EURE ISSN: 0250-7161 [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Chile

Booth, Rodrigo El Estado Ausente: la paradójica configuración balnearia del Gran Valparaíso (1850-1925) EURE, vol. XXVIII, núm. 83, mayo, 2002 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile

Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=19608307

How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org

Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161





(O

(VWDGR

FRQILJXUDFLäQ

$XVHQWH EDOQHDULD

OD

SDUDG

GHO

9DOSDUDÞVR  5RGULJR%RRWK $EVWUDFW

6LQFH WKH VHFRQG KDOI RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ WKH 6WDWHಫV PDUNHG SUHIHUHQFH

LQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH FRDVW RI 9DOSDUDÞVR FDXVHG WKH GLVORGJLQJ RI WKH I

UHVRUWVLQWKHED\$WWKHVDPHWLPHSULYDWHLQYHVWRUVKDGVHWWOHGWKHLUVHDUH

WKHUHFHQWO\FUHDWHGYLOODJHRI9LâDGHO0DU+RZHYHUWKHLULQYHVWPHQWZDVQ

WRPRGLI\9LâDಫVSDUDGR[LFDOFRQGLWLRQRIDQLQODQGIDFLQJYLOODJHXQWLOWKHHD

FHQWXU\7KLVFRQWUDGLFWRU\FRQGLWLRQLVH[SODLQHGE\WKHODFNRI6WDWHLQWHUHV

SURPRWLRQ RI KHGRQLVWLF XVHV RI &KLOHಫV FHQWUDO FRDVW 2QO\ WKH FRPELQHG D



ERWKSXEOLFDQGSULYDWHLQWHUYHQWLRQSHUPLWWHGDSURJUHVVLYHUHRULHQWDWLRQRI9

0DUWRZDUGVWKHFRDVW7KLVZDVGHFLVLYHLQHVWDEOLVKLQJLWVIXWXUHFRQILJXUDWL FLW\FHQWHUHGRQWRXULVPDURXQGVHDUHVRUWV

.H\ :RUGV *UHDW 9DOSDUDÞVR 9DOSDUDÞVR 9LâD GHO 0DU 7RXULVPR

8UEDQL]DWLRQ6HD5HVRUW,QIUDVWUXFWXUH 5HVXPHQ

'HVGH OD VHJXQGD PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;,; OD PDUFDGD SUHIHUHQFLD HVWDWDO

LQGXVWULDOL]DFLäQ GHO ERUGH FRVWHUR GH 9DOSDUDÞVR GHWHUPLQä OD H[SXOVLäQ SULPHURV EDOQHDULRV TXH VH HPSOD]DURQ WHPSUDQDPHQWH HQ VX UDGD $ VX

LQYHUVLRQLVWDVTXHKDEÞDQLQVWDODGREDOQHDULRVHQODUHFLÚQFUHDGD9LâDGHO

ORJUDURQ PRGLILFDU OD SDUDGäMLFD FRQGLFLäQ PHGLWHUUÒQHD TXH GLFKD YLOOD VXE

PDQLIHVWäKDVWDHQWUDGRHOVLJOR;;(VWDFRQWUDGLFWRULDVLWXDFLäQVHH[SOLFDG

OD GHVSUHRFXSDFLäQ GHO (VWDGR SRU HO IRPHQWR GH ORV XVRV KHGRQLVWDV GH O

FHQWUDOFKLOHQD6äORXQDFRPELQDFLäQGHLQWHUYHQFLäQSëEOLFD\SULYDGDSHUP

SURJUHVLYD UHRULHQWDFLäQ GH 9LâD GHO 0DU KDFLD HO OLWRUDO GHWHUPLQDQWH HQ O FRQVROLGDFLäQGHXQDFLXGDGFHQWUDGDHQHOWXULVPREDOQHDULR

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

3DODEUDV &ODYH *UDQ 9DOSDUDÞVR 9DOSDUDÞVR 9LâD GHO 0DU 8UEDQL]DFLäQ W ,QIUDHVWUXFWXUDEDOQHDULD ,QWURGXFFLäQ

+DJDPRVGH9LâDGHO0DUXQ%DOQHDULR0RGHUQR(VLQFRQFHELEOHTXHQDGLHVHSU

GH IRPHQWDU HO WXULVPR 8Q EDOQHDULR HOHJDQWH SXHGH FRQVWLWXLU XQD YHUGDGHUD IX

ULTXH]D $9LâDGHO0DUOHIDOWDHODOPDTXHDQLPD ORVJUDQGHVEDOQHDULRVGHOH[W

TXH DXQTXH PHQRV GRWDGRV SRU OD QDWXUDOH]D ODV LQLFLDWLYDV \ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV

KDELWDQWHV OR KDQ FRQYHUWLGR HQ XQ VLWLR GH DWUDFFLäQ JHQHUDO DO FXDO UHFXUUHQ WXUL

WRGRVORVSDÞVHV °4XÚSRGUÞDKDFHU 9LâDGHO0DUSDUDSRQHUVHDODDOWXUDGHOED

GH0DUGHO3ODWD3LULÒSROLV%LDUULW]6DQ6HEDVWLÒQ\ORVGHODFRVWDGHO0HGLWHUUÒQ

(QWUH ODV PHGLGDV TXH OD 0XQLFLSDOLGDG GHELHUD SURSLFLDU HVWDUÞD HQ SULPHU O

IXQGDFLäQ GH XQ HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR PRGHUQR GH EDâRV GRWDGR GH WRGDV ODV FRPR

DSHWHFLEOHVODIXQGDFLäQGHXQFDVLQR\PLORWUDVDFWLYLGDGHV TXHKDUÞDQGH9LâD

XQVLWLRLGHDO\TXHDWUDHUÞDDWXULVWDVGHWRGRVORVSDÞVHV(O0HUFXULRGH9DOSDUD GHGLFLHPEUHGH 

'XUDQWH HO VLJOR ;,; DSDUHFLHURQ HQ ODV FRVWDV ODWLQRDPHULFDQDV EDOQHDULRV PDULQRV \ IO

2ULJLQDOPHQWHHPSOD]DGRVHQODVRULOODVGHDOJXQDVFLXGDGHVSXHUWRRHQVXVLQPHGLDFLRQ

PRGHVWÞVLPDVLQVWDODFLRQHVIXHURQYLVLWDGDVSRUEDâLVWDVGHVGHIHFKDVWDQWHPSUDQDVFRP

KWWSZZZPLUDIORUHV JRESHKWPOBHVWXULVPRLQWURGXFFLRQKLVWRULDKWP  $GYHUWLGR SRU Y

FRPHQWDGR HQ SHULäGLFRV \ UHWUDWDGR SRU SLQWRUHV GH OD WDOOD GH 0DXULFLR 5X

KWWSZZZFHYHKFRPEULPDJHQVUXJHQGDVLPJBPDLRUSEGMSJ  ODV PRWLYDFLRQH

URGHDURQ XQ EDâR TXH VRVSHFKDPRV PÒV KHGRQLVWD TXH WHUDSÚXWLFR \ VX LPSDFWR SDUD

XUEDQD \ ODV FRVWXPEUHV ORFDOHV SHUPDQHFHQ LQH[SORUDGDV 0HQRV ERUURVR HV HO SDQR

ILMDPRV OD DWHQFLäQ HQ HO VXUJLPLHQWR GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV EDOQHDULDV WHPSUDQD R WDUGÞ

