivari ganCinebaze, xolo saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlom aseve calke ganCinebiT unda gasces pasuxi. ra Tqma unda ara! saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seammowmos winare ganCinebebi, romlebic ar iyo an ver iqnebodnen gasaCivrebuli kerZo saCivriT, mxolod da mxolod erTi mizniT. xom ar moxda am ganCinebebiT kanonis iseTi darRveva, romelsac SeeZlo zegavlena moexdina gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis sisworeze. magaliTad: a-nim gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba de erT-erT motivad miuTiTa sasamarTlos ganCinebaze, romliTac uari eTqva mas mosamarTlis acilebaze, maSin rodesac es mosamarTle aris mopasuxis disSvili da piradad aris dainteresebuli saqmis SedegiT; swored am mizeziT SeiZleba aixsnas is, rom man uari uTxra momCivans iseTi faqtebis damtkicebaze da maT mimarT iseTi mtkicebulebebis wardgenaze, romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba am saqmeze swori gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis. Tu saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlo CaTvlis, rom winare ganCinebiT dairRva kanoni, romelsac SeeZlo zegavlena moexdina gadawyvetilebis sisworeze, maSin igi auqmebs am gadawyvetilebas. uSualod am ganCinebis mimarT raime damoukidebeli ganCineba mas ar gamoaqvs. rac Seexeba im pirTa wres (subieqtebs), romlebsac SeuZliaT kerZo saCivris Setana, es pirebia: mxareebi, anu mosarCele, mopasuxe, Tanamonawileebi, maTi uflebamonacvleebi, kanonieri warmomadgenlebi, mesame pirebi damoukidebeli moTxovniT, agreTve damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, Tu ganCineba gamotanilia maT winaaRmdeg, rac ganapirobebs gasaCivrebis iuridiul interess. ssk 414-e muxlis me-2 punqti, garda mxareebisa, kerZo saCivris Setanis uflebas aZlevs, im pirebsac, romlebsac uSualod exebaT es ganCineba. aseT pirTa kategorias miekuTvneba magaliTad piri, romelmac mimarTa sasamarTlos TxovniT Caabas igi procesSi mesame pirad damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe da romelsac sasamarTlom uari uTxra aseT Txovnaze. am pirs unda mieces ufleba Seitanos kerZo saCivari, radgan, igi Tumca araa arc mxare da arc procesSi raime statusiT monawile piri, magram mas „uSualod exeba es ganCineba“. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tu kerZo saCivari Semoitana iseTma pirma, romelsac arc pirdapir, arc uSualod ar exeba gasaCivrebuli ganCineba, cxadia, sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos kerZo saCivari aseTi pirisagan. sabolood kerZo saCivris dasaSvebobis pirobebi SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: a) kerZo saCivris Setana dasaSvebia ganCinebaze, Tu amas pirdapir iTvaliswinebs kanoni; b) kerZo saCivris Setana SeuZliaT mxareebs, mesame pirebs, maT warmomadgenlebs, Tanamonawileebs, kanonier warmomadgenlebs, 390

uflebamonacvleebs, agreTve im pirebsac, romlebsac uSualod exebaT gasaCivrebuli ganCineba; g) kerZo saCivari Sedgenili unda iyos werilobiTi formiT; d) kerZo saCivari faqtobrivad da iuridiulad dasabuTebuli unda iyos da pasuxobdes yvela sxva moTxovnebs, rac waeyeneba sasamarTlos mimarT aRZrul gancxadebebs; e) kerZo saCivari Setanil unda iqnes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul vadebSi. kerZo saCivris Setanis saerTo vada aris 12 dRe (ssk 416-e muxli). zogierT SemTxvevaSi kanoni iTvaliswinebs kerZo saCivris Setanis ufro mokle vadas (magaliTad, 194-e muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad ganCinebaze sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb kerZo saCivris Setana SeiZleba 5 dReSi). yvela SemTxvevaSi, ra vadac ar unda iyos dadgenili, am vadis dena iwyeba ganCinebis gadacemis momentidan an am ganCinebis gamocxadebis momentidan, Tu mis gamocxadebas eswreboda kerZo saCivris Setanis uflebis mqone piri. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom kerZo saCivris Setanis vadis gagrZeleba (aRdgena) dauSvebelia (ssk 416-e muxlis pirveli punqti). $2. kerZo saCivris ganxilvis Taviseburebani I. kerZo saCivris ganxilva gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlos mier. kerZo saCivris ganxilvis erT-erTi Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi pirvel rigSi ganxiluli unda iqnes im sasamarTlos mier romelmac gasaCivrebuli ganCineba gamoitana. amitom, kerZo saCivris Setana uSualod zemdgom sasamarTloSi dauSvebelia, Tumca kerZo saCivris adresati aris swored zemdgomi sasamarTlo. rogoria gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlos uflebamosileba? gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlo kerZo saCivris moTxovnis farglebSi gadaamowmebs mis mierve gamotanil ganCinebas da, Tu CaTvlis, rom igi dasaSvebi da dasabuTebulia daakmayofilebs saCivars. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT sxva uflebamosileba mas ar gaaCnia. magram, Tu kerZo saCivari araa dasaSvebi, an dasaSvebi aris, magram araa dasabuTebuli, gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlo gamoitans „ganCinebas kerZo saCivris zemdgom sasamarTloSi gadagzavnis Sesaxeb“, romelbSic aRiniSneba, rom sasamarTlom (mosamarTlem) ganixila kerZo saCivari da ar daakmayofila igi an imis gamo, rom araa dasaSvebi an imis gamo, rom araa dasabuTebuli. amrigad, es ganCineba sakmaris informacias awvdis zemdgom sasamarTlos imis Sesaxeb, rom kerZo saCivari ganixila qvemdgomma sasamarTlom. cxadia, rom zemdgom sasamarTlos, romelsac gadaegzavna kerZo saCivari saqmesTan erTad, SeuZlia miiRos nebismieri ganCineba misi dasaSveboba_dasabuTebulobis Taobaze, romelic iqneba saboloo am saCivris mimarT. amrigad, kerZo saCivris ganmxilvel sasamarTlod gvevlineba gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlos zemdgomi sasamarTlo, kerZod, Tu kerZo saCivari Setanilia pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos 391

