How Evolutions in Communications Networks and Fuel Cell Power Have Changed the Site Paradigm Darin Painter

April 20th, 2017 Copyright 2017, Plug Power Inc.

Technology Evolution • Fuel cell technology and solutions have evolved substantially since they were first used in telecom 12 years ago. • The fuel cell communications market has grown to thousands of sites located in 46 U.S. States and dozens of other countries. • Currently, every major domestic carrier and many rural carriers and first responders utilize fuel cells in their networks to provide backup power. • Benefits of fuel cells you should know about: Economic Savings

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Operational Simplicity

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Sustainable Power

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How Does a PEM Fuel Cell Work?

• Provides 100% rated power as long as it has fuel • Run time determined by quantity of fuel storage (like a generator) • Uses an electrolyte • No moving parts

• Twice as efficient as fuel combustion • The only outputs are DC power, warm-moist air, and a small amount of pure liquid water

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PEM Fuel Cell Process Electrons from Hydrogen

Electrical Load

eO2

H+

H2 e-

Oxygen Molecules

H+ H+

Hydrogen Molecules

e-

eCatalyst/Electrode

H+

Water molecules forming

+H -

H+

H2

H+eO H

H+

Proton exchange membrane electrolyte

O

H

Catalyst/Electrode

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GenSure Basic Architecture GenSure E-Series

DC POWER OUT/IN

AIR INTAKE

AIR EXHAUST

H2O Out

H2 INPUT

FRONT

REAR 5

Site Power System • • • • • • • •

Utility Feed

Meter

AC Panel Battery Rectifier

Simple DC Bus Connection Connects on the Load Side of Meter Parallel to Battery and Rectifier Fuel Cell Dimensioned for Power Hydrogen Dimensioned for Energy Indoor or Outdoor Mounting Load Following Fault-Tolerant

DC Bus

• Efficiency and Power Reduction Fuel Cell

Equipment Load

• • •

New technology in telecom gear More efficient power conversion Cooling solutions

Simple maintenance and fewer site visits mean up to 84% lower operational costs when compared to combustion generators. Plug Power Confidential and Proprietary.

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GenSure E-Series GenSure E-200™ Fuel Cell • • •

200W in a 2U 19” rack 12, 24, 36 or 48VDC Scalable to 600W in single enclosure

GenSure E-1100™ /1100v™ Fuel Cell • • • •

1,100W in a 4U 19” rack 1,100W vertical mount (E-1100v only) 24 or 48VDC Scalable to 4.4W in 40” Cabinet (E-1100 only)

GenSure E-2500™ Fuel Cell • • •

2,500W in a 8U 23” rack 24 or 48VDC Scalable to 10kW in 72” Cabinet

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E-Series Cabinet Configurations E-200™ E-200™ Fuel Cell 19/23” Indoor Rack

400W Enclosure with 55kWh H2 Storage

600W Enclosure with 8kWh H2 Storage

4.4kW Enclosure with 55kWh H2 Storage

4.4kW Enclosure with 167kWh H2 Storage in HSM9

E-1100™

E-1100™ Fuel Cell 19/23” Indoor Rack

E-2500™

E-2500™ Fuel Cell 23” Indoor Rack

Plug Power Confidential and Proprietary.

5kW Enclosure with 55kWh H2 Storage

10kW Enclosure with 300kWh H2 Storage in HSM16 8

Typical Outdoor Installations • Pad/Platform Mounting • Cylinder Exchange or Refillable • No Emissions

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Typical Indoor Installations • Shelter or Equipment Room Fuel Cell • Indoor or Outdoor Fuel Storage • Indoor: No external impact to site • Outdoor : Simple Fueling & Maintenance Accessibility

• No Emissions

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Economic Savings: A cost-saving, spacesaving integrated power solution.

Integrated OSP Solution Drivers Capital Cost & TCO • Lower capital expense for backup power equipment • Reduced maintenance of fuel cell relative to combustion generators Reduced Footprint • Lower ground space lease cost – recurring expense • Greater applicability to larger number of existing locations Speed to Deploy • Permitting challenges increasing for combustion generators • Simplified deployment • Reduction of on-site backup power integration / expense Enhanced Intelligence • Integrated SNMP monitoring / alarming • Integrates w / IP based radio equipment Plug Power’s Integrated solution equips telecommunications customers with a reliable single cabinet solution for their network power and communications equipment, providing customers with a reduction in capital and operational expenses at each site. 12

Integrated OSP Solution

Power, Radio, Backhaul, MW, & SPD

HSM-16 300 kW-hr

Fuel Cell & Battery

7 day runtime @ 1.8 kW load

Integrated Cabinet 2 Environments Upper Compartment: HEX Lower Compartment: Ventilated

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Integrated OSP Solution Site Footprint Improvement

• • • •

Lower installation cost Lower ground space lease cost Simplified deployment Reduction of on-site backup power integration / expense

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Integrated OSP Solution System Configuration: Network Hardening • • • • •