DVRFLDGDVDSXHEORV\EDUULRVEDOQHDULRVTXHJXDUGDURQGHVGHVXRULJHQXQOD]RIXQFLRQD FLXGDG&ÒFHUHV 

$SDUWLUGHODGÚFDGDGHKDFUHFLGRODSUHRFXSDFLäQSRUFRQRFHUODJHVWDFLäQ\GHVDU

ORVEDOQHDULRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRV'HVGHODKLVWRULDXUEDQDVHKDFRQWULEXLGRDODFRPSUHQ

ODV YLOODV EDOQHDULR DUJHQWLQDV \ HVSHFLDOPHQWH OD GH 0DU GHO 3ODWD &DFRSDUGR   7

KDQVLGRXQDSRUWHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVUHIHULGDVDOWXULVPRFRPRXQQXHYRPHUFDGRGHOFR

IHQäPHQRTXHJHQHUäQXHYRVHVSDFLRV\UXWDVWXUÞVWLFDVHQHO5ÞRGHOD3ODWD\ODFRVWDD

XUXJXD\D9DOOHMR\'D&XQKDVI (Q&KLOHODSURGXFFLäQDFDGÚPLFDKDSUHVWDGR

DWHQFLäQ DO EDOQHDULR XUEDQR \ ORV WUDEDMRV H[LVWHQWHV VH KDQ RULHQWDGR KDFLD OD GHV

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

FRVWXPEULVWD%R]D\%HVD RPLWLHQGRODVPëOWLSOHVIULFFLRQHV\UHSHWLGRVREV SRUGRWDUDOIUHQWHGHPDUGHXQVHOOREDOQHDULR

$ GLIHUHQFLD GHO HVTXHPD GH OD XUEDQL]DFLäQ WXUÞVWLFD TXH SULYLOHJLD ODV DPSOLDV SHUVS

VREUHHOPDURHOSDLVDMH&ODYÚ HOOLWRUDOGHO*UDQ9DOSDUDÞVRREVHUYäHOGHVDU

LQQXPHUDEOHVWHQVLRQHVHQWUHHOWUD]DGRXUEDQR\HOERUGHFRVWHUR$QDOL]DUGLFKRVFRQIOLF

SDUHFH UHOHYDQWH SDUD HQWHQGHU HO WDUGÞR VXUJLPLHQWR GH XQD FLXGDG WXUÞVWLFD HQ HO QRUW EDKÞD

7DO \ FRPR VH GHVSUHQGH GHO HSÞJUDIH KDFLD PHGLDGRV GH OD GÚFDGD GH  ORV HOH

FKDOHWVGH9LâDGHO0DU\ORVPÒVLPSRUWDQWHVKRWHOHVVHHQFRQWUDEDQDOLQWHULRUGHODFLXG

SRFRVEDOQHDULRVTXHH[LVWÞDQHUDQSHTXHâRVUëVWLFRVLQVHJXURVHLQFäPRGRV$GLFLRQDOP

FLXGDGFDUHFÞDGHXQFDVLQROHJDOTXHFRPRHQRWURVEDOQHDULRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVVHFRQ HQXQDIXHUWHDWUDFFLäQSDUDORVWXULVWDVDGLQHUDGRV

/D FRQGLFLäQ GH HPSOD]DPLHQWR SULYDGR HQ TXH VH KDEÞD GHVDUUROODGR OD FLXGDG GHVG

XQRVDâRVQRKDEÞDORJUDGRGLVSRQHUODSODQWDXUEDQDKDFLDHOPDU9LâDGHO0DUSUHWHQ

FRQVLGHUDGD OD SULQFLSDO HVWDFLäQ GH EDâRV GH &KLOH SHUR VX RFXSDFLäQ GHO WHUULWRULR FRQ VLHQGR HPLQHQWHPHQWH PHGLWHUUÒQHD \ QLQJXQD GH ODV REUDV PDWHULDOL]DGDV KDEÞDQ FDPELDU WDO VLWXDFLäQ $O UHVSHFWR VRVWHQHPRV TXH HO (VWDGR RSWä SRU HO IRPHQWR GHO

ERUGH FRVWHUR GHO *UDQ 9DOSDUDÞVR FRQ ILQHV SUHIHUHQWHPHQWH SRUWXDULRLQGXVWULDOHV

GHPRVWUDU OR DQWHULRU QRV UHIHULUHPRV D ODV DFFLRQHV HVWDWDOHV TXH SHUPLWLHURQ OD RFXSDF

IUHQWHGHPDUSRUODYÞDIÚUUHDDORODUJRGHODFLXGDGGH9DOSDUDÞVRORTXHJHQHUäODH[SX

ORVEDOQHDULRVTXHGXUDQWHHOVLJOR;,;KDEÞDDOEHUJDGRODUDGD(OGHVLQWHUÚVHVWDWDOSRUO

KHGRQLVWDVGHOPDUPRWLYäODDWUDFFLäQGHOQDFLHQWHQHJRFLREDOQHDULRKDFLDODSHULIHULDFRV

OD FLXGDG (Q HVWH PRPHQWR FREUD LPSRUWDQFLD 9LâD GHO 0DU YLOOD TXH GHVGH HO ëOWLPR WH

VLJOR ;,; VH KDEÞD FRQYHUWLGR HQ HO OXJDU GH GHVFDQVR GH ORV SRUWHâRV GH OD FODVH DOWD

OXJDUVRQQXHYDPHQWHORVLQYHUVLRQLVWDVSULYDGRVTXLHQHVHVWDEOHFLHURQORVEDOQHDULRV/D

DVLVWHQFLD HFRQäPLFD HVWDWDO LPSLGLä TXH ÚVWRV VH GHVDUUROODUDQ FRPR VXV VÞPLOHV DUJHQ

XUXJXD\RVTXHDFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR;;RVWHQWDEDQKRWHOHVUHVWDXUDQWHV\UDPEODVMXQWR

/DLQGLIHUHQFLDGHO(VWDGRGHWHUPLQäTXHHQ9LâDGHO0DUSHUGXUDUDXQDRULHQWDFLäQPHGLWH

TXH VäOR SRGUÞD KDEHUVH PRGLILFDGR PHGLDQWH XQD DFFLäQ PDQFRPXQDGD HQWUH SURS SULYDGRV\VHFWRUSëEOLFR&ODYÚ 

6äOR HQWUDGR HO VLJOR ;; OD LQYHUVLäQ HVWDWDO YHULILFDGD GXUDQWH OD GLFWDGXUD GH &DUORV

  SRVLELOLWä HO OHQWR DFHUFDPLHQWR GH OD WUDPD XUEDQD YLâDPDULQD KDFLD H

FRVWHUR 5HFLÚQ HQ HVH PRPHQWR VH VHQWDURQ ODV EDVHV SDUD KDFHU GH OD FLXGDG XQ ED

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

PDVLYRFX\RPRWRUHFRQäPLFRIXHUDHOWXULVPR /DWHQVLäQ3XHUWR%DOQHDULRHQ9DOSDUDÞVR

5HFRQRFLGDDFWXDOPHQWHFRPRXQDFLXGDGHPLQHQWHPHQWHSRUWXDULDHORFLREDOQHDULRTXH

OD UDGD GH 9DOSDUDÞVR GXUDQWH HO VLJOR ;,; KD VLGR ROYLGDGR SRU OD PHPRULD FROHF

SHUFHSFLäQ GH OD SREODFLäQ SRUWHâD KDFLD XQ ERUGH FRVWHUR TXH VLHPSUH HQWH

H[FOXVLYDPHQWH SURGXFWLYR VH KD YLVWR SRWHQFLDGD SRU OD HVFDVD SUHRFXSDFLäQ T

LQYHVWLJDGRUHVKDQGHPRVWUDGRSRUHOHVWXGLRGHHVWRVWHPDV$OUHVSHFWRVHKDHVWDEOHF

XQDHVFXHWDGHVFULSFLäQGHDOJXQDVSUÒFWLFDV\HVSDFLRVKHGRQLVWDVHQODFRVWD0ÚQGH]

8UELQD\+XHUWD RPLWLHQGRDOEDOQHDULRFRPRXQHO

FUXFLDO HQ OD FRQIRUPDFLäQ GH OD FXOWXUD XUEDQD FKLOHQD 3RU VX SDUWH UHFLHQWHV SXEOLF

RULHQWDGDVKDFLDODGHVFULSFLäQGHORVHOHPHQWRVPDWHULDOHVH[LVWHQWHVHQODUDGDGXUDQWH

;,;KDQREYLDGRODLPSRUWDQFLDGHSOD\DV\EDOQHDULRVTXHFRPSDUWÞDQHOHVSDFLRFRQODV SRUWXDULDV6FKPXW]HU 

6LQ HPEDUJR XQ VLQQëPHUR GH WHVWLPRQLRV QRV SHUPLWHQ DILUPDU TXH 9DOSDUDÞVR PD

GXUDQWHJUDQSDUWHGHOVLJOR;,;XQDVLPELRVLVHQWUHORVXVRVDVRFLDGRVDODLQGXVWULDOL]DFL

GH RFLR PDUÞWLPR DOEHUJDQGR VLPXOWÒQHDPHQWH EDOQHDULRV H LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD SRUWXD

FRQWUDSRVLFLäQ D OR RFXUULGR HQ RWUDV FLXGDGHV FRVWHUDV FRPR %DUFHORQD 7DWMHU 

HYROXFLäQ GH ORV XVRV GHO SXHUWR FKLOHQR VH RULHQWä GHVGH OD H[WHQVLäQ GH OD YÞD IÚUUHD IUHQWHGHPDUKDFLDXQPDUFDGRPRQRSROLRSRUWXDULRLQGXVWULDOSURSLFLDGRSRUHO(VWDGR