ganCinebaze, maSin am kerZo saCivris ganmxilveli sasamarTlo iqneba saapelacio sasamarTlo, romelsac am saCivris Taobaze gamoaqvs saboloo ganCineba, xolo Tu kerZo saCivari Setanilia saapelacio sasamarTlos mier saapelacio saCivris ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT gamotanil ganCinebaze, maSin kerZo saCivris ganmxilveli sasamarTlo iqneba sakasacio sasamarTlo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba kerZo saCivarze aRar SeiZleba gasaCivrdes da igi sabolooa. saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba gamotanili saapelacio saCivris gamo saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT, gamotanili SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sakasacio sasamarTloSi. II. kerZo saCivris ganxilva zemdgomi sasamarTlos mier. kerZo saCivris Setanis Sedegebi. kerZo saCivris momwesrigebeli normebis (ssk 414-420-e muxlebi) analizi srul safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtan sasamarTlos aqvs erTad-erTi ufleba: daakmayofilos kerZo saCivari Tu CaTvlis, rom igi dasaSvebi da dasabuTebulia, xolo ganCinebis gamotanisas man dauSva Secdoma (kanonis darRveva). cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi igi aRar gadaagzavnis kerZo saCivars saqmesTan erTad zemdgom sasamarTloSi. magram, Tu moxda piriqiT da gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlos azriT kerZo saCivari araa dasaSvebi an dasabuTebuli, maSin igi kerZo saCivars saqmesTan erTad (ise rogorc saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivris Semotanis dros) gadaagzavnis 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi zemdgom sasamarTloSi, radgan zemdgomi sasamarTlo aris kerZo saCivris ganmxilveli sasamarTlo (ssk 417-e muxli). kerZo saCivris saqmesTan erTad zemdgom sasamarTloSi gadagzavnis faqti gulisxmobs, rom gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom ar cno kerZo saCivari dasaSvebad an dasabuTebulad, ris gamoc ar daakmayofila igi. aseTi „gulisxmoba“ (varaudi) savsebiT sakmarisia da raime specialuri ganCinebis gamotana amis Taobaze arc saWiro araa da arc kanoni moiTxovs amas (ssk 417-e da 419-e muxlis pirveli punqti). miuxedavad amisa, praqtika wavida sxva gziT: igi saWirod Tvlis kerZo saCivars saqmesTan erTad, romelic gadaigzavneba zemdgom sasamarTloSi, Tan axldes gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlos ganCineba imis Sesaxeb, rom man ganixila kerZo saCivari, ar daakmayofila igi, xolo gasaCivrebuli ganCineba datova ucvlelad. ufro metic, zogjer zemdgomi sasamarTloebi ukan ubruneben kerZo saCivars saqmesTan erTad qvemdgom sasamarTloebs, raTa maT jer TviTon ganixilon saCivari, miiRon Sesabamisi ganCineba da mxolod amis Semdgom gadmoagzavnon igi zemdgom sasamarTloSi. raxan qvemdgom sasamarTloebs gamoqondaT ganCineba kerZo saCivris dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmisa da ganCinebis ucvlelad (ZalaSi) datovebis Sesaxeb, zemdgom sasamarTloebs, romlebsac aseTi Sinaarsis ganCineba egzavnebodaT, Tavis mxriv gamoqondaT ganCineba kerZo saCivris dakmayofilebisa da gasaCivrebuli

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ganCinebis, agreTve im ganCinebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, romliTac uari eTqva kerZo saCivris dakmayofilebaze.168 kerZo saCivris ganxilva zemdgom sasamarTloSi warmoebs am sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis kanoniT dadgenili wesebis Sesabamisad. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu kerZo saCivars ixilavs saapelacio sasamarTlo, igi xelmZRvanelobs saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis wesebiT, xolo, Tu kerZo saCivars ganixilavs sakasacio sasamarTlo igi xelmZRvanelobs am sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis wesebiT. mcire gamonaklisebi am mxriv gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 414-420 muxlebiT. magaliTad, ssk 419-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad “kerZo saCivris Taobaze ganCineba gamoaqvs zemdgom sasamarTlos“, xolo amave muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad „zemdgomi sasamarTlos ganCineba kerZo saCivris Taobaze ar gasaCivrdeba“. am muxlis danawesi udavod migvaniSnebs erT rameze: gadawyveta sakiTxisa kerZo saCivris dasaSveboba-dasabuTebulobis Sesaxeb warmoadgens ara gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlos, aramed misi zemdgomi sasamarTlos prerogativas. rac Seexeba zemdgomi sasamarTlos ganCinebas, romliTac gadawyda es sakiTxi kerZo saCivris dasaSveboba-dasabuTebulobis Sesaxeb, igi sabolooa da ar gasaCivrdeba.169 kerZo saCivris ganxilvis erT-erTi Tavisebureba mdgomareobs agreTve imaSic, rom zemdgomi sasamarTlo kerZo saCivarze ganCinebas iRebs saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe, Tumca man unda gamouZaxos da mousminos mowinaaRmdege mxares. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic, rom ise rogorc nebismier sxva SemTxvevaSiac, roca sasamarTlos kanoniT miniWebuli aqvs ufleba zepiri mosmenis gareSe miiRos gadawyvetileba, am SemTxvevaSiac mas neba eZleva kerZo saCivarze gadawyvetileba miiRos zepiri mosmeniTac da mowinaaRmdege mxaris mosmenis gareSec, roca sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom kerZo saCivarze uari unda eTqvas dauSveblobis an usafuZvlobis gamo (ssk 419-e muxlis me-2 punqti).