Reduced maintenance Hardened outdoor cabinets Temps from -40oC to +50oC / -40oF to 122oF Multiple options for a variety of power and runtime requirements Enhanced intelligence Remote Radio H2 Storage LTE Radio Microwave

Fuel Cell DC Bus

Telco/Lease

Battery Utility Feed Meter

Disconnect

Data Comm

AC Panel

Rectifier

HVAC Ancillary

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2

Operational Simplicity for a Hardened Network

Remote Operations Capabilities Customer’s Distributed Fuel Cell Network

Fuel Service Fuel Cell #1

Secure M2M or encoded data transfer

IP Network Fuel Cell #2

Customer NOC Fuel Cell #n

Monitoring • • • • • •

Active Fuel Level Monitoring Automated Fuel Service Options M2M via SNMP Active Alarm Monitoring Remote Testing Secure Data Transfer Options

Connectivity

• Ethernet/IP Network • USB • Modem – per Operator standards CDMA/GSM/GRPS • Adaptors • Local Display 17

GenFuel for Stationary Markets Complete Fuel Service Offering • Complete support services • • • • • •

Initial fueling Refueling Disaster recovery Preventive maintenance Live call center 24x7x365 All fuel logistics handled for customer

• Disaster recovery support • Partnerships with service companies for delivery • Agreements in place for fuel sourcing • Leverage Plug Power assets where available

• Remote monitoring is available or Customer NOC dispatched • Services offered driven by project commitment

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Bulk Hydrogen Availability

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Cylinder Supply & Delivery Large distribution infrastructure • Thousands of locations nationally Proven technology • Standards established for siting & delivery 197 Capacity / run time dependent on: Cu. ft

261 Cu. ft

• Number of Cylinders • Cylinder Size • Cylinder Pressure 60”

Common Cylinder Sizes

Cylinder Sizes: Size

Capacity

Weight

Energy

6” x 33”

80 cu-ft

65 lbs

3 kWh

9” x 56”

197 cu-ft

125 lbs

7 kWh

9” x 60”

261 cu-ft

140 lbs

9 kWh

D.O.E. Hydrogen Safety On-Line Course: http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/firstresponders.html 20

GenFuel Cylinder-Exchange Coverage • 3000+ branch industrial gas distribution locations • Intermediate fuel storage locations can be established as needed for limited coverage areas Sample Industrial Gas Supplier Locations

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Hydrogen Fuel Comparisons - Safety Hydrogen Properties • Rapidly disperses - the lightest element • Colorless, odorless, tasteless, & non-toxic • Flammable from 4% - 75% in air

Hydrogen car NFPA 2: This code provides fundamental safeguards for the generation, installation, storage, piping, use, and handling of hydrogen in compressed gas (GH2) form or cryogenic liquid (LH2) form

H

Gasoline car

The maximum temperature inside the back window of the hydrogen car was only 67°F!

D.O.E. Hydrogen Safety On-Line Course: http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/firstresponders.html 22

Hydrogen Fuel Comparisons - Energy Per unit energy content of the fuel measured in Btu’s

6 Cylinders of Hydrogen (1 Cylinder = 75,400 Btu)

Hydrogen Volume

3.5 Gallons of Diesel (1 Gallon = 128,450 Btu)

Diesel Equivalent Gallons

5.3 Gallons of Propane (1 gallon = 84,950 Btu)

Propane Equivalent Gallons

1 Cylinder (260 Cubic Feet)

0.6

0.9

Fuel Wing (6 Cylinders)

3.5

5.3

HSM-16 Refillable Module

18.4

27.8

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Backup Power Options Fuel Cells vs. Generators • Fuel Cells - Fewer mechanical parts / increased availability • Fuel Cells - Lower cost of ownership / reduced maintenance • Fuel Cells - Hydrogen has unlimited shelf life / greater reliability • Fuel Cells - Zero emission technology • Fuel Cells - Lower incidence of theft • Fuel Cells - Remote management capable

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Sustainable Power Moving the Network into the Future - Today

Zero-Emission Power

Feature

Diesel Generator

Plug Power GenSure fuel cells

Overview

Internal combustion diesel generators deliver medium quality electrical power by burning fossil fuel and using it to drive a rotation generator

Fuel cells offer clean, continuous high quality electrical power resulting from an electrochemical reaction with hydrogen and oxygen from ambient air

Emissions

High levels of NOx, CO2, CO and particulate matter emitted. Fuel is toxic to environment when spilled.

Clean – heat and water are the only emissions

Noise

Exhaust and mechanical noise

Silent, except for fan noise. Fuel cell noise tends to be 10 - 20db lower than diesel generator noise.

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Conclusions

Conclusions

• Fuel cells offer a highly-reliable, clean, cost-effective solution for a growing number of telecom applications. • Evolutions in these 3 areas are providing solid reasons for carriers and contractors to expand adoption of hydrogen and fuel cells. Economic Savings

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Operational Simplicity

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Sustainable Power

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The world is moving – join us and move boldly into the future.

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