/RVEDOQHDULRVHQODUDGDGH9DOSDUDÞVR

5HVXUJLGRVGHVGHHOVLJOR;9,,,HQ,QJODWHUUD)UDQFLD\$OHPDQLD&RUELQ HVUHFRQR

LQIOXHQFLDGHORV LQPLJUDQWHVDQJORVDMRQHVHQODLQVHUFLäQGHORVQXHYRVXVRVSODFHQWHURV

HQ &KLOH $XQTXH IXHURQ SUREDEOHPHQWH PLHPEURV GH DTXHOOD ILOLDFLäQ TXLHQHV LQLFLD

LQYHUVLRQHVHQHOUXEUREDOQHDULRODPRGDVHH[SDQGLäUÒSLGDPHQWHKDFLDORVKDELWDQWHV

TXLHQHVQRVäORFRPHQ]DURQDKDFHUXVRGHOEDâRGHPDUVLQRTXHWDPELÚQVHFRPSURP

FRQ VX GHVDUUROOR (QWUH ODV SULPHUDV UHIHUHQFLDV TXH KHPRV REWHQLGR VH GHVWDFD HO F

6DQWLDJR)UHQFK(QSXEOLFäHQFDVWHOODQR\HQLQJOÚVXQDYLVRFRPHUFLDOHQGRQGHF DVXVDPLJRV\DOSëEOLFRTXHKDGLVSXHVWRHQVX)RQGDGHOD0DULQDXQRVEDâRVSDUD

JXVWDUHQVHUYLUVHGHHOORV(O0HUFXULRGH9DOSDUDÞVRGHQRYLHPEUHGH 8QOODPD

SREODFLäQ GH OHQJXD LQJOHVD QRV SDUHFH XQ FODUR HMHPSOR GH OD LQIOXHQFLD TXH GHVWDFÒ

$GHPÒVGHSHUPLWLUQRVDILUPDUTXHGHVGHWHPSUDQRODUDGDSRUWHâDDFRJLäXVRVGLIHUHQWH

SRUWXDULRVGLFKRWHVWLPRQLRQRVGDFXHQWDWDPELÚQGHODUHODFLäQH[LVWHQWHHQWUHEDâRVG ODQDFLHQWHDFWLYLGDGWXUÞVWLFD

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

6LELHQODDXVHQFLDGHIRWRJUDIÞDV\ODHVFDVH]GHRWURVWHVWLPRQLRVJUÒILFRV\HVFULWRVGLI

FRQRFLPLHQWRGHODLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDEDOQHDULDDOJXQRVLQGLFLRVQRVSHUPLWHQSHQVDUTXHGX

SULPHUDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;,;HOGHVSOLHJXHGHORFLREDOQHDULRVHPDQWXYRVXPLGRHQODSUHF PDWHULDO

+DFLD PHGLDGRV GH  OODPDURQ OD DWHQFLäQ GHO DOHPÒQ 3DXO 7UHXWOHU ODV SUÒFWLFDV S

GHVDUUROODGDVHQ9DOSDUDÞVR&RQVLJQDGDVVXVLPSUHVLRQHVHQXQOLEURSXEOLFDGRDOJXQDVG

PÒVWDUGH HOYLDMHURYLVLWäORVEDâRVIORWDQWHVTXHHVWDEDQXELFDGRVHQODFDOOHGH

HQHOFHQWURGHODFLXGDG6XFRQVWUXFFLäQFRQVLVWÞDHQGRVHPEDUFDFLRQHVGHVPDQWHODGDV

SRUFDGHQDV\DQFODGDVDODUDGDDODVTXHVHSRGÞDOOHJDUOXHJRGHFUX]DUXQSXHQWH6RE

VH KDEÞD LQVWDODGR XQD JUDQ EDUUDFD GH PDGHUD XWLOL]DGD FRPR FDPDULQHV $ SHVD

VLPSOH]D GH ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV HVWH OXJDU HUD YLVLWDGR SRU OD DOWD VRFLHGDG SRUWHâD TXLH

XWLOL]DEDQODDUHQDGHODSOD\DVLQRTXHWRPDEDQORVEDâRVGH PDUHQWUDQGRHQFDPDUR

FDMäQ SHUIRUDGR VXPHUJLGR HQ HO PDU KDVWD TXH HO DJXD DOFDQ]DUD HO SHFKR GH PRGR EDâLVWDHVWDEDVHJXURGHQRDKRJDUVH 7UHXWOHU 

(OPLVPRWHVWLPRQLRQRVSHUPLWHUHFRQRFHUHOXVRGHODSOD\DGH%DUäQHQHOPDUJHQRULHQ

FLXGDG(VWHOXJDUDOSDUHFHUFDUHQWHGHFRQVWUXFFLRQHVGHVWLQDGDVDOFRQIRUWGHORVEDâL

FRQYLUWLäHQXQRGHORVHVSDFLRVGHSDVHRSUHGLOHFWRVSDUDORVSRUWHâRVGHWRGDVODVH[WUD VRFLDOHV 

(OIHUURFDUULOPRQRSROL]DHOERUGHFRVWHUR

+DFLD OD GÚFDGD GH  ODV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV SRUWXDULDV GH XVR LQGXVWULDO WDPELÚQ DOEH

SUÒFWLFDV UHFUHDWLYDV (VH IXH HO FDVR GH ORV $OPDFHQHV )LVFDOHV HO PÒV FODUR HMHPSO

PL[WXUDGHXVRVYHULILFDGDHQODUDGD/D8QLäQ/LEHUDOGHHQHURGH $HVWHOXJDU

QR KDEÞD SOD\D VLQR XQDV FDELQDV FRQVWUXLGDV VREUH SLORWHV FRQ XQD HVFDOHUD \ FR

6XEHUFDVHDX[   OOHJDEDQ ORV PÒV HOHJDQWHV YLVLWDQWHV YHUDQLHJRV /DV FRPR

RIUHFLGDV SRU HVWH HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR QR HUDQ ODV PHMRUHV SHUR VLQ GXGD OD PD\RU GLILF

FRQVWLWX\ä OD VXFLHGDG GH ODV DJXDV GRQGH VH YHÞDQ PXFKDV MLELDV R DJXDV PDODV FR OODPDEDQ 

9DOSDUDÞVR IXH HO DQWHFHGHQWH LQPHGLDWR GH OD FUHDFLäQ GH EDOQHDULRV HQ 9LâD GHO 0DU

PDWHULDOL]DFLäQ GH OD FRQH[LäQ IHUURYLDULD HQWUH 9DOSDUDÞVR \ 6DQWLDJR HQ  ODV

YHUDQLHJDVGHORVFDSLWDOLQRVVHJXÞDQFRQFHQWUÒQGRVHSUHIHUHQWHPHQWHHQODFLXGDGSXHUW

TXH HQ VX DëQ H[FOXVLYD YLOOD GH GHVFDQVR $O PLVPR WLHPSR TXH IDFLOLWDED HO DFF

YHUDQHDQWHVODYÞDIÚUUHDFRQVWLWX\äGHVGHODGÚFDGDGHXQSXQWRGHLQIOH[LäQTXHP

HODFHUFDPLHQWRGHORVSRUWHâRVDOPDU/DH[WHQVLäQGHOWHQGLGRGHVGHODHVWDFLäQ%DUäQ

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

FHQWURGHODFLXGDGDGHPÒVGHJHQHUDUXQOÞPLWHVLPEäOLFR\PDWHULDOFRQHOPDUSURYRFäT

VHULHGHLQVWDODFLRQHVHQWUHODVTXHFRQWDPRVERGHJDVJDOSRQHVSDWLRVGHPDQLREUDVYL

SDUD ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV GH OD HPSUHVD \ OD FRQVWUXFFLäQ GH GRV HVWDFLRQHV DFDSDUDUDQ OD