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kerZo saCivrebis kanonis moTxovnaTa dacviT ganxilvisa da maSasadame, gamartivebis mizniT Cven SevTavazeT praqtikas, raTa gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtan sasamarTlos nacvlad ganCinebisa kerZo saCivris dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmisa da ganCinebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb “gamoetana ganCineba kerZo saCivari saqmesTan erTad zemdgom (saapelacio, sakasacio) sasamarTloSi gadagzavnis Sesaxeb“. am ganCinebiT, romelic Seicavs Sesabamis informacias, dasturdeba (da ara mxolod igulisxmeba), rom qvemdgomma sasamarTlom ganixila kerZo saCivari, ar daakmayofila igi da amitom gadaagzavna zemdgom sasamarTloSi. Tu zemdgomi sasamarTlo CaTvlis, rom kerZo saCivari dasaSvebi da dasabuTebulia, igi auqmebs mxolod am kerZo saCivriT gasaCivrebul ganCinebas. rac Seexeba qvemdgomi sasamarTlos ganCinebas „kerZo saCivris zemdgom sasamarTloSi gadagzavnis Sesaxeb“-misi gauqmebis aranairi saWiroeba ar arsebobs. ix. T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi. Tb. 2000 w. gv. 346 169 amiT Cveni ssk-i gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis Sesabamisi kodeqsebisagan. magaliTad germaniis ssk 568e muxli, romelsac ewodeba „Semdgomi saCivari (weitere Beschverde) amkvidrebs wess, romlis Tanaxmad „kerZo saCivris ganmxilveli sasamarTlos (Beschwerdegericht) ganCinebaze SeiZleba Semdgomi saCivris Setana, Tu es sagangebodaa gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT“. germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi icnobs agreTve dauyovnebliv Semdgom saCivars (Sofortige Beschwerde), romlis mixedviT umaRlesi samxareo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romelic exeba dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze kerZo saCivars, romlis Setana ganpirobebulia garkveuli droiT, SeiZleba Semdgomi saCivris Setana, ramdenadac aseTi Sinaarsis gadawyvetilebaze SesaZlebeli iqneboda sakasacio saCivris Setana. Baur/Grunsky. Zilprozesrecht 1997. S. 223-223. Thomas, Nitzo. Zpomitgemichsiergazungsgesetz 18. auglage 1993, S. 882.

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kerZo saCivris Setanis Sedegi. kerZo saCivris Setana, TavisTavad, ar SeaCerebs im saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebas, risTvisac igi iyo miRebuli. es imas niSnavs, rom saproceso moqmedeba unda Sesruldes. magaliTad: sasamarTlom mosarCelis Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze gamoitana ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, romliTac mopasuxe d-onis aukrZala avtomanqaniT sargebloba. d-onim Seitana kerZo saCivari am ganCinebaze da moiTxova uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis SeCereba sanam kerZo saCivris bedi gadawydebodes. am kerZo saCivris SetaniT ar SeCerdeba avtomaturad gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis moqmedeba. amitom, sasamarTlom TviTon unda miiRos ganCineba kerZo saCivris Taobaze. an daakmayofilos mopasuxe donis Txovna an uari uTxras mas. Tu kerZo saCivari Setanili iyo gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtan sasamarTloSi, maSin SeCerebis sakiTxi unda ganixilos am sasamarTlom, Tu saCivari ukve gadaigzavna zemdgom sasamarTloSi, maSin gasaCivrebuli ganCinebiT gaTvaliswinebuli moqmedebis SeCerebis sakiTxi am sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos. saproceso moqmedebis SeCerebis Tu SeCerebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas (ssk 194-e muxlis me-2 punqti).