GLILFXOWDUDQ HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH ORV DQWLJXRV EDOQHDULRV 7RUQHUR    'HYH

XQDH[WHUQDOLGDGQHJDWLYDSDUDORVXVRVEDOQHDULRVODYÞDIÚUUHDUHVXOWäGHWHUPLQDQWHHQ

SURFHVR GH H[SXOVLäQ GH ORV XVRV UHFUHDWLYRV GHO PDU PÒV DOOÒ GH ORV PÒUJHQHV GH OD )LJXUD 

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

&RQFHVLRQHVSëEOLFDVHLQYHUVLRQHVSULYDGDV

(O XVXIUXFWR GHO QHJRFLR GH ORV EDOQHDULRV XELFDGRV HQ OD EDKÞD GH 9DOSDUDÞVR FRUUHVSR

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

SULQFLSLRDSULYDGRVTXHREWHQÞDQXQDFRQFHVLäQHVWDWDOSDUDFREUDUHQWUDGDVTXHILQDQFLD

LQYHUVLRQHVTXHKDEÞDQFRPSURPHWLGR'HVGHHOPRPHQWRGHODH[WHQVLäQIHUURYLDULDSRUH

GH PDU HQWUH  \  OD GHFLVLäQ GH RWRUJDU ODV FRQFHVLRQHV WDPELÚQ SDVä S

DXWRUL]DFLäQ GHO VXSHULQWHQGHQWH GHO )HUURFDUULO &HQWUDO \ OD QHFHVDULD DSUREDFLäQ GHSH

TXHORVHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVQRSHUMXGLFDUDQHOQRUPDOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOWUHQ$1+,9 

HVWH PRGR DOJXQDV SURSXHVWDV IXHURQ UHFKD]DGDV SXHV VH HVWDEOHFÞDQ PX\ FHUFD

HVWDFLRQHVGHODFLXGDGORTXHLPSOLFDUÞDVHJëQODHPSUHVDQXPHURVDVPROHVWLDVHQORV

GHVFDQVRSXHVDODXPHQWDGRIOXMRGHSDVDMHURVTXHOOHJDEDQDWRPDUHOWUHQKDEUÞDTXH

DTXHOORVTXHGLVIUXWDEDQGHORVIUÞRVEDâRVGHPDU(VWHIXHHOFDVRGHODLQWHQFLäQGHFRQV HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHEDâRVFHUFDGHODQXHYDHVWDFLäQ%HOODYLVWDHQ

6L VH KLFLHUD OD FRQFHFLäQ VLF  VROLFLWDGD OD (VWDFLäQ GH %HOODYLVWD VH FRQYHUWLUÞD HQ XQ

SëEOLFDWHQLHQGROXJDUJUDQWUÒILFRGHMHQWHSUHFLVDPHQWHHQODVKRUDVHQTXHHOODHVWÒR SRUORVWUHQHVTXHSDUWHQSDUD6DQWLDJR\4XLOORWDDODVDP\DODVSP

3RUXQDSDUWHKDELHQGRGHFRPHQ]DUHQEUHYHODSURORQJDFLäQGHOIHUURFDUULOKDVWDORVDOP

ILVFDOHV \ GHELHQGR SDUWLU ORV KDELWDQWHV GHVGH OD PLVPD HVWDFLäQ GH %HOODYLVWD WHQG

KDFHUVH GHVDORMDU HO OXJDU RFXSDGR SRU ORV EDâRV DQWHV TXL]Ò GH OD ÚSRFD HQ TXH HO FRPLHQ]DDKDFHUXVRGHHOORV$1+,9VIM 

6LELHQKDFLDOD,QWHQGHQFLDRWRUJäSHVRVSDUDVXEYHQFLRQDUEDâRVSëEOLFRV

XQSHUÞRGRLQGHWHUPLQDGRORFLHUWRHVTXHHOWHVWLPRQLRDQWHULRUGHODWDODPDUFDGDSUHIHUH

ODDXWRULGDGSRUHOGHVDUUROORGHODVYÞDVGHFRPXQLFDFLäQ\ORVXVRVSRUWXDULRV2WURFODUR

OR FRQVWLWX\H OD GHFLVLäQ GH XWLOL]DU ODV SOD\DV GH OD UDGD FRPR FHQWUR GH DOPDFHQDPL

SODFDVGHPÒUPROHVTXHVHQHFHVLWDEDQSDUDODH[WHQVLäQGHODYÞDIÚUUHD$GHPÒVODS

/D&DEULWHUÞDXELFDGDDOH[WUHPRQRURULHQWHGHODFLXGDGIXHHOOXJDUHQGRQGHODLQWH

DXWRUL]äTXHVHH[WUDMHUDDUHQDSDUDORVWUDEDMRVGHODYÞD'HKDEHUVHYHULILFDGRHVWRVW KDEUÞDQVLJQLILFDGRDOPHQRVODUHGXFFLäQHQHOWDPDâRGHODSOD\D$1+,9VIM 

6XPDGRDODSUHIHUHQFLDSRUODJHVWLäQIHUURYLDULDHO(VWDGRUHSUHVHQWDGRSRUOD,QWHQGH

9DOSDUDÞVRQRVHFRPSURPHWÞDSRUHOGHVDUUROORGHORVEDOQHDULRVSRUWHâRV$SHVDUGHF

ORV EHQHILFLRV KLJLÚQLFRV WHUDSÚXWLFRV \ UHFUHDWLYRV TXH LPSOLFDED HO RFLR PDUÞWLPR OD DX

SURYLQFLDO OHJä HO DGHODQWR GH ORV EDâRV SëEOLFRV \ JUDWXLWRV D FDSLWDOLVWDV TXH QR R

JDQDQFLDV SRU HVWDV LQYHUVLRQHV (Q DOJXQRV FDVRV VH HVWDEOHFLä FRPR UHTXLVLWR TX

REWHQHUHOSHUPLVRGHLQVWDODFLäQGHXQEDOQHDULRSULYDGRVHGHEÞDGHVDUUROODURWURHVWDEOHF

GH EDâRV JUDWXLWRV SDUD SREUHV FRQ FLHUWDV FRPRGLGDGHV PÞQLPDV /DV LQYHUVLRQ

LPSOLFDEDQ ORV WUDEDMRV H[LJLGRV \ OD HVFDVD UHWULEXFLäQ HFRQäPLFD TXH UHFLEÞ

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

FRQFHVLRQDULRV JHQHUä HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV OD UXLQD GH ORV HPSUHVDULRV EDOQHDULRV $1+, VIM 

/DFRQVWUXFFLäQGHEDOQHDULRVGHPDUSDUDORVSREUHVGHODFLXGDGUHVSRQGÞDDODQHFHVL GHVSOLHJXH FRUSRUDO PDQLIHVWDGR SRU ORV VHFWRUHV VRFLDOHV PHQRV DFRPRGDGRV 6L ELHQ

WHVWLPRQLRVHYLGHQFLDQODGLVSRVLFLäQGHORVVHFWRUHVSRSXODUHVDOEDâRGHPDU9DOHQFLD

HVWRQRVLJQLILFäXQUHWUDLPLHQWRGHODÚOLWH \ORVHVWUDWRVPHGLRVKDFLDHOJRFHPDUÞWLPR6L

KD GHFODUDGR TXH HQ 9DOSDUDÞVR ORV VHFWRUHV PÒV DFRPRGDGRV HUDQ UHWLFHQWHV DO EDâR GXUDQWH OD SULPHUD PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;,; 8UELQD    OR FLHUWR HV TXH HVH DILUPDFLRQHVPHUHFHQXQDUHYLVLäQPÒVH[KDXVWLYD

(QHOHQWHQGLGRTXHORVFRPHUFLDQWHVDQJORVDMRQHVDYHFLQGDGRVHQODFLXGDGSRUWHâDFRQ

SDUWH GH OD ÚOLWH VX WHPSUDQR DFHUFDPLHQWR D ODV ULEHUDV PDULQDV GHVGLFH HVD SRVLELO

UHVSHFWR GHVFRQRFHPRV LQGLFLRV TXH QRV SHUPLWDQ DVHYHUDU TXH ORV FRPHUFLDQWHV \

QDFLRQDOQRKD\DQLPLWDGRHVDVSUÒFWLFDVGXUDQWHODSULPHUDPLWDGGHOVLJOR1RREVWDQWHGH

SURIXQGL]DUHQHVWRVDVSHFWRVHVSRVLEOHFUHHUTXHODVGLIHUHQFLDVGHOEDâRHQWUHSREUHV

VäOR VH PDQLIHVWDURQ HQ OD VHJXQGD PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;,; FXDQGR OD UHJXODFLäQ QRUPä HO

YHVWLPHQWDV HVSHFLDOHV SDUD ODV LQPHUVLRQHV SHQÒQGRVH OD LPSXGLFLD TXH FRQWL

H[SUHVDQGR ORV PÒV SREUHV 3HâD    (Q HO PLVPR VHQWLGR ODV FRQVWUX

VROLFLWDGDV SRU OD ,QWHQGHQFLD D ORV HPSUHVDULRV EDOQHDULRV EXVFDEDQ RFXOWDU OD GHVQX

DTXHOORV TXH QR VäOR HQ ORV HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV GH EDâR VLWXDGRV HQ HO PDU VLQR HQ

H[WHQVLäQ GH OD PDUJHQ GHO SXHUWR VH EDâDQ SëEOLFDPHQWH DOJXQDV SHUVRQDV HQ FR

GHVQXGH]FRQHVFÒQGDORGHORVTXHDHOODFRQFXUUHQ$1+,9DSXG9DOHQFLD

'XUDQWH JUDQ SDUWH GHO VLJOR ;,; WRGD OD UDGD DOEHUJä XVRV KHGRQLVWDV PDULQRV \ VäO

GÚFDGDGHORVWUDEDMRVGHOIHUURFDUULO\HOGHVFXLGRGHOD,QWHQGHQFLDWUDMHURQFRPRUH

ODH[SXOVLäQGHORVHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVGHEDâRVGHPDUTXHVHKDEÞDQLQVWDODGRHQWUHHOVH

%DUäQ\HOODGRSRQLHQWHGHOD%DKÞD0XQLFLSDOLGDGGH9DOSDUDÞVR 6LELHQHQHVRV

SURSXVR HO ILQDQFLDPLHQWR GH DOJXQRV EDOQHDULRV SDUD SREUHV QR H[LVWH HYLGHQFLD TXH FRPSUREDUTXHHOSURFHVRGHH[SXOVLäQGHORVHVSDFLRVGHRFLRFRVWHURVHKD\DGHWHQLGR +DFLDORVëQLFRVEDOQHDULRVH[LVWHQWHVHQ9DOSDUDÞVRHUDQ HOGH/DV7RUSHGHUDV\

GH6DQ0DWHRHQODSHULIHULDSRQLHQWHGHODFLXGDG\ORVDQWLJXRVEDâRVGH/D&DOHWDHQ

H[WUHPRGHODEDKÞD6RORYHUD\3L]DUUR (OSURFHVRGHHUUDGLFDFLäQGHORVED KDFLD9LâDGHO0DU\DVHKDEÞDLQLFLDGR

/RVEDOQHDULRVSULYDGRVHQXQDHVWDFLäQGHEDâRVPHGLWHUUÒQHD9LâDGH ILQHVGHOVLJOR;,;

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

'HVGH HO ëOWLPR WHUFLR GHO VLJOR ;,; OD FRQVWLWXFLäQ GH 9LâD GHO 0DU FRPR VXEXUELR IHUUR

GHVDKRJRUHVLGHQFLDOGH9DOSDUDÞVR&ÒFHUHV%RRWK\6DEDWLQLE SURPRYLäODDWUDF DFWLYLGDGHVEDOQHDULDVTXHKDEÞDQVLGRH[SXOVDGRVGHODYHFLQDUDGDSRUWXDULD

%HQHILFLDGRVSRUODUHODWLYDOHMDQÞDGHOSXHUWRHOWUDGLFLRQDOHVTXHPDGHFRQFHVLRQHVSRW

LQVWDODFLäQ GH EDOQHDULRV SULYDGRV HQ 9LâD GHO 0DU /D SULQFLSDO FDUDFWHUÞVWLFD GH ÚVWRV

DXVHQFLD GH DTXHOOD FRPSOHMD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD TXH GLVWLQJXLä D VXV VÞPLOHV PDUSODWHQVHV

UHFXUVRVSëEOLFRVILQDQFLDURQODVSULPHUDVUDPEODVSRUGRQGHSDVHDEDODDOWDVRFLHGDG3 \7RUUH 

%XVFDQGRORFDOL]DFLRQHVPÒVOLPSLDV

/RVPÚGLFRVKLJLHQLVWDVHXURSHRVTXHOHRWRUJDEDQLQQXPHUDEOHVSURSLHGDGHVFXUDWLYDV

IUÞRGHPDUKDEÞDQSURSLFLDGRGHVGHHOVLJOR;9,,,HOUHGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHODVULEHUDVPDULQ

SRVWHULRURFXSDFLäQSODFHQWHUD&RUELQ (QFRQWUDVWH\DWHQGLHQGRDODLQIRU

UHFRSLODGDSDUDHOFDVRFKLOHQRHOXVRKHGRQLVWDGHOEDâRGHPDUQRIXHXQDPHUDFRQVH

GHODSUÒFWLFDPÚGLFD/RVLQIOX\HQWHVLQPLJUDQWHVDQJORVDMRQHVMXJDURQHOSDSHOGHHVWDE

IRPHQWDU HQ &KLOH DTXHOODV SUÒFWLFDV DSUHQGLGDV HQ VXV SDÞVHV GH RULJHQ 6LQ HP

KLJLHQLVWDV FKLOHQRV GH OD VHJXQGD PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;,; FRPR -$ *DUFÞD SXGLHURQ LQIOX

ORFDOL]DFLäQ GH ORV EDâRV GH PDU HQ ORV OXJDUHV TXH FRQVLGHUDEDQ PÒV DSWRV (QW

SRGHPRVGHVWDFDUD4XLQWHURODSOD\DFKLFDGH&DUWDJHQD$OJDUURER\9LâDGHO0DUQLQJ ODVFXDOHVFRQVWLWXÞDXQFHQWURXUEDQRGHLPSRUWDQFLD

&RQVHFXHQFLDLQPHGLDWDGHODFRQWDPLQDFLäQJHQHUDGDSRUODYRFDFLäQ SRUWXDULRLQGXVWUL

ORV UHVLGXRV TXH GHVHPERFDEDQ HQ HO PDU OD FRVWD SRUWHâD FDUHFÞD GH ODV FRQG

WHUDSÚXWLFDV TXH ORV KLJLHQLVWDV SUHVFULEÞDQ &RQVLGHUDQGR 9DOSDUDÞVR \ VXV DOUHGHGRUH

XQDVRODHQWLGDGXUEDQD&ÒFHUHV%RRWK6DEDWLQLD XQLQIOX\HQWHKLJLHQLVWDSURSR

HQ9LâDGHO0DUVHOHYDQWHQSURQWRORVHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVTXHUHëQDQODVFRQGLFLRQHVDSHWH

DVÞ OD UHSXWDFLäQ GH 9DOSDUDÞVR VH KDEUÒ VDOYDGR *DUFÞD   8Q DâR GHVS

UHDOL]DEDQODVSULPHUDVLQYHUVLRQHVTXHFRQVWLWXLUÞDQDODSOD\D0LUDPDUHQHOHVFHQDULRSU GHODVYLVLWDVGHORVHOHJDQWHV

/DSDUDGRMDRULJLQDOHOHPSOD]DPLHQWRPHGLWHUUÒQHR\ODFHUFDQÞDSVLFRO PDU

/DWUDPDGHODQXHYDSREODFLäQGH9LâDGHO0DUFDUHFLäGHVGHHOFRPLHQ]RGHODXUEDQL]D

ERUGHFRVWHUR3DUDXQRGHORVPÒVLQIOX\HQWHVYLVLWDQWHVGHODSULPHUDÚSRFDGHODYLOOD

KD\YLâD>\@QRKD\WDPSRFRPDUSRUTXHHOLQJHQLHURTXHGHOLQHDUDODPRGHUQDWUD]DGHO

SREODFLäQ GHMä DO 3DFÞILFR ROYLGDGR WUDV XQD SXQWD GH FHUUR 9LFXâD  &RP

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

HMHPSORGHODFRQVWLWXFLäQPHGLWHUUÒQHDGHOSXHEORHOLFRQRDUTXLWHFWäQLFRFXOWXUDOHQTXH

HOHGLILFLR GHO*UDQ+RWHO HVWDEDHPSOD]DGR DPÒVGH XQNLOäPHWURGHODVFRVWDV

PHGLDGRV GHO VLJOR ;; VäOR ODV QRWDEOHV H[FHSFLRQHV GH ORV KRWHOHV GH 0LUDPDU \ FRQWUDYLQLHURQODWHQGHQFLDGHXELFDUODLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDKRWHOHUDDOLQWHULRUGHODFLXGDG