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Tavi XXIV saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba $1. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis obieqti da saxeebi I. ganaxlebis obieqti saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis (restituciis) obieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod saqme, romlis warmoeba sasamarTloSi damTavrebulia kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT an kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganCinebiT saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, an sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb. igive unda iTqvas saapelacio da sakasacio instanciis sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebiT da ganCinebebiT damTavrebuli saqmeebis mimarT. mxedvelobaSia saapelacio sakasacio instanciis sasamarTloebis iseTi gadawyvetileba, romliTac gauqmda gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebebi da gamotanili iqna axali gadawyvetileba, agreTve iseTi ganCinebebi, romlebiTac gauqmda gadawyvetileba da Sewyda saqmis warmoeba da ara saapelacio (sakasacio) warmoeba. magaliTad, Tu saapelacio (sakasacio) instanciaSi saCivris ganxilvisas aRmoCndeba, rom saqme ar eqvemdebare sasamarTlos uwyebrivad, saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos ara saapelacio (sakasacio) warmoeba, aramed saqmis warmoeba saerTod, magram Tu apelantma (kasatorma) uari Tqva Tavis saCivarze an ukan gaiTxova igi, saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saapelacio (sakasacio) warmoeba da ara mTlianad saqme. amrigad, ganaxlebis obieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT an ganCinebiT damTavrebuli saqme. maSasadame, ganaxlebis obieqti, ssk 421–432-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT, ar SeiZleba iyos calkeuli saproceso moqmedebebi, romelTa Sesrulebis Sesaxeb miRebulia sasaamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganCinebebi. ibadeba praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis moTxovniT gancxadebiT mimarTva iseTi saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb, romlis mimarT gamotanili gadawyvetileba jer kidev ar Sesula kanonier ZalaSi? am kiTxvaze calsaxad unda vupasuxoT – ara, ar SeiZleba! ratom? erTi ubralo mizezis gamo: Tu saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba jer ar Sesula kanonier ZalaSi, maSasadame arsebobs am gadawyvetilebis saapelacio (sakasacio) gasaCivrebisa da misi am wesiT gadasinjvis sruli SesaZlebloba. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis nebismieri safuZveli, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT (ssk 422-e da 423-e muxlebi), SeiZleba gaxdes gadawyvetilebis saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT gauqmebis safuZveli. arc procesualuri ekonomiis principis, arc sasamarTlo 395

instanciebis arsebobis miznebiT, arc logikis da, saerTod, arc sxva raime gonivruli mosazrebebiT ar SeiZleba mivmarToT saqmis ganaxlebis rTul proceduras, maSin rodesac arsebobs kanonier ZalaSi jer kidev Seusvleli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis tradiciuli da Cveulebrivi saSualebebi, rogoricaa apelacia da kasacia. ufro metic, gancxadeba ganaxlebis Sesaxeb ar unda daakmayofilos sasamarTlom, Tu ganmcxadebels SeeZlo am gancxadebaSi moyvanili safuZveli wamoeyenebina jer kidev saapelaio Tu sakasacio instanciis sasamarTloSi. magaliTi: b-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. Tavis gancxadebas b-nim safuZvlad daudo is garemoeba, rom igi ar iyo mowveuli am saqmis ganxilvaSi, Tumca igi dasaxelebuli iyo mosarCelis mier mopasuxed da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT mas daekisra am mosarCelis sasargeblod 10000 laris gadaxdevineba. am gancxadebis dasaSvebobis Semowmebisas gamoirkva, rom b-nim yovelive amis Sesaxeb Seityo misTvis gadawyvetilebis Cabarebis dros, roca jer kidev ar iyo gasuli am gadawyvetilebis saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebis vada. miuxedavad amisa, b-nim ar Seitana saapelacio saCivari da daeloda mis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlas, raTa Semdeg, misi azriT ufro didi efeqtis moxdenisa da saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT, Seetana gancxadeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom kanonis moTxovnaTa sruli dacviT (ssk 422-e muxlis me-2 punqti) uari uTxra b-anis saqmis ganaxlebaze. II. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis saxeebi da safuZvlebi ssk-si iTvaliswinebs saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis or saxes: 1.gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) baTilad cnobas da 2. axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebas. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis es ori saxe gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan im safuZvlebiT, romlebsac isini emyarebian. gadawyvetileba SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili: 1. Tu gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobda mosamarTle, romelsac kanonis Tanaxmad ufleba ar hqonda monawileoba mieRo am gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi (ssk 422-e muxlis p.1. qvepunqti „a“). magaliTi: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobisa da saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. man Tavis gancxadebas safuZvlad daudo is garemoeba, rom am gadawyvetilebis saapelacio instanciis sasamarTlos mier miRebaSi monawileobda mosamarTle v-ini, romelic adre monawileobda pirvel instanciaSi am saqmis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi (ssk 29-e muxlis pirveli punqti). mxares SeuZlia Tavisi gancxadeba gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb daafuZnos sxva iseT garemoebebs, romlebic daadastureben rom mosamarTles ufleba ar hqonda monawileoba mieRo am gadawyvetilebis 396

miRebaSi. magaliTad, gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobda mosamarTle, romelsac ganucxades acileba da es acileba miiRo sasamarTlom, an kidev, gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobda mosamarTle, romelsac jer kidev ar hqonda dadebuli fici, an droebiT gadayenebulia samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisagan da sxva. 2. Tu erT-erTi mxare an Tu mas kanonieri warmomadgeneli sWirdeba, aseTi warmomadgeneli ar iyo mowveuli saqmis ganxilvaSi. magaliTi: d-onim mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb im motiviT, rom am gadawyvetilebiT mas daekisra mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli garkveuli saxis qonebis, kerZod saZinebeli garniturisa da „bekeris“ firmis antikvaruli roialis gadacema mosarCelisaTvis, maSin, rodesac is saerTod ar iyo mowveuli saqmis ganxilvaSi. am garemoebis dasadastureblad d-onim miuTiTa saqmeSi arsebul masalebze, saidanac naTlad Cans, rom mas arc sarCelis asli da masze darTuli masalebi ar gagzavnia, arc misgan werilobiT Sedgenili Sesagebeli ar mouTxoviaT da rogorc sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmidanac Cans, mas arc uwyeba ar gagzavnia, xolo gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb man Seityo aRmasruleblisgan (ssk 394-e muxlis „b“ qvepunqti). ssk 422-e muxlis I punqtis „b“ qvepunqtSi miTiTebulia agreTve mxaris warmomadgenlis mowvevaze. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom ssk 70e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo sxdomis Sesaxeb unda ecnobos aramarto uSualod mxares, aramed mis warmomadgenelsac. gacilebiT ufro farToa im axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa wre, romlebic SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebas. zogierTi am garemoebaTagan adastureben im mtkicebulebaTa siyalbes da arasarwmunobas, romlebsac emyareba gasanaxlebel saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba (magaliTad, werilobiTi mtkicebuleba, mowmis Cveneba eqspertis daskvna) da romelTa siyalbe da arasarwmunoba damtkicebulia sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCeniT (ssk 423-e muxlis pirveli punqtis „Aa“ da „b“ qvepunqtebi). zogierTi garemoeba adasturebs mxareebis, maTi warmomadgenlebis an mosamarTlis danaSaulebriv qmedebas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, erTi mxaris mier meore mxareze fsiqologiuri Tu fizikuri zemoqmedeba uari Tqvas Tavis moTxovnaze an aRiaros gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqti, mosamarTlis mier qrTamis aReba da sxva. cxadia, rom es garemoebebic dadasturebuli unda iqnes ganaCeniT an sagamoZiebo organoebis dadgenilebiT, roca sisxlis samarTlis saqme Sewyda ara mtkicebulebaTa ukmarisobis gamo, aramed amnistiis, eWvmitanili piris gardacvalebis, xandazmulobisa Tu sxva amgvari mizezis gamo (ssk 423-e muxlis me-2 punqti). zogierTi garemoeba miuTiTebs imaze, rom igive sarCeli, romelzec miRebuli iyo gasanaxlebel saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba ukve ganxiluli da gadawyvetili iyo adre (ssk 423-e muxlis pirveli nawilis „e“ qvepunqti).

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saqmis ganaxlebas SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos im sasamarTlo an sxva organoTa dadgenilebebis gauqmeba, romlebsac emyareba gasanaxlebel saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba (ssk 423-e muxlis „d“ punqti). bolos, saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba dasaSvebia iseT SemTxvevaSic, rodesac mxarisaTvis cnobili gaxda iseTi garemoebis an mtkicebulebis Sesaxeb, romlebic adre rom yofiliyo warmodgenili sasamarTloSi, gamoiwvevda misTvis xelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas (ssk 423-e muxlis pirveli punqtis „v“ qvepunqti). magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb im motiviT, rom aRmoCnda mamkvidreblis mier Sedgenili werilobiTi anderZi ganmcxadeblis sasargeblod, romlis Sesaxeb adre rom yofiliyo cnobili sasamarTlo ar gamoitanda gadawyvetilebas memkvidreebs Soris samkvidro qonebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb. a-nim utyuarad daadastura, rom am anderZis Sesaxeb man ramdenime dRis ukan gaigo. sasamarTlom ganixila es gancxadeba da miiRo ganCineba gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom axali garemoeba an mtkicebuleba, mxolod maSin SeiZleba gaxdes ganaxlebis safuZveli, Tu garemoeba (mtkicebuleba) arsebobda gadawyvetilebis miRebamde da mxarem ar icoda am garemoebis (mtkicebulebis) arsebobis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu zemoT moyvanil SemTxvevaSi a-ni ver daadasturebs, rom man adre, e.i. saqmis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis dros ar icoda anderZis arsebobis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc mas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba mieTiTebina axal garemoebebsa da mtkicebulebebze (ssk 423-e muxlis me-3 punqti), sasamarTlo uars etyvis saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebaze. III. gansjadoba ssk 424-e muxli amkvidrebs gansjadobis zogad wess, romlis Tanaxmad gancxadeba gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobisa an axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb Setanili unda iqnes gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) gamomtan sasamarTloSi. es imas niSnavs, rom gSancxadeba ganaxlebis Sesaxeb Setanili unda iqnes im sasamarTloSi, romlis mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobas an axlad aRmoCenili garemoebis gamo am gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas moiTxoven. zemdgomi sasamarTlos mier qvemdgomi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi datoveba ar cvlis gansjadobis zogad princips. magaliTad: raionulma (saqalaqo) sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba, romliTac daakmayofila a-nis sarCeli b-anis mimarT zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. saapelacio sasamarTlom ganixila b-anis saapelacio saCivari am gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb da uari uTxra apelants saCivris dakmayofilebaze, xolo gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba ucvlelad 398