0LHQWUDVORVEDOQHDULRVXUXJXD\RV\DUJHQWLQRVHUDQDVLPLODGRVSRUVXVYLVLWDQWHVDHVWDFLR

EDâRV HXURSHDV FRPR %LDUULW] R %ULJKWRQ 9LâD GHO 0DU IXH FRPSDUDGD FRQ 9HUVDOOHV H

DOXVLäQDORVSDUTXHV\MDUGLQHVTXHRVWHQWDEDQVXVPÒVFRQVSLFXDVYLYLHQGDV(O&RFKR

HQHURGH /DVHOHJDQWHVFRQVWUXFFLRQHVGHORVSULPHURVDâRVGHOVXEXUELRVHHPS

DOLQWHULRU\WHQÞDQFRPRSRORGHDWUDFFLäQODHVWDFLäQGHOIHUURFDUULO\ORVSDUTXHVSULYDGR

UHVLGHQWHVRYLVLWDQWHVGHPD\RUFDSDFLGDGGHSDJR+DFLDODGÚFDGDGHHOERUGH DëQQRKDEÞDVLGRORWHDGRSDUDILQHVUHVLGHQFLDOHV

3HVHDODGLVWDQFLDVHUÞDXQHUURUGHVDWHQGHUODFHUFDQÞDSVLFROäJLFDDORFÚDQRTXHORVS

YLâDPDULQRV PDQLIHVWDEDQ 6L ELHQ OD DWUDFFLäQ SRU OD FRVWD FDUHFLä GH XQ GHVDUUROOR WXU

UHVLGHQFLDO LQPHGLDWR ODV IUHFXHQWHV YLVLWDV DO PDU GHPDQGDURQ OD FRQVWUXFF HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVTXHRIUHFLHUDQFLHUWRFRQIRUW

'XUDQWHHOSHUÞRGRGHFRQVWLWXFLäQGHODYLOOD ODVLQGXVWULDV\ODVYLYLHQGDVGH

\DUWHVDQRVVHLQVWDODURQHQHOLQWHULRU3RUHOORQRIXHODUHWLFHQFLDGHORVVHFWRUHVSXGLH

FRPSDUWLUHOHVSDFLRFRQORVSREUHVODFDXVDGHVXHQFODYHPHGLWHUUÒQHR3RUHOFRQWUDULR

LQGLIHUHQFLDGHORVPÒVULFRVSRUODFRVWDORTXHSHUPLWLäHVWDEOHFHUDOOÞLQGXVWULDVGHVGH

3URSRQHPRV TXH IXH OD FRQVWLWXFLäQ VXEXUEDQD GH 9LâD GHO 0DU OR TXH GHWHUP

HPSOD]DPLHQWR GH OD YLOOD D UHODWLYD GLVWDQFLD GHO PDU /D EëVTXHGD GHO YHUGH RUQDPHQ

VLPXODFURGHYLGDFDPSHVWUHSRUHOTXHRSWDEDQORVSRUWHâRVTXHVHHVWDEOHFÞDQRYLVLWDE

GHO 0DU &ÒFHUHV %RRWK \ 6DEDWLQL D  ORV LQGXMR D RFXSDU HO LQWHULRU PXFKR DQWHV FRVWD

7HRGRURYRQ6FKURHGHUV\HOEDOQHDULRSULYDGRGH0LUDPDU

$WHQGLHQGR OD HVFHQRJUDIÞD HQ TXH VH GHVDUUROODEDQ ORV XVRV KHGRQLVWDV GHO OLWRUDO SR

GLVWLQJXLUTXHH[LVWHQGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHODVSOD\DVFRQVWLWXLGDVFRPRXQHVSDFLRQDWXUDOG

\ODVRILVWLFDFLäQFRQVWUXFWLYDTXHLPSOLFDEDHOEDOQHDULR6LELHQDPERVHVSDFLRVVHGHVDUU

GH PDQHUD DUWLFXODGD GHEHPRV SUHFLVDU TXH DOEHUJDEDQ SUÒFWLFDV GLIHUHQFLDGDV FRPR OR

SUHIHUHQWHPHQWH LQIDQWLOHV HQ OD SOD\D \ OD VRFLDELOLGDG DGXOWD HQ ORV UHVWDXUDQWHV E H[SODQDGDVGHORVEDOQHDULRV%RRWK 

8ELFDGD DO RWUR ODGR GHO FHUUR &DVWLOOR HO SULPHU EDOQHDULR TXH VH FRQVWLWX\ä HQ OD ]RQD

GHVDUUROODGRSRUHOLQYHUVLRQLVWDGHDVFHQGHQFLDDOHPDQD 7HRGRURYRQ6FKURHGHUVXELFDG

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

SOD\D GH 0LUDPDU $LVODGD GHO UHVWR GH OD FLXGDG GHELGR D ORV OÞPLWHV LPSXHVWRV SRU HO

RULHQWH OD ODJXQD HQ TXH GHVHPERFDED HO HVWHUR 0DUJD0DUJD DO QRURULHQWH \ SRU HO F

IDEULO GH &DOHWD $EDUFD DO VXU 0LUDPDU REVHUYDED XQD SRVLFLäQ GH UHODWLYD SULYDFLG

FXHVWLRQDGDSRUODYHFLQDLQGXVWULD(QHVWHFDVRORV OXJDUHVGHJRFHKHGRQLVWDIXHURQF

GHOLGLDUFRQXQDGHVSUHRFXSDGDRFXSDFLäQ]RQDOGHODFLXGDG/DFRQYLYHQFLDHQWUHHORFL

FODVHVDOWDV\HOWUDEDMRGHORVREUHURVQRIXHLPSHGLPHQWRSDUDHVWDEOHFHUDOOÞXQRGHORV VRFLDOHVPÒVHOHJDQWHGHODYLOOD)LJXUD 

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

$XPHQWDQGR OD HVFDOD GH DQÒOLVLV HV SRVLEOH DGYHUWLU TXH ODV GLILFXOWDGHV WRSRJUÒILFD

HVWDEOHFHU EDOQHDULRV DO VXU GHO HVWHUR 0DUJD0DUJD HUDQ QXPHURVDV (O DEUXSWR FRUWH

FHUURV GDED OXJDU D WHUUHQRV SODQRV PX\ HVWUHFKRV \ ODV IXHUWHV SHQGLHQWHV GHO ERUGH

SHOLJURVDVODVLQPHUVLRQHVRFHÒQLFDV/DëQLFDSRVLELOLGDGGHGHVDUUROODUXQEDOQHDULRGHJ

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

GLPHQVLRQHVVHHQFRQWUDEDKDFLDHOQRUWHGHOFDXFHIOXYLDOSHURORVQHFHVDULRVWUDEDMRVGH

HQ HO DUHQDO GH OD 3REODFLäQ 9HUJDUD \ FXDOTXLHU LQWHQWR SRU UHGXFLU OD SHQGLHQWH GHO

LPSOLFDED LQYROXFUDU FXDQWLRVDV LQYHUVLRQHV TXH QLQJëQ SULYDGR SRGUÞD VROYHQWDU 3RU H

UHFXUVRVGHEÞDQHQIRFDUVHKDFLDHOGHVDUUROORGHEDOQHDULRVSHTXHâRVFRPRORVTXHHQ0 VHFRQFHQWUDURQ

(QWUH ODV GLILFXOWDGHV TXH GHEÞDQ VXSHUDU ORV YLVLWDQWHV GHO EDOQHDULR VH FRQWDED VX S

DFFHVR /D YÞD IÚUUHD HO FHUUR \ OD LQGXVWULD IXHURQ LPSHGLPHQWRV TXH OD LPSRVLFLäQ GH O

EDOQHDULD HVWXYR GLVSXHVWD D IUDQTXHDU SDUD OR TXH VH LQYLUWLHURQ UHFXUVRV TXH ILQDQFLD PHMRUFDPLQR

/DVSULPHUDVFRQVWUXFFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVHQ0LUDPDUGDWDQGH\HVWDEDQFRQVWLWXLGDV

HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV GH PDGHUD TXH DOEHUJDUÞDQ D ORV KRPEUHV \ D ODV PXMHUHV SRU VHSDU