datova. saapelacio sasamarTlos es ganCineba sakasacio wesiT gaasaCivra b-anim. sakasacio sasamarTlom Tavisi ganCinebiT uari uTxra kasators saCivris dakmayofilebaze da saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba, romliTac ucvlelad iqna datovebuli saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, ZalaSi iqna datovebuli. saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba Sevida kanonier ZalaSi. amis Semdeg, b-anim Tavisi gancxadebiT moiTxova kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis axlad aRmoCenili garemoebis gamo gauqmeba da saqmis ganaxleba. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebas man safuZvlad daudo is garemoeba, rom eqspertis daskvna, romelic safuZvlad daedo am gadawyvetilebas aRmoCnda yalbi, rac dasturdeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gamotanili da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos ganaCeniT. rogorc am magaliTidan Cans gasanaxlebel saqmeze arsebobs sami sxvadasxva instanciis sasamarTlos mier gamotanili aqti: saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, saapelacio sasamarTlos (2) ganCineba am gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb da sakasacio sasamarTlos (3) ganCineba saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCinebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb. saWiroa Tu ara marTlmsajulebis samive aqtis gauqmeba da romeli sasamarTlos gansjadia b-anis gancxadeba. praqtika wavida gamartivebuli gziT: dainteresebul mxares axlad aRmoCenili garemoebis safuZvelze SeuZlia moiTxovos saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) gauqmeba da saqmis ganaxleba, ise rom ar Seexos am gadawyvetilebis (da ara saqmis) mimarT gamotanil ganCinebebs, romlebic im droisaTvis, roca isini iyo gamotanili savsebiT kanonieri da dasabuTebuli iyo. Cveni azriT, sasamarTlo praqtikis mier SemuSavebuli aseTi wesi da misi sakanonmdeblo wesiT damkvidreba, rac ukve ganxorcielda (ssk 423-e muxli). savsebiT gamarTlebulia aramarto procesualuri ekonomiis, aramed yvela sxva TvalsazrisiTac. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare b-anis SeuZlia axlad aRmoCenil garemoebis gamo mxolod saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba da am saqmis ganaxleba. amitom, gancxadeba man unda Seitanos uSualod im saqalaqo sasamarTloSi, romelmac gamoitana gadawyvetileba gasanaxlebel saqmeze. misi gancxadeba swored am sasamarTlos gansjadia. saapelacio da sakasacio sasamarTlo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixilavs gancxadebas saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb, Tu igi mis mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebas exeba. magaliTad: saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlom gaauqma pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba da TviTon gamoitana axali gadawyvetileba saqmeze. gancxadeba am gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobisa Tu misi gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb iqneba saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlos gansjadi. 399

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom zemdgomma sasamarTlom nawilobriv gaauqmos gadawyvetileba da gauqmebulis nacvlad TviTon miiRos axali gadawyvetileba. aseT SemTxvevaSi gancxadeba saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb im sasamarTlos gansjadia, romelTa mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebis nawilis gauqmebas (baTilad cnobas) da am nawilSi saqmis ganaxlebas moiTxovs ganmcxadebeli. amrigad, zogadi principi, romlis Tanaxmad gancxadeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb im sasamarTlos gansjadia, romlis mier saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobas an axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo gauqmebas moiTxoven - yovelTvis uryevad da mtkiced moqmedebs. erTad-erTi gamonaklisi am zogadi wesidan dasaSvebia mxolod maSin, rodesac gancxadeba moiTxovs eTrsa da imave saqmeze ramdenime sasamarTlo instanciis mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebaTa gauqmebas. magaliTad, saapelacio sasamarTlom mxolod nawilobriv Secvala gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba, xolo nawilobriv ZalaSi datova pirveli instanciis gadawyvetileba. Tu ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs orive nawilis baTilad cnobas (gauqmebas) da saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebas mTlianad, maSin es gancxadeba unda ganixilos zemdgomma anu saapelacio sasamarTlom (sssk 824-e muxlis me-2 punqti). $2. gancxadebis dasaSveboba I. gancxadebis Sinaarsi saqme sasamarTlo warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb aRiZvris gancxadebiT.170 samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs monacemebs, romlebsac unda pasuxobdes gancxadeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom kanonmdebloba gancxadebis Sinaarss akisrebs sruliad garkveuli praqtikuli amocanis Sesrulebas. SemTxveviTi araa amitom is, rom Tu gancxadeba ar Seicavs kanoniT gansazRvrul monacemebs „sasamarTlo avalebs ganmcxadebels Seavsos xarvezi, risTvisac uniSnavs mas vadas. Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, gancxadeba aRar daiSveba“. rogoria es monacemebi? gancxadeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb aris sasamarTlosadmi mimarTuli gancxadeba da, cxadia, igi unda Seicavdes yvela monacems, romelsa sasamarTlosadmi mimarTuli nebismieri gancxadeba. Cven aq mokled SevexebiT mxolod zogierT iseT monacems, romelic am gancxadebis SinaarsisTvis aris gansazRvruli. gancxadeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb unda Seicavdes: 170

germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 578-580-e muxlebis Tanaxmad saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba SeiZleba sarCeliT kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobisa an sarCeliT sasamarTlo warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. ix. Thomas-Putzo Zpo. Komentar. 1993. S. 898. safrangeTis axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 593-e-603-e muxlebis Tanaxmad kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gadaisinjos sarevizio saCivriT (le Recours En Revision). am saCivris dasaSvebobisa da safuZvlianobis pirobebi ZiriTadad igivea, rac Cveni ssk-iT gaTvaliswinebuli gancxadebisa saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. ix.Nouveau Code de procedure civile. Dalloz. 1997.

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(1) im safuZvelze miTiTebas, romelsac ukavSirdeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba. magaliTad: Tu ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs saqmis ganaxlebas imis gamo, rom gadawyvetileba am saqmeze baTilad unda iqnes cnobili, maSin man unda miuTiTos, erT-erTi garemoeba, romelsac ssk 422-e muxli ukavSirebs gadawyvetilebis baTilobas. magram Tu ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs saqmis ganaxlebas axlad aRmoCenili garemoebis gamo, maSin man unda miuTiTos Tavis gancxadebaSi konkretulad erTerT im garemoebaze, romelsac ssk 423-e muxli ukavSirebs saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebas. (2) miTiTebas im garemoebebze, romlebic adastureben, rom daculia gancxadebis Setanis vada da miTiTebas mtkicebulebebze, romlebic adastureben am garemoebebs. ssk 426-e muxli gansazRvravs saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Setanis vadas da misi aTvlis wess. vada aris erTi Tve, xolo vadis aTvla iwyeba im dRidan, rodesac mxarisaTvis cnobili gaxda saqmis ganaxlebis safuZvlis arseboba. amitom, gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodidan gaxda cnobili ganmcxadeblisaTvis am safuZvlis Sesaxeb da ra mtkicebulebebiT SeuZlia mxares am garemoebebis dadastureba. magaliTad: ganmcxadebelma warudgina sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba igive sarCelze (ssk 423-e muxlis „e“ qvepunqti). es aris gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis da saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis safuZveli, magram sasamarTlom uari uTxra ganmcxadebels saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebaze, radgan man ver daamtkica, rom amis Sesaxeb ar icoda adre da mxolod gancxadebis Semotanamde erTi TviT adre Seityo. (3) miTiTebas gansjadobis wesebis dacvaze. gancxadebaSi saWiroa mieTiTos romeli sasamaraTlo instanciis gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas da saqmis ganaxlebas moiTxovs ganmcxadebeli. am miTiTebis Sesabamisad ganisazRvreba gansjadobac. marTalia, gansjadobas Tavisi iniciativiT amowmebs sasamarTlo, magram gancxadebaSi Sesabamisi miTiTebebis Camoyalibeba daexmareba mas sworad gansazRvros gansjadoba. (4)miTiTebas, Tu ra zomiT (farglebSi) moiTxovs ganmcxadebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom kidec rom arsebobdes gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis Tu gauqmebis safuZveli, mxares SeuZlia moiTxovos am gadawyvetilebis ara mTlianad, aramed nawilobriv gauqmeba. aseTia ZiriTadi da mTavari moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda pasuxobdes gancxadeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ganmcxadebels SeiZleba mieces vada gancxadebis xarvezis SevsebisaTvis, magram Tu es xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, gancxadeba ganuxilveli darCeba dauSveblobis gamo. II. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis dasaSvebobis Semowmeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis dasaSvebobas sasamarTlo awarmoebs Tavisi iniciativiT. am gancxadebis dasaSvebobis 401

Semowmebis mizniT sasamarTlom unda gaarkvios arsebobs Tu ara yvela is winapiroba, romlebic dasaSvebobas gansazRvraven. sasamarTlom kerZod unda Seamowmos: (1)Semotanilia Tu ara gancxadeba uflebamosili piris mier. uflebamosil pirebad miCneul unda iqnen mxareebi, Tanamonawileebi, mesame pirebi damoukidebeli moTxovniT, uflebamonacvleebi, pirebi, romlebic ar figurireben saqmeSi rogorc mxare, magram romelTa ufleba-movaleobebi ganisazRvra am gadawyvetilebiT. (2) daculia Tu ara aseTi gancxadebis Setanis erTviani vada. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadeba Setanili unda iqnes erTi Tvis vadaSi im dRidan, roca ganmcxadeblisaTvis cnobili gaxda ganaxlebis safuZvlis arsebobis Sesaxeb (ssk 426-e muxli); (3) xom ar aris gasuli 5 weli gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan (ssk 426-e muxlis me-4 punqti). es imas niSnavs, rom Tu gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan gavida 5 weli kidec rom arsebobdes yvela sxva danarCeni winapiroba, sasamarTlo mainc ver miiRebs da ganixilavs gancxadebas ganaxlebis Sesaxeb.171 (4)SeeZlo Tu ara ganmcxadebels gadawyvetilebis baTilobis pirobebis wamoyeneba pirveli instanciis, saapelacio da sakasacio instanciis sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisas (ssk 422-e muxli); (5)Semotanilia Tu ara gancxadeba gansjadobis wesebis dacviT (ssk 424-e muxli); (6)pasuxobs Tu ara gancxadeba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs. Tu dasaSvebobis Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom ar arsebobs dasaSvebobis esa Tu is winapiroba da, maSasadame gancxadeba araa dasaSvebi, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Taobaze gancxadebis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis gamo. es ganCineba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes kerZo saCivriT. Tu aseTi Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom gancxadeba dasaSvebia, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis miRebisa da misi ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb. am ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba. III. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis safuZvlianobis Semowmeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis safuZvlianobis Semowmeba warmoebs sasamarTlos sxdomaze mxareTa SetyobinebiT. uwyeba sasamarTlo sxdomisa da saqmis zepiri ganxilvis Sesaxeb mxareebs egzavnebaT kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 70-78-e muxlebi). sasamarTlo sxdoma mTlianad eZRvneba erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxis garkvevas: arsebobs Tu ara saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZveli da unda iqnes Tu ara miRebuli ganCineba gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. 171

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila sarCeli ssk 426-e muxlis me4 punqtiT damkvidrebuli am danawesis arakonstituciurad cnobis Sesaxeb. ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos pirveli kolegiis 2003 wlis 30 aprilis gadawyvetileba #1\3\161.