FRQVWLWXFLäQ GH OD SOD\D FRPR XQ HVSDFLR GHO YDFÞR HQ GRQGH ODV HVWULFWDV QRUPDV

LPSHUDQWHVHUDQREYLDGDVDOGHVSOHJDUVHORVFXHUSRVGHORVEDâLVWDVOOHYäDUHJXODUODXWL

GHSXGRURVRVWUDMHVGHEDâRV\DFUHDUXQYLUWXDOOÞPLWHVH[XDOHQODDUHQDGHODSOD\DGH

PRGRFRPRVHHVWDEDUHDOL]DQGRHQODVSOD\DVHXURSHDV\HQODFRVWDDWOÒQWLFDODWLQRDP &RUELQ\%DUUÒQ 

(QWUHODVFDUDFWHUÞVWLFDVDUTXLWHFWäQLFDVGH0LUDPDUSRGHPRVUHVDOWDUHOSUHGRPLQLRPDWHU

PDGHUD/DWHQGHQFLDDODVLPSOH]DGHODVFRQVWUXFFLRQHVIXHIRPHQWDGDWDPELÚQSRUODD GHLQYHUVLRQHVHVWDWDOHV/XHJRGHHVWDEOHFHUVHXQFDPLQRHQODURFDYLYDSDUDOOHJDUD

PDQVD(O&RFKRDGHHQHURGH \GHVXSRVWHULRUHQVDQFKHHQODRSLQLäQ

ORFDO GHPDQGä D OD 0XQLFLSDOLGDG OD FRQVWUXFFLäQ GH DFHUDV FäPRGDV SDUD HO DFFHVR SH

&RPR KDEÞD VLGR OD WäQLFD ORV UHFXUVRV PXQLFLSDOHV QR VH RULHQWDURQ KDFLD HO EDOQHD

(VWDFLäQGHGLFLHPEUHGH 

/DV DPELJíHGDGHV FRQFHUQLHQWHV D OD SURSLHGDG GH ORV EDâRV GH PDU OOHYDURQ D SH

GLVSXWDVHQWUHOD0XQLFLSDOLGDG \HOSURSLHWDULR(QWHQGLHQGRTXHODFRQFHVLäQRWRUJDGD DâRV HQ  OH GDED GHUHFKRV H[FOXVLYRV VREUH 0LUDPDU YRQ 6FKURHGHUV FHUUä HQ DFFHVR D OD SOD\D OR TXH SURGXMR OD UHDFFLäQ GH ODV DXWRULGDGHV $+905'0 SULYDWL]DFLäQ GHO FDPLQR GH ORV EDâRV SURPRYLGD SRU YRQ 6FKURHGHUV IXH XQD

UHODWLYDPHQWHFRQWLQXDGHOHPSUHVDULRGXUDQWHODVGRVGÚFDGDVGHFRQFHVLäQ\D\XGäDP

VXEDOQHDULRFRPRXQUHGXFWRH[FOXVLYRGHORVVHFWRUHVDFRPRGDGRV$+905'0

(OGHVFXLGRGHODVLQYHUVLRQHVHVWDWDOHVKLFLHURQTXHHOGHVDUUROORGHOEDOQHDULRGH9LâD

IXHUD FDVL H[FOXVLYDPHQWH SULYDGR /RV EDâRV SëEOLFRV \ JUDWXLWRV WDPELÚQ HQWUHJDG

FRQFHVLäQDGLYHUVRVHPSUHVDULRVJHQHUDURQXQDLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDDëQPÒVSUHFDULDFRPSX

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

JHQHUDOSRUFDVXFKDVXELFDGDVHQORVVHFWRUHVPHQRVDSHWHFLEOHVGHOERUGHFRVWHUR(MHP

HOORHVHOOODPDGRDFRQFHVLäQSDUDHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHEDâRVSëEOLFRVHQ&DOHWD$EDUF ORVURTXHUÞRV\HOGHVDJíHGHORVGHVHFKRVGHOD0DHVWUDQ]D$+905'0 

7HVWLPRQLRV IRWRJUÒILFRV HYLGHQFLDQ HO UHODWLYR SURFHVR GH FRPSOHML]DFLäQ GH OD LQIUDHV

EDOQHDULDHQ0LUDPDUDFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR;;(QSULPHUOXJDUXQDVHULHGHUHIRUPDVUHD HQ HO EDOQHDULR JDQDURQ WHUUHQRV DO FHUUR &DVWLOOR OR TXH SRVLELOLWä OD FRQVWUXFFLäQ

H[SODQDGDGHWLHUUDHQGRQGHVHUHDOL]DEDQRFDVLRQDOPHQWHSDUWLGRVGHIëWERO\GRQGHFR

GHSUHIHUHQFLDODÚOLWHHQVXSDVHRPDWXWLQR$GHPÒVVHFRQVWUX\äXQDSDVDUHODXWLOL]DGD

GDPDVSDUDFUX]DUGHVGHORVFDPDULQHVIHPHQLQRVKDFLDXQDSHFXOLDUURFDHQHOPDUHQ

XQDVHQGDGHFHPHQWRTXHODURGHDEDSHUPLWÞDDODVVHâRUDVGDUXQSDVHRSRUHOODVLQHO GHUHVEDODU\VLQSLVDUODDUHQDSDUDOOHJDUDOPDU

3RU RWUR ODGR HQ OD GÚFDGD GH  UHOHYDQWH LQIRUPDFLäQ LFRQRJUÒILFD QRV KD SH

GHPRVWUDUODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQVHJXQGRFRPSOHMREDOQHDULR0LUDPDU(VWHVHHPSOD]DEDXQ

PHWURV DO QRURULHQWH GH OD SOD\D \ HVWDED FRQHFWDGD D HOOD SRU OD FDOOH GH ORV EDâRV 8 MXQWR D OD ODJXQD HQ OD TXH GHVHPERFDED HO HVWHUR 0DUJD0DUJD VH HVWDEOHFLHURQ

HGLILFLRV GH PDGHUD HQWUH ORV FXDOHV VH GHVWDFDED XQ HOHJDQWH UHVWDXUDQWH \ HO SULPH 0LUDPDU

6LELHQHVGLIÞFLOSUHFLVDUTXÚRFXUULäFRQODFRQFHVLäQGHYRQ6FKURHGHUVOXHJRGHVXH[

HQ  HV SRVLEOH GHWHUPLQDU TXH DO PHQRV KDVWD HVD IHFKD ORV SUREOHPDV FRQ H

SURYLQFLDO FRQWLQXDURQ (Q  ODV LQWHQFLRQHV GH YRQ 6FKURHGHUV SRU UHQRYDU HO FRQW

FRQFHVLäQ \ ODV SUHWHQVLRQHV GH RWUR FDSLWDOLVWD -RVÚ /XLV 6ÒQFKH] %HVD GH HVWDEOH

0LUDPDU XQ PRGHUQR EDOQHDULR \ XQ &DVLQR QR FRQWDURQ FRQ HO DSR\R GH OD ,QWHQGHQFL

*RELHUQR/RVSUR\HFWRVTXHDOEHUJDEDHOLQWHQGHQWH-RDTXÞQ)HUQÒQGH]%ODQFRSDUDFRP

D9LâDGHO0DU\9DOSDUDÞVRPHGLDQWHXQFDPLQRSODQRFRVWHURQRFRQWHPSODEDQTXHODS

0LUDPDU VLJXLHUD H[LVWLHQGR 6HJëQ ÚO VHUÞD GH PXFKD FRQYHQLHQFLD WUD]DU SRU DKÞ OD YÞD

(OOR VDFDUÞD HO WHQGLGR GHO FHQWUR GH OD FLXGDG GH 9LâD GHO 0DU FRQ OR TXH VH VROXFLRQD LQFRQYHQLHQWHVTXHJHQHUDEDHOWHUUDSOÚQSRUHOTXHSDVDEDHOWUHQ$+90'6VIM 

/D SRVLELOLGDG GH FUHDU XQ EDOQHDULR PRGHUQR SDUD ORV FÒQRQHV GH OD ÚSRFD JHQHUä O

DPSOLDVH[SHFWDWLYDVDFHUFDGHOQXHYRQHJRFLRWXUÞVWLFR'HOPLVPRPRGR FRPRRFXUUÞDH

SDUWHV GH $PÚULFD /DWLQD OD GLVFXVLäQ DFHUFD GH OD FRQVWUXFFLäQ GH XQ &DVLQR HQ &KL

IXHU]D /DV SURSXHVWDV UHDOL]DGDV SRU WUHV GH ORV PÒV LPSRUWDQWHV DUTXLWHFWRV FKLOHQR

ÚSRFD VH HQIRFDURQ KDFLD OD SOD\D GH 0LUDPDU (Q  ORV HPSUHVDULRV 9RJHO \ /çZ

FRQWUDWDURQD-RVXÚ6PLWK6RODUSDUDTXHGLVHâDUDXQFDVLQR\XQEDOQHDULRPRGHUQRHQ0

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

$+90'6VIM 3RVWHULRUPHQWHHQODLQIOX\HQWHUHYLVWD=LJ=DJSXEOLFDEDXQDLPDJH

TXHVHUÞDHOHGLILFLRSULQFLSDOGHOFDVLQR\EDOQHDULRGH0LUDPDUGLVHâDGRSRU$OEHUWR&UX] 5LFDUGR/DUUDÞQ%UDYR=LJ=DJGHPDU]RGH 

/DVDSUHQVLRQHVFXOWXUDOHVTXHWHQÞDODFODVHGLULJHQWHDQWHODSRVLELOLGDGGHOHJDOL]DUHOMX

FDVLQR \ OD WUDGLFLRQDO DXVHQFLD GHO (VWDGR HQ HO IRPHQWR GH ORV HVSDFLRV GH RFLR LPSLG

PDWHULDOL]DFLäQGHORVSUR\HFWRVUHDOL]DGRVSRUWDQLOXVWUHVDUTXLWHFWRV0LUDPDUFRQWLQXäV

UëVWLFDSOD\DGHORVHOHJDQWHV\HOEDOQHDULRQRVHPRGHUQL]äGHPDVLDGR6äORHQWUH

ORVKLWRVDUTXLWHFWäQLFRVVLWXDGRVHQODFXPEUHGHOFHUUR&DVWLOOR%R]D IRUWD ODHVFHQRJUDIÞDFRQVWUXFWLYDGHOEDOQHDULRSULYDGRGH0LUDPDU

 ,QYHUVLRQHV SULYDGDV EDMR HO DOHUR GHO (VWDGR GHVGH HO FDPLQR SODQ 6RFLHGDG%DOQHDULR9LâDGHO0DU  (O H[SORVLYR FUHFLPLHQWR SREODFLRQDO \ OD UHODWLYD DXWRQRPÞD TXH PRVWUDED 9LâD GHO 0DU

9DOSDUDÞVRPRWLYäTXHDFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR;;VHUHDOL]DUDQGLYHUVDVREUDVSëEOLFDVWHQ

DVROXFLRQDUSUREOHPDVVXUJLGRVGHORVDYDWDUHVTXHWDOGHVDUUROORSODQWHDED(QHVWHVHQ

FRQVWUXFFLäQ GH XQ FDPLQR TXH UHHPSOD]DUD OD GLILFXOWRVD FRQH[LäQ TXH H[LVWÞD HQWUH

FLXGDGHV VH KDEÞD FRQYHUWLGR GHVGH ILQHV GHO VLJOR ;,; HQ XQ WäSLFR UHFXUUHQWH SDUD ORV SëEOLFRV\ORVSURSLHWDULRVGHORVWHUUHQRVSRUGRQGHSDVDUÞD$+907/VIM 

&DPLQRVFRVWHURVHVWDWDOHV\SULYDGRV

(Q PHGLR GH XQD MXVWLILFDEOH SRPSD VH LQDXJXUä HQ  HO FDPLQR SODQR TXH FRQH

9DOSDUDÞVR\9LâDGHO0DUSRUHOERUGHFRVWHUR(OWUD]DGRGHOFDPLQRVHUHDOL]äMXQWRDODOÞ

IHUURFDUULO TXH HIHFWXDED ORV YLDMHV HQWUH DPEDV ORFDOLGDGHV GHVGH KDFÞD  Dâ

LQFRUSRUDFLäQGHXQWUDQYÞDHOÚFWULFR\ODQXHYDSRVLELOLGDGGHKDFHUYLDMHVSULYDGRV\FäPR FDUUXDMHV\HQORVSULPHURVDXWRPäYLOHVPRGLILFäODSHUFHSFLäQTXHORVSRUWHâRVWHQÞDQ

GHO0DU(OQXHYRFRQFHSWRGHYLDMHUHGXMRGUÒVWLFDPHQWHHOWLHPSRTXHVHUHTXHUÞDSDUD

OD FLXGDG \ UHHPSOD]ä OD DQWLJXD GHSHQGHQFLD TXH PDQWHQÞD OD SREODFLäQ GHO SRFR IUH

LWLQHUDULRIHUURYLDULR3DUDHOFDVRHXURSHRVHUÞDHODXWRPäYLOHOHOHPHQWRTXHDOLJXDOTXH

GHO 0DU WUDQVIRUPDUÞD HO SXHEOR GH GHVFDQVR HQ XQ HVSOÚQGLGR UHIXJLR GH ILQ GH VH 5\EF]\QVNL 

7DQ LPSRUWDQWH REUD IDFLOLWä XQD HVWUHFKD UHODFLäQ HQWUH ODV GRV FLXGDGHV OD TX

IXQGDPHQWDO HQ OD FRQIRUPDFLäQ GH OR TXH HQWHQGHPRV FRPR *UDQ 9DOSDUDÞVR (Q FXD

PRGLILFDFLäQ GH ODV FRVWXPEUHV FLXGDGDQDV HO FDPLQR SHUPLWLä D ORV SRUWHâRV HIHFWXDU H

YHGDGRSDVHRGHODWDUGHD9LâDGHO0DU(O0HUFXULRGH9DOSDUDÞVRGHHQHURGH

FRQVHFXHQFLDPRWLYäDORVFDSLWDOLVWDVDUHRULHQWDUHOQHJRFLREDOQHDULRKDFLDXQPD\RUQëP

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

YLVLWDQWHVSDVDMHURV

/DDFWXDFLäQGHOLQWHQGHQWH-RDTXÞQ)HUQÒQGH]%ODQFRHQODREWHQFLäQGHUHFXUVRVSëEO

IXQGDPHQWDOSDUDODUHDOL]DFLäQGHOWUD]DGR\PDUFäXQSUHFHGHQWHLPSRUWDQWHHQFXDQWRD PDQLIHVWäFRPRXQDDFFLäQHVWDWDOTXHEHQHILFLDEDDXQDFLXGDGFUHDGDSRUSULYDGRV

'HELGR D VX FHUFDQÞD DO PDU OD YÞD FRPXQLFDQWH WXYR FRPR UHVXOWDGR OD PRGLILFDFLäQ

HVWUXFWXUDVUHVLGHQFLDOHVGHOD]RQD\SURPRYLäODFUHDFLäQGHXQHVSDFLRFRQSRWHQFLDOW (O HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH XQD HVWDFLäQ WUDQYLDULD SHUPLWLä HO DGHODQWR GH OD ORFDOLGDG GH (O

SREODFLäQLQWHUPHGLDHQWUH9DOSDUDÞVR\9LâDGHO0DUORWHDGDSRUHOSURJUHVLVWDDOHPÒQ7 /RZH\DSDUWLUGHODGÚFDGDGH

$GLIHUHQFLDGHORRFXUULGRDâRVDQWHVHQ9DOSDUDÞVRHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHXQDYÞDFRPX

QRVLJQLILFäODLQPHGLDWDGHFDGHQFLDGHOERUGHFRVWHURVLQRTXHSRUHOFRQWUDULRIRPHQWä

ORV SULPHURV DâRV HO GHVDUUROOR EDOQHDULR (O HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH EDâRV GH 5HFUHR FRQ

KDFLD  VH QXWULä GH ORV SDVDMHURV GHO WUDQYÞD \ GH OD LQPHGLDWH] TXH OR FRQHFWDED

EDâLVWDV SURFHGHQWHV GH OD FLXGDG $VLPLVPR GHELä HVWDEOHFHU XQD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD FRPSO

VH DFRPRGDUD D OD FHUFDQÞD GHO FDPLQR HO IHUURFDUULO \ HO WUDQYÞD SDUD OR TXH VH FRQVWUX SDVDUHOD\XQWëQHOTXHGLVPLQX\HURQHOULHVJRGHDFFLGHQWHVSDUDORVYLVLWDQWHV

6LPXOWÒQHDPHQWHDODFRQVWUXFFLäQGHOFDPLQRSODQR XQDVRFLHGDGGHFDSLWDOLVWDVSUHVLG

&DUORV5RJHUV\FRPSXHVWDHQWUHRWURVSRUHOLQIOX\HQWHHPSUHVDULR-RVÚ7RPÒV5DPRV\

GHVDUUROODED HO SUR\HFWR GH HVWDEOHFHU XQD FLXGDG HVWLOR