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am sakiTxze gadawyvetilebis miRebas win unda uswrebdes im safuZvlis (garemoebis) dadgena, romelzec uTiTebs ganmcxadebeli Tavis gancxadebaSi saqmis ganaxlebis mizniT. kerZod, Tu ganmcxadebeli saqmis ganaxlebis safuZvlad uTiTebs gadawyvetilebis baTilobas ssk 422-e muxlSi miTiTebul erT-erTi garemoebis gamo, maSin man unda daamtkicos es garemoeba. magram, Tu ganmcxadebeli ganaxlebis safuZvlad uTiTebs erT-erT axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaze ssk 423-e muxlis mixedviT, maSin man unda daamtkicos es garemoeba. magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Taobaze im safuZvliT, rom am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba baTilia, radgan mis miRebaSi monawileobda mosamarTle, romelsac amis ufleba ar hqonda. es gancxadeba sasamarTlom dasaSvebad cno da miiRo „ganCineba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis miRebisa da misi ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb“. ganmcxadebelma a-nim am sasamarTlo sxdomaze unda daamtkicos, rom mosamarTles, romelic monawileobda gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi ufleba ar hqonda monawileoba mieRo mis gamotanaSi. igive unda iTqvas, rodesac ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadeba emyareba axlad aRmoCenil garemoebas, magaliTad eqspertis daskvnis siyalbes. aseT SemTxvevaSiac ganmcxadebelma unda daamtkicos am garemoebis arseboba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli TviTon gansazRvravs Tu romeli mtkicebulebiT unda dadasturdes ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli garemoeba (mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba). magaliTad, ssk 423e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, gancxadeba ganaxlebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba daemyaros eqspertis daskvnis siyalbes, mowmis Segnebulad micemul cru Cvenebas, dokumentis siyalbes da a.S. magram es garemoebebi SeiZleba dadasturdes kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCeniT an momkvlevi da sagamoZiebo organoebis Sesabamisi dadgenilebiT, oRond im pirobiT, Tu sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze procesis gagrZeleba da Catareba ver xerxde6ba ara mtkicebulebaTa ukmarisobis, aramed sxva mizeziT, magaliTad danaSaulis mcire mniSvnelobis an amnistiis gamo saqmis warmoebis SewyvetiT. magaliTad: a-nim moiTxova saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba im motiviT, rom gadawyvetileba emyareba mowmis Segnebulad micemul cru Cvenebas. sasamarTlom dauSva es gancxadeba, miiRo igi warmoebaSi da daniSna sxdoma misi safuZvlianobis Semowmebis mizniT. im faqtis dasadastureblad, rom mowmem misca Segnebulad (ganzrax) cru Cveneba. ganmcxadebelma sasamarTlos warmoudgina sxva mowmeTa werilobiTi Cvenebebi, agreTve werilobiTi dokumentebi, romlebic uaryoven im faqtis arsebobas, romlis Sesaxeb cru Cveneba misca mowmem. sasamarTlom ar miiRo am mowmeTa Cvenebebi da sxva werilobiTi masalebi, radgan mowmis Segnebulad cru Cvenebis dadasturebisaTvis dasaSvebia mxolod kanonier ZalaSi 403

Sesuli ganaCeni an sagamoZiebo organoebis dadgenilebebi (ssk 423-e muxlis me-2 punqti). Tu ganaxlebis safuZvlis dasadastureblad kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs romelime konkretuli mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobas, maSin ganmcxadebels SeuZlia warmoudginos sasamarTlos nebismieri mtkicebuleba, romelsac kanoniT dadgenili wesiT Seamowmebs da Seafasebs sasamarTlo Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT Semdegi praqtikuli daskvnebi: 1. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis dasaSvebobas sasamarTlo amowmebs Tavisi iniciativiT da mxareTa monawileobis gareSe. sasamarTlos SeuZlia dasaSvebobis sakiTxi ganixilos mxareTa monawileobiTac; 2. Tu gancxadeba araa dasaSvebi, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs „ganCineba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis gamo“. Tu gancxadeba dasaSvebia sasamarTlom gamoaqvs „ganCineba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis miRebisa da misi ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb“ (ssk 430-e muxlis I punqti). 3. gancxadebis ganxilva misi safuZvlianobis Semowmebis mizniT SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlo sxdomaze mxareTa kanoniT dadgenili wesiT SetyobinebiT. 4. Tu ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis safuZvlianobis Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom es gancxadeba usafuZvloa, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs „ganCineba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb“. magram, Tu gamoirkveva, rom gancxadeba safuZvliania anu arsebobs saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis safuZveli, maSin sasamarTlo gamoitans „ganCinebas gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa (baTilad cnobisa) da saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb“ (ssk 430-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 punqtebi). am ganCinebis miRebis Semdeg, romlis gasaCivreba ar SeiZleba, ganaxlebuli saqme xelmeored unda iqnes ganxiluli ise, TiTqos adre igi arc yofila ganxiluli – saqmeTa ganxilvis saerTo wesis dacviT, mowinaaRmdege mxaris interesebis sruli dacviT.

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